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PLC - My First PLC - Ladder Circuit - Automation Studio™

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Automation studio: [PLC Ladder Logic program for an electro-pneumatic ]

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Training PLC - Part 1 | Automation Studio Educational  | Famic Technologies Inc.

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PLC Programming Software: B&R Automation Studio

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Famic Technologies Inc. - Automation Studio ™ Educational Edition - Training Videos

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Training Videos automation studio donwload automation studio 5.7, interface, fluid, electrical, sequential function chart

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M06 - Answer Keys [Do Not Publish]: 42K-Summer 2017-Basic Electricity

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This guest blog post was written by Edward J. Farmer, PE, industrial process expert and author of the ISA book Detecting Leaks in Pipelines. To download a free excerpt from Detecting Leaks in Pipelines, click here. If you would like more information on how to obtain a...

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As it turned out, there were a few similar instrument problems that pointed toward easy resolution of most of the known technical issues, and also suggested some improvements in "observability". With some investment in maintenance and some new equipment this facility continued to provide the dependable service it always had, but the numbers it produced were different - more believable.

I was a young 20-something instrument and automation consultant at the time and from my time in college I could directly link what we could analyze and control to what we could observe, and as the recorder-controller worked so hard to point out to us, all that depended on the accuracy with which we observed it. That takes us directly into what we need to observe.

Measurement location - is it pertinent to the operation of the process? Early in my career I worked at resolving some custody transfer measurement accuracy problems. A common issue was temperature in a meter run. The carefully designed systems, of course, included an appropriate instrument to measure the temperature of the fluid in the meter run. Sometimes, though, the instrument would be exposed to direct sunlight where, for the most part, the fluid and the meter weren't. Sometimes the temperature was derived from conditions in other parts of the process. Sometimes it was merely assumed.

Clearly, there must be a measurement, and it must be relevant to the subject process condition. It must be close enough to the point-of-interest so that delays in the measurement process do not introduce first order lags in the flow of control-essential data. Another common issue was the location of pressure or flow instruments in the process associated with a control scheme. When a valve moved, for example, the pressure or flow instrument that observed the change might not see the process change for a considerable amount of time while the process completed re-adjustment. This delay introduced a lag that the control equipment of the day interpreted as "no effect" from the last control input - so the equipment would automatically make another correction, and another, and another. Such control schemes didn't produce stability, they produced continuous, cyclic adjustment of a period related to the inherent process delay between action and observation.

Process delays between observing a "cause" and the effect we're seeing.

Measurement accuracy and related parameters such as repeatability and linearity - where accuracy comes from.

Measurement bandwidth - Fourier Bandwidth shows you what you can and can't see and whether some of what you see is real or not.

Measurement and transmission noise.

All this says that to understand something or control something you really have to be able to see it, and usually measure it, in a way that provides enough resolution to enable the underlying picture to be seen - a view of Mona Lisa, not just a blurry sea of blue and cream pixels. Knowing what you need to do starts with knowing where you are. Some indication of how you got there can be useful, and the rapid observability of the effect of changes you make to gain order and optimization can go a long way for providing control and stability.

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Does Instrument Placement Matter in Dynamic Process Control?

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As it turned out, there were a few similar instrument problems that pointed toward easy resolution of most of the known technical issues, and also suggested some improvements in "observability". With some investment in maintenance and some new equipment this facility continued to provide the dependable service it always had, but the numbers it produced were different - more believable.