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As i looked a lot for this project i accused that Bussiness plan is not bussiness with the strict sense!I understood that concerns a conservation Plan!Sofia s Chronopoulou proposal about education for management and conservation of herpetofauna spacies constitutes a very good proposalwhich be not underestimated!

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In Evia Island (located next to Attica) the dangers seem to be similar with Giannis Anousis,Antonis Antonopoulos Herpeto ARea
Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation especially due to agricultural intensification and urbanisation and human persecution are the main threats  to reptiles. As for Amphibians the main threat to this group is the loss and degradation of suitable breeding habitat mainly due to agricultural activities through excessive water withdrawal, water pollution by agrochemicals and mining.

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Testudo graeca is a common but endagered reptile species in the Greek ecosystems!t is protected by Directive 92/43 / EEC (as an animal species of Community interest requiring strict protection and must define the protection zones), the Berne Convention (as fauna species under strict protection), the CITES, from Presidential Decree 67/1981 (as to be protected species) and the European red List and the IUCN Red List (as a vulnerable species).
As i see Roula Andriopouloy has also refers to the same species for Samothraki Island!

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As for my Greek co-learners i think that there is a common data base concerning the diversity of HerpetoFauna Especially because we are talking about Meditteranian Ecosystems. So we have common reptiles and Amphibians with Sofia s Chronopoylou HerpetoArea
Our common reptiles are:
Testudo graeca
Emys Orbicularis
Our common amphibians are:
Bufo Viridis
Hyla Arborea etc

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In a public consultation the new bill on protected areas and in Evia

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In a public consultation the new bill on protected areas and in Evia

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Ιn a public consultation the new bill on protected areas and in Evia

16/11/2017

The Ministry of Environment and Energy is putting a public consultation on Monday 13 November 2017 on a new draft law on the operation of Protected Areas Management Bodies.

In a public consultation the new bill on protected areas and in Evia

As stated by the Ministry of the Environment, the main objective of the draft law is to "strengthen the institutional framework for the management of protected areas through the establishment of Protected Areas Management Organizations (IBPs), to preserve biodiversity, protect national natural capital in terms of sustainable development and the strengthening of the local product ".

According to the Ministry of the Environment , this draft law provides for the coverage of all areas of the Natura 2000 network in the country (100% / 446 areas), while 116 of the 419 Natura 2000 sites (27 , 7%).

This will be feasible, according to the Ministry of the Environment, on the one hand, with the expansion of the liability areas of the existing FABs and, on the other, with the establishment of seven young people.

Since the 2nd Regional Development Conference of Sterea Hellas, Prime Minister Mr. Tsipras has pledged to protect the habitats and wetlands of Sterea Hellas by establishing Managing Authorities.

For Evia, as a Management Body, they are part of the RIS proposal:

Mount Ochi-Kampos Karystos-the River-cape Kafireas - the coastal sea zone, covering 12131 acres.

The forest of Stenis , 1297 acres.

The small and big Livari-delta Xeria in Istiea , 1040 acres.

Mount Kochylas in Skyros, 4088 acres.

The lake of Dystos , 2636 acres.

The islands of Skyros and the marine area, 48963 acres.

The term & Kantili , 6243 acres.

Lakes islands and marine area, 39906 acres.

Reefs of Northeast Euboea with the sea area, 8572 acres .

The sea zone in Eastern Euboea, from Oktonias to Zaraki, 5768 acres.

The Manikiatis River, 163 acres.

The eastern part of the marine area of ​​N. Evoikos, 52163 acres.

The proposal of the SYRIZA Prefecture of Euboea will be to extend the protection to the wetlands around the city of Chalkis: Livadi (Kloborvretis), Glyfa, Alykes Kopana, the delta of Lilanda.

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16/11/2017 - Τελευταία ενημέρωση στις 16/11/2017 8:49:19 πμ

Το Υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας θέτει σε δημόσια διαβούλευση, από την Δευτέρα 13 Νοεμβρίου 2017, το νέο σχέδιο νόμου που αφορά στη λειτουργία των Φορέων Διαχείρισης Προστατευόμενων Περιοχών.

Σε δημόσια διαβούλευση το νέο νομοσχέδιο για τις προστατευόμενες περιοχές και στην Εύβοια

Όπως επισημαίνουν από το υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος, βασικός στόχος του υπό διαβούλευση νομοσχεδίου είναι "η ενίσχυση του του θεσμικού πλαισίου διαχείρισης των προστατευόμενων περιοχών, μέσω του θεσμού των Φορέων Διαχείρισης Προστατευόμενων Περιοχών (ΦΔΠΠ), για τη διατήρηση της βιοποικόλητας, την προστασία του εθνικού φυσικού κεφαλαίου με όρους βιώσιμης ανάπτυξης και την ενίσχυση του τοπικού προϊόντος".

Από το υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος, υποστηρίζουν πως με το συγκεκριμένο σχέδιο νόμου προβλέπεται η κάλυψη του συνόλου των περιοχών του δικτύου Natura 2000 της χώρας (100%/446 περιοχές), ενώ έως σήμερα καλύπτονταν οι 116 από τις 419 περιοχές του δικτου Natura 2000 (ποσοστό 27,7%).

Aυτο θα καταστεί εφικτό, σύμφωνα με το υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος, αφενός με την επέκταση των περιοχών ευθύνης των υφιστάμενων ΦΔΠΠ και αφετέρου με την ίδρυση επτά νέων.

