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Do we need to reference in either abstract? When talking about key findings for example

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Do we need to reference in either abstract? When talking about key findings for example

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Would writing a 150 word scientific abstract harm my grade, considering that the limit is 200?

Dr MacDonald:

Probably, yes, as this would indicate that your abstract is lacking content or perhaps your review as a whole is. If you are more than 10% under the word limit, this would mean the most you could get for the assignment specificiation criterion is a 2:1 (68%).

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do both the lay abstract and the scientific abstract have titles?
also do you write the abstracts after you've written the discussion and things?

Dr MacDonald:
You do not need to include separate titles for your scientific and lay abstracts.  Just include the main title for your literature review itself. And yes, it's recommended to leave the writing of your scientific abstract until you have completed a good draft of your literature review.

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Long-term caffeine intake has been shown to improve the body's response to specific hormones in Type-2 diabetes and has potential in the development of drugs to treat asthma.

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This review article considers the importance of local regulators of blood flow. In an active research area flow autoregulation and active hyperaemia (considering the contribution of both Nitric oxide and adenosine)  have been identified as mechanisms of regulation. It is clear that more evidence needs to be obtained before strong conclusions can be drawn.

Dr MacDonald:

This abstract reads more like a descriptive abstract, which is designed to pique the interest in a reader and invite them to read on, but without actually informing them of any specific details.  What you are required to write is known as an informative abstract, which should inform the reader about the main findings and conclusion and take the form of a condensed summary of the larger piece of text.

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The stomach stretches as food is eaten, the effect it has on the secretion of glucagon, insulin and blood glucose levels is investigated by looking at the results produced by oral glucose tolerance tests.

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People who do not take caffeine regularly have a higher blood pressure after 60 minutes and 45 minutes on contraction and relaxation of the heart respectively, which indicates high caffeine consumption affects the sudden increase of blood pressure.

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Type-2 diabetic patients are more sensitive to insulin if caffeine is taken for a long period of time, which can be researched into to see the impacts on patients who cannot breathe easily when they inhale something they are allergic to.

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Research suggests that the long-term consumption of caffeine can make the effects of insulin more dramatic on those with type two diabetes. This discovery could have possible benefits for those receiving treatment for asthma.   

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Research suggests that the long-term consumption of caffeine can make the effects of insulin more dramatic on those with type two diabetes. This discovery could have possible benefits for those receiving treatment for asthma.   

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Consuming caffeine for a long time has shown to increase insulin sensitivity within people who have type 2 diabetes, it may be used as treatment soon.

People who aren’t used to drinking caffeine have a huge increase in their blood pressure compared to those who would have it on the regular. Meaning you could build a tolerance to effect caused by caffeine

Mouth sugar tests were taken by seven people to see the effect of the food has on the insulin and glucagon levels along with the person blood sugar levels.

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In order for blood to reach individual tissues in the body, individual mechanisms must take place other than those that operate at a less intricate, broader scale. Research has identified the use of several regulators, flow autoregulation and hyperaemia, which facilitate a more specific control of blood flow. Further studies have supported these findings as well as identifying specific effectors such as the vasodilator nitric oxide. Overall studies support the hypothesis that blood flow is controlled at a local level independently of the nervous and endocrine system however there are many gaps in the research that could be further filled.

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The aim of this review is to determine the mechanisms which regulate local blood flow within different tissues and the physiological processes involved. Currently, research has identified two local regulators, which are flow autoregulation and active hyperaemia.

Studies have found that flow autoregulation controls local blood flow to the brain and active hyperaemia regulates blood flow to tissues under significant metabolic demand using nitric oxide (NO). NO and adenosine increase blood flow through vasodilation. Research suggests that adenosine may be more influential in cardiac muscle compared to NO, therefore the mechanisms involved in regional control of blood flow may be tissue-specific.

Physiological evidence supports the idea that these local regulators are essential for appropriate blood supply in various tissues and utilise different mechanisms. Local paracrine mediators also control local regulation of blood flow, however, active research into these processes is limited, therefore conclusions are difficult to draw.

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By consuming caffeine over long periods of time, people with type 2 diabetes may be able to regain some of their ability to control their own blood sugar levels. Caffeine may also help treat asthma.