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In "Should Literature Be Useful, the author claims that those who read more literary fiction tend to be more empathetic toward others than those who do not. Specifically, he uses two studies to back his claim. The author believes that fiction has a sense of freedom that allows readers to experience things that they would never otherwise experience.

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In Reading Literature Makes Us Smarter and Nicer, author Murphy Paul argues that “deep reading” makes people more intellectual and empathetic toward others. Paul discusses the importance of reading fiction literature by mentioning an experiment which proves his claim. Specifically, Paul claims that this experience is one unique to literature. He highlights the distinction between reading we do on the web and reading of actual books.

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Thesis idea/Intro: In Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's TedTalk, “The Danger of a Single story,  she claims that often people have a “single story” or stereotype of a general thing, place, or group of people. She argues that these single stories lack the complexity to actually give any insight or significance to the matter and often lead to preconceived misjudgment. specify! what is the actual "danger"?* Adichie encourages her audience to look beyond single stories rather than using them as identity markers. One means of doing so is by reading multicultural literature which allows people to gain a perspective other than that of a single story. Reading minority voices and representation in literature promotes empathy and understanding rather than judgement and pretenses.  ****

House on Mango Street: Sandra Cisneros attempt to recounter single stories of Mexican-Americans by providing readers of the true stories of the women, Mexican-Americans, and low income people portrayed in her vignettes.
- Marin vignette: women's dependance on men
- Sally vignette: women vs men in society/women's roles
- Alicia who sees mice: expectation of women to not achieve much
- Papa who wakes up tired in the dark: work ethic

The Woman Warrior: Maxine Hong Kingston uses the stories of Chinese women to give insight to her story as a first generation Chinese-American woman. Specifically, Kingston portrays the difficulty of assimilating to incomplete single stories.
- No Name Woman: reveals the circumstances/expectations of women
- Story of Fa Mu Lan: rebellion against those expectations

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I was really confused on Invisible Man's single story so I just did quotes that demonstrate the differences/feeling of the "african-american man" and the complexity

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"It wasn't as if I didn't want to work. I did. I had even gone to the social security office the month before to get my social security number. I needed money." p53
This information is often not included in the single story of Mexican-Americans. People do not understand the hardships people undergo just to get by. People only see the "job taking" aspect, not the work ethic exuded.

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“Cathy's father will have to fly to France one day and find her great great distant grand cousin on her father's side and inherit the family house. How do I know this is so? She told me so. In the meantime they'll just have to move a little farther north from Mango Street, a little farther away every time people like us keep moving in.” p13 Cathy is just one of many whose story Cisneros includes. Here, she gives a voice to Cathy to explain her circumstance that many do not know.

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hi Ms. Goodman!

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I think by showing what kind of household Pecola lives in and the bullying she faces, Morrison can explain why Pecola is the way she is.

On the other hand, Claudia and Freida have a loving household, so a different story,.

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Kingston  includes "talk-stories" of different women to give insight to their stories.

First, Kingston gives the example of her no name aunt. Here, she demonstrates that women do not choose the role which they are given. Kingston's aunt did not choose to be forgotten, it just happened to her.

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Ras the Exhorter shows a more radical side of activism.

Invisible man portrays the passive African American that white men try to "keep running"

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Cisneros includes the stories of some characters by giving them a separate vignette.

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"I learned in time though that it is possible to carry on a fight against them without their realizing it." p5

"How can he tell this to white men, I though, when he knows they'll say that all Negroes do such things? I looked at the floor, a red mist of anguish before my eyes." p58

"Well I was and yet I was invisible, that was the fundamental contradiction. I was and yet I was unseen." p507

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African-American
male/masculinity

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"I am cute! And you ugly! Black and ugly black e mos. I am cute!" p73 Here, Morrison shows that African American women often face rejection within their own communities.

"But these girls soak up the juice of their home, towns, and it never leaves them." p81 No one really knows about the cycle of generations. (If that's how you say it.) Basically, some minorities do not choose the lives they live but are bound by circumstances and they cycle never ends.

"But why are you crying?
I don't want to be ruined!
What's ruined?
You know. Like the Maginot Line. She's ruined." p101

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Single Story: Ralph Ellison responds to the single story of the typical African American man.

Many people see black people as simple and without complexity.

Another single story is that white people allow for African-American success.

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"I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me." p1

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female
age/youth
African-American
male/masculinity

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Single Story: Toni Morrison responds to the single story of females. Morrison actually using stereotypical images of the African American home, and showcases women’s dependance on men to explain the complexity of the single story. She explains what conditions and circumstances cause women to be dependent on men. Many people do not know these circumstances because they are not included in the single story.

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"She told me I would grow up a wife and a slave, but she taught me the story of the woman warrior, Fa Mu Lan." p20 Here. Kingston shows that even Chinese-Americans have their own single story of females.

"I did not plan ever to have a husband. I would show my mother and father and the nosey emigrant villagers that girls have no outward tendency. " This goes against typical
Chinese-American views. Women usually "need" to marry a man at a point in their lives.

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Chinese American

female both in Chinese standards and American standards

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Single Story: Maxine Hong Kingston responds to the single story of the Chinese-American immigrant to America. Specifically, she responds to the Chinese single story of women stating that women are useless by invoking the image of the “woman warrior” which contradicts that single story. By recounting this single story, Kingston gives more insight and truth to her story.

The single story of Chinese immigrants is that these immigrants undeservingly take jobs from others.

Another single story is that people understand Chinese-Americans to be "naturally smart." Kingston responds to this by demonstrating that intelligence is nothing when you are still a woman.

Women are expected to never fulfill dominant/manly roles.

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The girls say "We are tired of being beautiful." after receiving negative male attention just for wearing heels. They are also shamed by older females for acting "too old." p42

"All brown all around we are safe." p28 . Many people do not know that some Mexican-Americans literally feel unsafe around other non Mexican-Americans because they do not feel accepted. Being around people that look like you can be a safe haven.

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female, specifically "beautiful" female

Mexican-American or Latino/Latina in America

low income working American

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Single Story: Sandra Cisneros responds to the single story of being a Mexican-American in America. She highlights specific aspects of her identity that are not included in that single story. Cisneros completes the story by explaining the difficulty of dealing with the several different aspects.

Mexican-Americans are often expected to just choose between "Mexican" or "American".

Many people only hear of the single story of Mexican-Americans through news or media. It is typically a negative story  regarding their work ethic or immigration to America. Cisneros responds to this story by showcasing how hard the main family works and still struggles to get by.

Another single story is of Mexican-American women. Many see Latina women as short tempered or easily angered, but Cisneros demonstrates the standards Latina women are expected to fulfill daily.