Από το 2ο Περιφερειακό Αναπτυξιακό Συνέδριο της Στερεάς Ελλάδας, ο Πρωθυπουργός κ. Τσίπρας, δεσμεύτηκε για την προστασία των βιοτόπων και υδροβιοτόπων της Στερεάς Ελλάδας, με την δημιουργία Φορέων Διαχείρισης.
Για την Εύβοια, σε Φορέα Διαχείρισης, εντάσσονται στην πρόταση του ΥΠΕΝ:

Το όρος Όχη-ο Κάμπος Καρύστου-το Ποτάμι-το ακρωτήρι Καφηρέας- η παράκτια θαλάσσια ζώνη, έκτασης 12131 στρεμμάτων.

Το δάσος της Στενής, 1297 στρεμ.

Το μικρό και μεγάλο Λιβάρι-δέλτα Ξεριά στην Ιστιαία, 1040 στρεμ.

Το όρος Κόχυλας στην Σκύρο, 4088 στρεμ.

Η λίμνη του Δύστου, 2636 στρεμ.

Οι νησίδες της Σκύρου και η θαλάσσια περιοχή, 48963 στρεμ.

Το όρος Καντήλι, 6243 στρεμ.

Λιχάδες νήσοι και θαλάσσια περιοχή, 39906 στρεμ.

Ύφαλοι Βορειοανατολικής Εύβοιας με την θαλάσσια περιοχή, 8572 στρεμ.

Η θαλάσσια ζώνη στην Ανατολική Εύβοια, από Οκτωνιά μέχρι Ζάρακες, 5768 στρεμ.

Ο ποταμός Μανικιάτης, 163 στρεμ.

Το ανατολικό τμήμα της θαλάσσιας περιοχής του Ν. Ευβοϊκού, 52163 στρεμ.

Η πρόταση της Νομαρχιακής Επιτροπής ΣΥΡΙΖΑ της Εύβοιας, θα είναι η επέκταση της προστασίας και στους υδροβιότοπους που βρίσκονται γύρο από την Πόλη της Χαλκίδας: το Λιβάδι (Κωλοβρέχτης), την Γλύφα, τις Αλυκές Κοπανά, το δέλτα του Λήλαντα.

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εύβοια στενή

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Σε δημόσια διαβούλευση το νέο νομοσχέδιο για τις προστατευόμενες περιοχές και στην Εύβοια

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16/11/2017 - Τελευταία ενημέρωση στις 16/11/2017 8:49:19 πμ Το Υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας θέτει σε δημόσια διαβούλευση, από την Δευτέρα 13 Νοεμβρίου 2017, το νέο σχέδιο νόμου που αφορά στη λειτουργία των Φορέων Διαχείρισης Προστατευόμενων Περιοχών.

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The Partners in Amphibian and Reptile Conservation are activated in all or parts of nine U.S. states and three Canadian provinces and territories.It s mission is to conserve amphibians, reptiles and their habitats as integral parts of ecosystem and culture through proactive and coordinated public-private partnerships.

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An Amphibian Conservation Action Plan for Key Biodiversity Areas!

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An Amphibian Conservation Action Plan for Key Biodiversity Areas!

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Business Plan of a local voluntary organisation which aims to protect the local herpetofauna.

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Business Plan of a local voluntary organisation which aims to protect the local herpetofauna.

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The following Business Plan(in word version as it seems below) based on documents about Conservation Action Plans for birds,amphibians and reptiles.

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 Business Plan of a small enterprise which will take advantage of a compound found in a species of herpetofauna in order to produce innovative products.

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 Business Plan of a small enterprise which will take advantage of a compound found in a species of herpetofauna in order to produce innovative products.

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Long-nosed viper, Vipera ammodytes, venom extraction

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Long-nosed viper, Vipera ammodytes, venom extraction

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Long-nosed viper, Vipera ammodytes, venom extraction

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My Herpetoarea is restricted at the Evia Island in Greece as i have previous referred in my Bioarea padlet!This beautiful Island has many regions full of biodiversity and endemism.I have reffered some species indicatively which belong to amphibians and reptilians a lot of them found in protected areas such as natura 2000!
My Herpetoarea seems at map as it follows with purple circle around it.With green colour are the protected areas Natura 2000.
Primarily i intend to concentrate on amphibians and reptilians which belong to Natura 2000 areas in Evia Island!

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Erhard's wall lizard (Podarcis erhardii ), also called the Aegean wall lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Lacertidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Europe.
It lives in dry or rocky places with dense, low bushes. It climbs very well. The lizard populations in the Aegean archipelago inhabit open places, like plant-covered dunes, as well.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard%27s_wall_lizard)

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The Aegean with its numerous islands is one of Europe's most productive biodiversity labs - and Erhard's Wall Lizard is one of its masterpieces! This highly variable species has successfully populated wide parts of the southern Balkans and numerous Aegean Islands and developed a remarkable variability. In the early 20th century, ambitious herpetologists have described about 20 subspecies – in particular for the Islands. However, most of them are questionable. So, an in-depth taxonomic review of this species is an unavoidable but challenging task for future research.

