# data[].attributes.body
The goals and strategies of the Civil Rights Movement were revolutionary for the time yet based in practical implementation. One goal of the civil rights movement was to end the unfair treatment of African Americans, both at the civilian and the government levels. Though Brown vs. Board-Chief Justice Earl Warren ended the “separate but equal” status quo in 1954, segregation was still apparent in society. One strategy to achieve this goal was nonviolent protest. In his Letter from Birmingham Jail, Martin Luther King Jr. explains the ethos of this form of protest, saying, “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster  such a tension that a community which has refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue.”

# data[].attributes.body
Document 7
Document 8
Document 9

# data[].attributes.body
Source: Coming of Age in Mississippi (1968) by Ann Moody

At noon, students from a nearby white high school started pouring in to Woolworth's. When they first saw us they were sort of surprised. They didn't know how to react. A few started to heckle and the newsmen became interested again. Then the white students started chanting all kinds of anti-Negro slogans. We were called a little bit of everything.

The rest of the seats except the three we were occupying had been roped off to prevent others from sitting down. A couple of the boys took one end of the rope and made it into a hangman's noose. Several attempts were made to put it around our necks.

The crowds grew as more students and adults came in for lunch. We kept our eyes straight forward and did not look at the crowd except for occasional glances to see what was going on. All of a sudden I saw a face I remembered—the drunkard from the bus station sit-in. My eyes lingered on him just long enough for us to recognize each other. Today he was drunk too, so I don't think he remembered where he had seen me before. He took out a knife, opened it, put it in his pocket, and then began to pace the floor.

At this point, I told Memphis and Pearlena what was going on. Memphis suggested that we pray. We bowed our heads, and all hell broke loose. A man rushed forward, threw Memphis from his seat, and slapped my face. Then another man who worked in the store threw me against an adjoining counter. Down on my knees on the floor, I saw Memphis lying near the lunch counter with blood running out of the corners of his mouth. As he tried to protect his face, the man who'd thrown him down kept kicking him against the head. If he had worn hard-soled shoes instead of sneakers, the first kick probably would have killed Memphis.

Finally, a man dressed in plain clothes identified himself as a police officer and arrested Memphis and his attacker.

# data[].attributes.body
The Civil Rights Movement was a struggle for social justice occurring in the mid 1950s.

The movement began with a non-violent form of protest from Rosa Parks when she refused to give up her seat on a bus and was arrested. Two prominent leaders of the civil rights movement was Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X. Both supported the movement but had vastly different ways of protesting. MLK Jr. was in favor of non-violent protests while Malcolm X had a more radical perspective.

Their protests were met with violent opposition from people who were in favor of discrimination against blacks.

Both blacks and whites banned together in order to fight for equality. Eventually, their efforts became fruitful with the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

# data[].attributes.body
Source: David Fankhauser’s account of events along the Freedom Ride, 1961

On May 21, 1961, the surviving contingent of Riders took a bus from Birmingham to Montgomery, Alabama, protected by a contingent of the Alabama State Highway Patrol.  However, when they reached the Montgomery city limits, the Highway Patrol abandoned them.

At the bus station, a large white mob was waiting with baseball bats and iron pipes. The local police allowed them to viciously beat the Freedom Riders uninterrupted. Again, white Freedom Riders were singled out for particularly brutal beatings.  There is a famous picture of Jim Zwerg with blood running all down his suit. Justice Department official Seigenthaler was beaten and left unconscious lying in the street. Ambulances, manned by white attendants, refused to take the wounded to the hospital. Brave local blacks finally rescued them. A number of the Freedom Riders were hospitalized.

# data[].attributes.body
At the March on Washington in 1963 John Lewis said ""Patience is a dirty and nasty word." In the wake of violent opposition and increasing push back, the civil rights movement takes a step forward with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. While the Act does reaffirm the right to protest, it reminds us that the Attorney General can still shut down these protests. In 1965, we have a sharp contrast in white registered voters (high) and black registered voters (low).

# data[].attributes.body
DOCUMENT 3

Source: Daisy Bates –The Long Shadow of Little Rock (1962) by Elizabeth Ann Eckford

The crowd was quiet. I guess they were waiting to see what was going to happen. When I was able to steady my knees, I walked up to the guard who had let the white students in. He too didn't move. When I tried to squeeze past him, he raised his bayonet and then the other guards moved in and they raised their bayonets. They glared at me with a mean look and I was very frightened and didn't know what to do.

I turned around and the crowd came toward me. They moved closer and closer. Somebody started yelling, 'Lynch her! Lynch her!' I tried to see a friendly face somewhere in the mob - someone who maybe would help. I looked into the face of an old woman and it seemed a kind face, but when I looked at her again, she spat on me. They came closer, shouting, 'No nigger bitch is going to get in our school. Get out of here!' I turned back to the guards but their faces told me I wouldn't get any help from them. Then I looked down the block and saw a bench at the bus stop. I thought, If I can only get there I will be safe.' I don't know why the bench seemed a safe place to me, but I started walking toward it. I tried to close my mind to what they were shouting, and kept saying to myself, If I can only make it to the bench I will be safe. When I finally got there, I don't think I could have gone another step. I sat down and the mob crowded up and began shouting all over again. Someone hollered, 'Drag her over to this tree! Let's take care of that nigger.'

Just then a white man sat down beside me, put his arm around me and patted my shoulder. He raised my chin and said, 'Don't let them see you cry.'

# data[].attributes.body
African-American protestors and activists experienced significant opposition to their efforts in the form of mob violence. Peaceful protestors, including those at the Woolworth's in Greensboro, North Carolina and the Freedom Riders in Alabama, were met with organized beatings from white crowds. In Alabama, local police allowed these crowds "to viciously beat the Freedom Riders uninterrupted." Law enforcement at the local, state, and federal level was often complicit in (if not wholesale sponsors of) white mob violence again Civil Rights protestors.