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Podarcis erhardii - Erhard's Wall Lizard

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species index << previous species next species >>

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Family: Lamprophiidae
Subfamily:Psammophiinae
Genus: Malpolon
Species: monspessulanus
Subspecies: monspessulanus , insignitus
Common Names
Montpellier Snake , Yaleh Snake , Common Lizard Snake ( M. m. insignitus ), Western Montpellier Snake ( M. m. monspessulanus ) , Western Montpellier Snake ( M. m. insignitus )
Local Names
Egtateh , Hanish Aswad
Region
Middle East + North Africa + Europe
Countries
Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey

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Clinical Toxinology Resources Website provides information on venoms, toxins, antivenoms, diagnosis, treatment and emergency medicine, for snakebite, spiderbite, envenoming and poisoning by animals, plants, mushrooms.

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Basic Description
The European tree frog (Hyla arborea formerly Rana arborea) is a small tree frog found in Europe, Asia and part of Africa Males range from 32–43 mm in length
Females range from 40–50 mm in length
Females have white throats, while males have golden brown throats
The discs on the frog's toes, is a characteristic feature of H. arborea
Distribution and habitat
Most of Europe (except Ireland), northwest Africa, and temperate Asia to Japan European tree frogs can be found in marshlands,damp meadows,reed beds,parks,gardens, vineyards, orchards, stream banks, lakeshores,or humid or dry forests They tend to avoid dark or thick forests Distribution and habitat Beh(http://mio-ecsde.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Sofija-Videska_European-tree-frog.pdf)

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HERPETOLOGY - Goulandris Natural History Museum

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BROWSER WINDOW IS TOO SMALL PLEASE MAXIMIZE YOUR BROWSER!

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Abstract

Background

Local population dynamics are a function of survival and reproductive rates within a focal area and rates of dispersal into and out of that area. The spatial extent and the degree of isolation of a local population have an impact on local population dynamics and hence these factors need to be considered in studies about local population dynamics [ 1- 3]. Only if we understand the patterns in vital rates - birth, death, emigration and immigration - and the processes that cause these patterns, then can we understand the ecology and evolutionary dynamics of a species.

The four main drivers of population change can be conveniently summarized as gains (birth and immigration) and losses (mortality and emigration). Theory for species with complex life cycles, such as amphibians, predicts and empirical studies of amphibian populations confirm that a change in "losses" has a stronger impact on amphibian population growth rate than a same change in the "gains" [ 4, 5]. We use data from a two-year mark-recapture study of adult fire salamanders ( Salamandra salamandra) to address two questions on how the two types of "losses", mortality and emigration, affect amphibian population dynamics. First, we ask when losses occur, because the timing and type of losses may affect population dynamics [ 6]. Second, terrestrial salamanders like Salamandra salamandra are generally considered to display strong site fidelity to small home ranges and move little during an individual's adult life [ 7- 9]. This classic view, however, is beginning to change [ 10- 14]. Therefore, we ask what proportion of salamanders emigrate from the study area and whether the emigration component of losses from the population could have a large influence on population change.

Our first question regarding losses is whether survival varies seasonally with a difference in adult survival between summer - when individuals are active - and winter, when individuals are inactive. Seasonal variation provides information when most mortality occurs during the annual cycle and therefore indicates at which time mechanisms of population regulation operate. The distinction between winter and summer mortality is crucial as they are likely influenced by different factors. Winter survival is almost certainly determined by extrinsic environmental factors such as weather conditions [ 15]. Summer survival, in contrast, could be more affected by either intrinsic factors that may depend on population density or behaviour. Accordingly, summer and winter survival may be under hard or soft selection, respectively, and this may profoundly affect population dynamics [ 6].

The second issue we address is migration. Migration of amphibians has received relatively little attention in the past, but it seems that it is probably far more important than hitherto thought for the dynamics of populations ranging from patchy to metapopulations [ 10]. At small spatial scales, movement of individuals determines the spatial extent of a population and patterns of genetic differentiation within and among demes. We are only beginning to understand that amphibian populations have a much larger spatial extent than it is commonly thought [ 10- 14]. At larger spatial scale, migration likely affects the persistence of populations and metapopulations. Amphibian populations are well-known for large fluctuations in abundance [ 16]. With such large fluctuations, individual populations have a high risk of extinction [ 17, 18]. Thus, migration between populations is essential to prevent local extinction (i.e., the rescue effect [ 19]). Salamandra salamandra is well suited to address these questions because until recently it was considered as a text book example for strong site fidelity and small home ranges [ 7- 9].

Here, we report estimates of survival of adult salamanders that are remarkably low in comparison with estimates from previous studies. We then show that low apparent survival is likely to be the consequence of high emigration rates, thus confirming the emerging view that amphibians are far more vagile than commonly assumed.

Results

We captured 86 individuals of which 41 individuals had been recaptured at least once. A summary of the data is provided in Table . The general model with time-dependent apparent survival and recapture probabilities (φ t, p t) fitted the data well (goodness-of-fit test with U-CARE [ 19]: χ 2 = 1.574, df = 4, P = 0.813). Thus, there is no evidence for heterogeneity in detection probabilities (which might have been caused by salamanders that inhabit home ranges close to the edge of the study area and that may temporarily leave the study area).

Due to the relatively small sample size and the short duration of the study, there was model selection uncertainty, i.e., several models explained well the information in the data (Table ). Models with fewer parameters had generally higher support from the data than more complex models. Still, the poor fit of model (φ., p.) indicates that there was structure in the data. Instead of focusing on a single best model for inference, we computed model averaged parameter estimates [ 21]. Model averaged monthly survival probabilities were greater than 0.9 and increased initially but then dropped during the last winter (Figure ).

We calculated the annual survival probability as the product of the monthly survival probabilities. We assumed that the summer period lasts 5 months (May to September) and the winter period 7 months (October to April), thus annual apparent survival probability resulted as φ summer ⁵*φ winter ⁷. The corresponding standard error was calculated by applying the delta method [ 22]. The annual apparent survival probabilities were 0.41 (SE: 0.16) and 0.39 (SE: 0.28) for the two years, respectively.

Our estimates of apparent survival are confounded with permanent emigration. That is, apparent survival is equal to true survival multiplied by (1 - probability of emigration) [ 23]. We can thus calculate the probability of emigration as 1 - (apparent survival/true survival). Based on the survival estimates for Salamandra salamandra in a very similar habitat presented in [ 5], we assumed that true survival would be around 0.8. This yielded an estimate of the annual probability of emigration of 0.49.

Recapture probabilities showed a clear seasonal pattern. They were low during autumn and high during the spring capture sessions (Fig. ). Such a pattern may lead to erroneous conclusions if recapture probabilities are not accounted for in the analysis [ 24].

Discussion

The mark-recapture analysis of adult fire salamanders showed that monthly apparent survival varied through time. Estimates of apparent annual survival were remarkably low and suggest that emigration from the study site is strong: about 50% of the salamanders emigrated from the study area. Our results corroborate the emerging view that amphibians are far more mobile than commonly thought [ 10- 14, 16, 19].

Apparent monthly survival varied from month to month but not seasonally. Reading [ 15] reported that survival of common toads was a function of winter weather. In salamanders, however, there is apparently no season during which mortality is elevated [ 2]. It may be that different factors affect survival in different months but their net effect on survival appears to be the same. Hence, our study does not reveal whether extrinsic factors, such as harshness of winters, or behaviourally- or density-mediated factors during the activity period primarily affect salamander survival and consequently population dynamics. We believe that further study of seasonal variation in salamanders is warranted because different factors may exert soft or hard selection on salamanders that in turn determine whether populations are regulated locally or at the metapopulation level [ 6].

Annual apparent survival of the Ellhauser forest salamander population was considerably lower than other estimates [ 5]. While there is certainly geographic variation in life history traits [ 25], survival rate of the Ellhauser forest population is half that of another well studied German population of Salamandra salamandra [ 5]. The most plausible explanation for this difference is a relatively high rate of emigration from our study site. The indirect estimate of the probability of emigration showed that about 50% of the salamanders left the study area. This is a large proportion in light of the strong site fidelity and small home ranges that have been reported for this salamander species [ 7, 26, 27]. Our analysis suggests that salamanders may be using large home ranges or may have emigrated to neighbouring populations. Indeed, data from the same population show that salamanders in the Ellhauser forest use large home ranges (average 494 m ²) and moved on average 52 m and 117 m per season in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Average distance between successive recaptures was 64 m and ranged from 4 to 319 m. Thus, many are likely to have left our study area, which had an area of 290'000 m 2 (equivalent to a circle with a radius of 300 m [ 28]). Given the design of our study, we must currently treat migration as a yes/no event where we categorize individuals as "stayers" and "movers". The necessary next step will have to be the better characterization of the movement distribution of salamanders [ 2].

Further evidence corroborates the hypothesis of high migratory activity in salamander populations. The salamander population studied by [ 5] showed a large proportion of transients and provided evidence for temporary emigration. Transients are animals that are encountered only once and then leave the study area [ 29]. Temporary emigrants are salamanders that leave the study area for a while, then return. Because temporary emigrants appear as permanent emigrants in a short-term study such as ours, we cannot discriminate between temporary or permanent emigration. Temporary emigration indeed could result from home ranges that are larger than the study area. Nevertheless, our analysis and the spatial analysis of [ 28] clearly provide evidence for the fact that terrestrial salamanders can be highly vagile. Further evidence for high migratory activity of S. salamandra comes also from population genetic analyses which showed genetic uniformity of salamander populations in an area (the Eifel forest) of more than 225 km 2 [ 14].

These data on migratory activity contrast strongly with the common view of amphibians, and salamanders in particular, being characterized by low vagility [ 10, 30- 34], but supports the alternative view that amphibians show high vagility [ 10]. Closer inspection of mark-recapture studies reveals further evidence that many amphibians appear to migrate substantially. Several studies found evidence for transients [ 11, 15, 35- 37]. Transients are animals that are encountered only once and then leave the study area [ 28]. In mark-recapture analyses, transients are detected as violations of assumptions of the traditional Cormack-Jolly-Seber model. Although alternative explanations for the violations of assumptions are possible and favoured by some authors (e.g., effects of marking on survival [ 37]), nomadic animals on the move that show high vagility and little site fidelity seem a likely explanation, especially if alternative explanations do not apply (e.g., where marking is non-invasive [ 5]). Proportions of transients can be high. For example, [ 35] estimated the proportion of transients in the toad Bufo bufo as 0.43 (CI 0.27-0.59) in one year and 0.54 (CI 0.32-0.75) in another year, whereas [ 11] report an average proportion of 0.35. Interestingly, there may be variation among populations in their ability to migrate or show "nomadic" behaviour. [ 5] only found evidence for transients in one of the two populations that they studied. Transients would perhaps be largely equivalent to non-territorial floaters that have been reported for many vertebrate groups, including amphibians [ 38]. Floaters may be important for population dynamics and conservation [ 39- 41].

The accumulated evidence suggests that amphibians are more mobile than commonly thought. We still need to fully understand the behavioural mechanisms that underlie individual movement patterns as there are several explanations for the observed patterns. Both high rates of emigration and transients may be either due to inappropriate definition of the spatial extent of amphibian populations or may reflect migration between populations. The delineation of the study area clearly affects any inference regarding dispersal and needs to be done with great care [ 3]. In any case, movement behaviour may be a key to understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of amphibian populations [ 10, 12, 19]. Rescue effects caused by high numbers of migrants could ensure the persistence of amphibian populations despite the strong fluctuations that characterize amphibian populations [ 16].

Finally, a better understanding of amphibian movement behaviour is also important for a better understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of amphibians such as patterns of genetic differentiation between amphibian populations. Most of these patterns are interpreted as the result of passive differentiation mechanisms [ 42]. However, patterns of genetic differentiation should not only be explained by limited dispersal ability of amphibians. The alternative view is that amphibian populations may show high rates of divergence that are adaptive rather than the result of passive processes [ 43, 44].

Conclusion

Migration to and from populations affects the local dynamics of animal populations. We focus on the demographics of amphibians, a highly threatened group of vertebrates that are commonly thought to show little movement. The analysis of mark-recapture data from a population of salamanders gave remarkably low estimates of apparent survival. These estimates suggest that the probability of emigration was high. Such a high rate of emigration implies that either the spatial extent of salamander populations is greatly underestimated or else migration rates between populations are indeed very high. Both possible interpretations suggest that salamanders are much more mobile than commonly thought. The evidence for transients in mark-recapture studies of a large number of amphibian populations provides indirect evidence for a substantial proportion of transients, i.e., animals on the move. Thus, the results support and extend the emerging new view of amphibians as highly vagile animals. Such a new view means that we would have to reformulate our hypotheses as to how amphibian populations function and suggest that conservationists should strive to maintain migratory activity within and among amphibian populations because migration may be the key determinant of population viability.

Methods

The species and study site

Salamandra salamandra is a terrestrial salamander (Figure ) that inhabits old broadleaf forest with many small streams. During spring, females migrate to small streams where they give birth to larvae. The streams serve as the habitat for the larvae whereas juveniles and adults are terrestrial. Mating also occurs on land. Salamanders normally start to reproduce after 3-5 years and are long-lived [ 5, 9].

Our study site is part of the Ellhauser Forest located in western Germany 25 km south-east of Cologne near Donrath within the Bergisches Land (see figure ). The forest in which salamanders were found is mainly composed of beech ( Fagus sylvatica) and oak ( Quercus robur) and represents a typical habitat of S. salamandra. Its average altitude is around 200 m above sea level and the annual precipitation is around 1100 mm/m ².

Data collection and mark-recapture analysis

Adult salamanders larger than 12 cm in total length were fitted with a Euro-I. D. bio-glas transponder (weight 0.09 g, length 12 mm, diameter 2.2 mm). For details of the implantation process of PIT tags see [ 28]. Altogether 86 individuals (59 females, 23 males and 4 individuals of unknown sex) were fitted with PIT tags and released at the site of initial capture.

Field visits were conducted to locate marked individuals. These consisted of repeated intensive searches using torches by 2-3 persons for 5-6 hours from April 2001 until May 2003 in a fixed sub-area of the Ellhauser forest (corresponding to 0.290 km ²). Each salamander found was scanned with a LID-500 hand scanner and if a transponder was detected, both the corresponding transponder code and the coordinates (Gauss-Krueger) of the recapture site were recorded using a differential Global Positioning System (GPS) with an accuracy of three meters. The captures were carried out almost continuously from April to beginning of July, and a second time from September until late October (beginning of hibernation). We pooled all observations from different years conducted in the months of March to July to the occasion "spring" and all captures conducted in the months of September and October to the occasion "autumn". This pooling procedure does not cause bias in survival estimates [ 45]. The mean capture dates in these five occasions were 7.5.2001, 14.9.2001, 24.4.2002, 28.9.2002 and 2.5.2003. We defined apparent survival from May to September as "summer survival" and apparent survival from September to May as "winter survival".

We analysed the capture-recapture data with Cormack-Jolly-Seber models [ 46], which allow separate estimates of apparent survival and recapture probabilities. The apparent survival probability (φ i) is the probability that an individual that is in the population at time i is still alive and in the population at time i+1. This implies that true mortality and permanent emigration are confounded. The recapture probability ( p i) is defined as the probability of sighting a marked individual that is alive and in the population at time i. The estimation of these parameters requires several assumptions to be met, which can be tested with goodness-of-fit tests [ 35, 47, 48]. Once a global model has been found to fit the data adequately, nested models can be fitted and their support from the data assessed using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC c [ 21]).

We used program MARK [ 49] to estimate apparent survival and recapture probabilities. We accounted for the unequal time intervals between capture occasions and estimated monthly survival rates.

We fitted a small set of candidate models to the data. Survival was modelled as either constant through time, varying through time (but with no particular pattern) or with a seasonal effect (i.e., summer and winter survival different). The probability of recapture was modelled in the same way: constant, time-varying, or seasonal.

Competing interests

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

SS initiated this cooperation as a part of his ongoing research on mechanisms of speciation in terrestrial salamanders, provided the capture recapture data as well as manuscript preparation. MS and BRS designed the analysis that was performed by MS. BRS drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

References

Clobert J, Danchin E, Dhondt AA, Nichols JD, eds . Dispersal. Oxford, Oxford University Press; 2003.

Schmidt BR, Feldmann R, Schaub M. Demographic processes underlying population growth and decline in Salamandra salamandra . Cons Biol. 2005;19:1149-1156. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00164.x. [CrossRef]

Joly J. La sédentarité et le retour au gite chez la Salamandra tâchetée. C R Acad Sci. 1963;256:3510-3521.

Pough FH, Andrews RM, Cadle JE, Crump ML, Savitzky AH, Wells KD. In: Herpetology. 2, editor. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall; 2001.

Thiesmeier B, Grossenbacher K. Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) - Feuersalamander. In: Thiesmeier B, Grossenbacher K, editor. Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europas: Schwanzlurche IIB. Wiesbaden, Aula Verlag; 2004. pp. 1059-1132.

Funk WC, Greene AE, Corn PS, Allendorf FW. High dispersal in a frog species suggests that it is vulnerable to habitat fragmentation. Biol Lett. 2005;1:13-16. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2004.0270. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef]

Green DM. Biology of amphibian declines. In: Lannoo M, editor. Amphibian declines: The conservation status of United States species. Berkeley, University of California Press; 2005. pp. 28-33.

Choquet R, Reboulet AM, Lebreton JD, Gimenez O, Pradel R. U-CARE 2.2 User's Manual. CEFE, Montpellier, CEFE. 2005. http://ftp.cefe.cnrs.fr/biom/Soft-CR/

Burnham KP, Anderson DR. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. 2. New York, Springer; 2002.

Seber GAF. The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters. London, Charles Griffin & Company Ltd; 1982.

Burnham KP. A theory for combined analysis of ring recovery and recapture data. In: Lebreton JD and North PM, editor. The study of bird population dynamics using marked individuals. Basel, Birkhäuser Verlag; 1993. pp. 199-213.

Schmidt BR. Declining amphibian populations: The pitfalls of count data in the study of diversity, distributions, dynamics, and demography. Herpetol J. 2004;14:167-174.

Berven KA, Gill DE. Interpreting geographic variation in life history traits.

Denoël M. Phénologie et domaine vital de la Salamandra salamandra terrestris (Amphibia, Caudata) dans un bois du Pays de Herve (Belgique) Cahiers Ethol. 1996;16:291-306.

Rebelo R, Leclair MH. Site tenacity in the terrestrial salamandrid, Salamandra salamandra . J Herpetol. 2003;37:440-445. doi: 10.1670/0022-1511(2003)037[0440:STITTS]2.0.CO;2. [CrossRef]

Schulte U, Küsters D, Steinfartz S. A PIT tag based analysis of annual movement patterns of adult fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) in a Middle European habitat. Amphibia-Reptilia. 2007;28:000-000.

Gill DE. Effective population size and interdemic migration rates in a metapopulation of the red-spotted newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (Rafinesque) Evolution. 1978;32:839-849. doi: 10.2307/2407498. [PubMed] [CrossRef]

Sinsch U. Migration and orientation in anuran amphibians. Ethol Ecol Evol. 1990;2:65-79.

Stebbins RC, Cohen NW. A natural history of amphibians. Princeton, Princeton University Press; 1995.

Larson A, Wake DB, Yanev KP. Measuring gene flow among populations having high-levels of genetic fragmentation. Genetics. 1984;106:293-308. [PMC free article] [PubMed]

Skelly DK. Microgeographic countergradient variation in the wood frog, Rana sylvatica . Evolution. 2004;58:160-165. [PubMed]

Burnham KP, Anderson DR, White GC, Brownie C, Pollock KH. Design and analysis methods for fish survival experiments based on release-recapture. American Fisheries Society Monograph Number 5. 1987.

White GC, Burnham KP. Program MARK: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. Bird Study. 1999;46:120-39.

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Apparent survival of the salamander Salamandra salamandra is low because of high migratory activity

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Local population dynamics are a function of survival and reproductive rates within a focal area and rates of dispersal into and out of that area. The spatial extent and the degree of isolation of a local population have an impact on local population dynamics and hence these factors need to be considered in studies about local population dynamics [ 1- 3].

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Electrophysiology and anatomy of direction-specific pretectal units in Salamandra salamandra. - PubMed - NCBI

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Exp Brain Res. 1984;54(3):415-25. Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

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In many parts of their range, Testudo hermanni hermanni may hibernate from November to March or April. In some areas (Sicily & Majorca, for example) the hibernation period may be much, much shorter. During the active season, the tortoises will venture out of their overnight hiding areas to warm up under the bright European sun in early morning. They will then graze until the temperatures begin to soar to a dangerous level and retreat under brush or nearby foliage. They may resume grazing later in the day before sunset. The tortoises have an incredible sense of direction and “know” their home range. They will use the same paths and tunnels every day that they have created through the undergrowth and dense vegetation. While they are designed to thrive in the sunlit Mediterranean, they become quite stressed and vulnerable when out in the open. They can sense their vulnerability and will scurry quickly to jam themselves under a shrub to avoid being seen. The intricate black and yellow patterns of their carapaces enable them to remain hidden under the brush. Once still, it can be nearly impossible to see them.

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CITES Secretariat. 2012. "Appendices I, II, and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php

IUCN 2012. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 21 Sept. 2012.

Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B., and Bour, R.]. 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th edition: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonomy, Distribution with Maps, and Conservation Status. In: Rhodin, A.G.J., Pritchard, P.C.H., van Dijk, P.P., Saumure, R.A., Buhlmann, K.A., Iverson, J.B., and Mittermeier, R.A. (Eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs, No. 7, pp.000.329-000.478, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014, http://www.iucn-tftsg.org/checklist. Web. Jun. 2014.

Disclaimer: The Species Profiles - Natural History, Care Guide, and Photo Gallery database is an educational resource. It does not cover all Chelonian species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about the species covered. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While theTurtleRoom's staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control.

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CITES Secretariat. 2012. "Appendices I, II, and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Web. 13 Aug. 2012. http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php IUCN 2012. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 21 Sept. 2012. Turtle Taxonomy Working Group [van Dijk, P.P., Iverson, J.B., Rhodin, A.G.J., Shaffer, H.B., and Bour, R.].

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Hermann's tortoises prefer inland and coastal forest habitats. Females build their nests in the forests, which keeps the eggs isolated from predators. Due to habitat destruction within their range, they are also found in habitats such as dry, hilly grasslands or farmland. Despite being suboptimal, these habitats still allow for the tortoises to actively forage in ground vegetation.

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Theme 4.Signs of degradation in Evia/Larco Minerals

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Theme 4.Signs of degradation in Evia/Larco Minerals

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Theme 4.Signs of Degradation in Evia/Municipality of Messapia

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Theme 4.Signs of Degradation in Evia/Municipality of Messapia

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Larco Euboea Mines" is a producer deposit site discovered in 1953 in Greece Territory, Greece. It is a deposit, considered to be of world-class significance.¹

Nickel deposits are documented at "Larco Euboea Mines." Nickel is present at a grade sufficient to have a strong effect on the economics of an excavation project. It may even be viable as the only commodity mined.

At the time this deposit was surveyed, there was a production. Mining opporations could be year-round, intermittent, or seasonal. A surface operation is at this site or proposed for it. Strip Hillside was the predominant mining method used at "Larco Euboea Mines". Production at "Larco Euboea Mines" began in 1969.

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Theme 4.hexavalent chromium  from literite mines

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Theme 4.hexavalent chromium  from literite mines

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Environmental and Ecological Effects of Mining

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Environmental and Ecological Effects of Mining

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Chameleo cf.andrusovi as it seems in the phylogenetic tree belongs to Kingdom:animalia,Phylum:chordata,Class:Reptilia,Order:squamata,Suborder:Iguania,Clade:Acrodonta,Family:
Chamaeleonidae

Salamandra salamandra
The Fire Salamander as you can see in the following, belongs to Kingdom:Animalia,Phylum:Chordata,Class:Amphibia,Order:Urodela,Family:Salamandridae,Genus:Salamandra

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Species:Salamandra salamandra
localities:Evia
Datum:The subspecies found in Greece are S.s salamandra(Linne,1758)
Collector:Linne reffered to Salamanders and the taxonomic orders in 1758
(https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83652#page/4/mode/1up)

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OROS OCHI - KAMPOS KARYSTOU - POTAMI - AKROTIRIO KAFIREFS - PARAKTIA THALASSIA ZONI

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OROS OCHI - KAMPOS KARYSTOU - POTAMI - AKROTIRIO KAFIREFS - PARAKTIA THALASSIA ZONI

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The ecological quality and importance of the site result from the following elements:1) The variety of habitat types which it contains with interesting fauna and flora communities. 2) The great number of passage birds and raptors which have been recorded in the area. 3) Its rich herpetofauna. 4) Well conserved acquatic ecosystems such as posidonia beds in deep waters and reefs at the coastline of Cape Kafirefs. 5) Dimosari gorge was proposed to be designated as an aesthetic forest in 1986.OTHER IMPORTANT SPECIES WITH MOTIVATION D:The species Erinaceus concolor (mammal) and Bufo bufo (amphibian) and Malpolon monspessulanus (reptile) are protected by the greek Presidential Decree 67/81.The following endemic plants are included in the IUCN catalogue for the rare and threatened species of Greece: Inula subfloccosa (Rare), Paeonia mascula ssp. hellenica (Indeterminate), Cerastium runemarkii (Indeterminate), Verbascum delphicum (Rare), and Stachys euboica (Rare). The species Sideritis euboea, Viola euboea, Armeria johnsenii and the subspecies Campanula celsii ssp. carystea are endemic to the island of Evoia.Anthemis cretica ssp. cretica is a Balkan endemic (it currently includes the species A. panachaica and A. meteorica which are included in the IUCN list of threatened plants as rare and are protected by the Greek Law -Presidential decree 67/81).

Κίνδυνοι

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Theme 1-Reptile Fossil ID Card-Chamaeleo cf. andrusovi

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Theme 1-Reptile Fossil ID Card-Chamaeleo cf. andrusovi

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Species:Chameleo cf.andrusovi
localities:early Miocene locality of Aliveri-South Evia in three different field seasons
Datum:1977 (UU AL 3502), 1978 (UU AL 3501), and 1980(UU AL 3503)
Collector: the University of Utrecht

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Theme 1 Reptile Fossil ID Card-Squamata, Chamaeleonidae

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Theme 1 Reptile Fossil ID Card-Squamata, Chamaeleonidae

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New specimens from the early Miocene of Aliveri (Evia Island), Greece constitute the only fossils of these lizards from southeastern Europe. Skull roofing material is tentatively attributed to the Czech species Chamaeleo cf. andrusovi, revealing a range extension for this taxon, whereas tooth-bearing elements are described as indeterminate chamaeleonids. The Aliveri fossils rank well among the oldest known reptiles from Greece, provide evidence for the dispersal routes of chameleons out of Africa towards the European continent and, additionally, imply strong affinities with coeval chamaeleonids from Central Europe

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Habitat 3/rocky grounds of Ochi chalchides ocellatus

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Habitat 3/rocky grounds of Ochi chalchides ocellatus

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The Ocellated skink (Chalcides ocellatus) is a habitat generalist and moves on and within both wet and dry media.It is also  known as eyed skink or gongilo is a species of skink found in Greece, southern Italy, Malta, and parts of northern Africa.

It especially can be found in a wide variety of environments, such as farmland and gravel deserts around the Mediterranean coasthttp://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Chalcides&species=ocellatus)

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The common toad, European toad, or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the toad (Bufo bufo, from Latin bufo "toad"), is an amphibian found throughout most of Europe (with the exception of Ireland, Iceland, and some Mediterranean islands), in the western part of North Asia, and in a small portion of Northwest Africa. It is one of a group of closely related animals that are descended from a common ancestral line of toads and which form a species complex. The toad is an inconspicuous animal as it usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds. It moves with a slow, ungainly walk or short jumps, and has greyish-brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.

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αρχείο λήψης

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A gorge is a narrow valley with steep, rocky walls located between hills or mountains(https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/gorge/)
This is an impressive calcareous gorge with the most dramatic rocky precipices in the Mt Ochi region. A new road runs through the gorge, leading from the village of Aghios Dimitrios to Kallianos and Cavo d’Oro. There are also two wonderful trails that cross the gorge. Starting at Aghios Dimitrios, one descends down into the gorge and ends up at the beautiful beach of Schinodavlia. The other footpath ascends high up above the gorge and reaches the Kalergos settlement. From there it descends abruptly to the Demosaris Stream and ends up at Kallianos Beach.
Gorges are excellent habitats for reptilians.Especially the four-lined snake can be found in stone walls and sparse woodlands elements that characterize the Aghios Dimitrios Gorge!

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Elaphe quatuorlineata (common names: four-lined snake, Bulgarian ratsnake) is a member of the family Colubridae.The four-lined snake is a non-venomous species and one of the largest of the European snakes.
The four-lined snake favours areas with a Mediterranean climate and is found in habitats featuring vegetation, stone walls, sparse woodland, forest margins and deserted buildings.In the winter, individuals spend their time in deserted rodent burrows in groups of four to seven.Their behaviour is generally calmer than that of other snakes (seldom hissing or striking) and they are usually active in the morning and late afternoon. Excellent climbers, they can often be found in the tops of trees.

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The site code is GR2420003.According to the study of "scientific ordination directory u " This area includes Mount Kandili Valley Prokopios and Kirea Delta. The area ranges from the Northern Evoikos bay to the Aegean Sea and the sea part covers 3% of the area.

Some amphibians and reptiles with ecological interest are Laurel Elaphe quatuorlineata,Elaphe situla,Mauremys caspica Linear Watermelon,Watermelon Stytic Emys orbicularis

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natura GR242003 Καντηλι Προκοπι Δελτα Κηρεως

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Nature in Ochi region presents a variety of features in all levels. The rich terrain with the intense elevation differences creates a diversity of landscapes with mountains, spectacular gorges, shady ravines, forested or naked slopes that end up in steep coasts.
The local geology creates plenty of surface and underground water, while the dominance of rock adds a dramatic and wild beauty to the landscape. The continual succession of scenery and the geographical isolation, favor flora and fauna wealth as well as species endemism.

There have been recorded 700 plant species and at least 7 endemic species and thus the region is considered one of the endemic centers in Aegean sea. The unapproachable precipices and the low mediterranean vegetation offers refuge to rare plants and a rich herpetofauna (reptiles or reptile life especially of a particular region) that includes 27 reptile species and 6 amphibian species.
Even richer is the bird-fauna, with 211 species observed, from which 69 species nest in the region.

Some of Valuable Amphibians-Reptiles in this area are the following:

bufo bufo
Chalcides ocellatus ocellatus
Elaphe quatuorlineata quatuorlineata
Emys orbicularis
Hyla arborea arborea
Malpolon monspessulanus insignitus
Mauremys caspica rivulata
Ophisaurus apodus thracius
Podarcis erhardii amorgensis
Testudo hermanni hermanni
Vipera ammodytes meridionalis

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The site code is GR2420002
Some of the species which inhabit this area are the wall lizard podarcis muralis,the green toad, Bufo Viridis and the Herman s Meditteranian tortoise Testudo Hermanii

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αρχείο λήψης

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Theme 4.Signs of Degradation in Evia/Municipality of Messapia

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Theme 4.Signs of Degradation in Evia/Municipality of Messapia

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The photos are from the Larco Mines in the site Kotroni of Messapia in the municipality of Messapia