# data[].attributes.body
Structure: motile extensions of the cell membranes of certain cell types. structurally, cilia and flagella are similar and are mainly different in size. Both consist of 9 groups of 3 microtubules. Shape is cylindrical.
Function: Movement of cell

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: Fibers composed of protein and DNA molecules
Function: Carries information for synthesizing proteins

# data[].attributes.body
Structure:Dense, nonmembranous composed of protein and RNA molecules
Function: The site of ribosome formation.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: complex of connected, membrane bound sacs, canals, and vesicles
Function: Transports materials within the cell, provides attachments for ribosomes, and synthesizes lipids

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: Jelly like substance
Function: suspends organelles in cell and contains chemicals and stores nutrients.

# data[].attributes.body
Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes include-
-increased thirst
-increases trips to the bathroom to pee
-headaches
-blurred vision
-unsteady hands
-weight decrease
-weight increase
-loss of appetite
-gaining of appetite
Treatment: There is no current cure yet for Type 1 Diabetes. Patients are insulin dependent and have to monitor their blood sugar very closely. If not, comas and death can occur.

# data[].attributes.body
Bailey, Regina. “10 Different Cell Types in the Body Work Together to Create Humans.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 4 May 2019, https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-cells-in-the-body-373388.

Shier, David, et al. Holes Human Anatomy & Physiology. McGraw-Hill Education, 2019.

HeartofSoul. “In Type 1 Diabetes, Alpha Cells Become Impaired.” Diabetes Daily Forums, 25 Dec. 2018, https://www.diabetesdaily.com/forum/threads/in-type-1-diabetes-alpha-cells-become-impaired.126230/.

# data[].attributes.body
In a non diabetic patient, after they eat, their blood glucose level starts to rise and this produces an afferent response from the blood glucose levels, and is sent to the brain where the brain processes the signal and sends an efferent response back to the pancreas to secrete insulin. Then your beta cells will start producing insulin which will then leave the pancreas and travel to cells and connect to the target cell’s insulin receptors. From there, a signal is sent to the GLUT-4 protein which then travels to the cell  membrane and lets glucose into the cell. The cell then stores that glucose as glycogen. Once enough glucose is out of the blood stream that the overall levels are normal, insulin production is stopped. Glycogen is broken down when a persons blood glucose level is too low and they need more sugar in their blood. When the afferent signal is sent to the brain and the efferent signal sent to the pancreas, the pancreas tells the alpha cells to start producing glucagon which then is related and tells the target cells to breakdown the glycogen they stored earlier, into glucose and release it.
In a diabetic patient, when a meal is eaten, the afferent signal is sent to the brain and then the efferent signal to the pancreas. But since a diabetic’s beta cells are destroyed by T-cells, the efferent signal that is sent, cannot be acted upon because the pancreas cannot produce insulin. Therefore, there will be too much glucose in the blood and then the patient, if not treated, can go into ketoacidosis and die. If a diabetic patient has a low blood glucose, some diabetics body will be able to secrete glucagon but with the loss of beta cells, the alpha cells are impaired and cannot do their job.
Interesting article: https://www.diabetesdaily.com/forum/threads/in-type-1-diabetes-alpha-cells-become-impaired.126230/

# data[].attributes.body
Description-
Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which T- cells attack the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. Interestingly enough, the alpha cells are not attacked and remain able to produce glucagon.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: A centrosome is a structure that is located near the nucleus.  It is made of two cylinders called centrioles.  They usually lie at right angle of each other.
Function: Centrosomes aid in cell division.  When a cell divides the centrosomes move to the  sides of the nucleus and make spindle-like fibers to pull the chromosomes to distribute.  They also aid in producing cilia and flagella.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure:  They are membranous sacs that contain enzymes and resemble lysosomes in size and shape.
Function:  The are most abundent in the cells of kidneys and the liver.  Peroxisomes catalyze metabolic reactions that release hydrogen peroxide. They also catalyze reactions such as synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degrading of rare biochemicals, and breaking down alcohol

# data[].attributes.body
Structure:  The Nuclear Envelope surrounds the nucleus.  It consists of an inner and outer bi-lipid membrane.  The membranes have a narrow space between them but are joined at the area surrounding the nuclear pores.
Function:  The Nuclear Membrane protects the nucleus and allows certain substances to go in and out.  It allows protiens carrying RNA to travel through the membrane, but keeps the DNA in.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: Lysosomes vary in size and shape.  They are small membranous sacs.
Function: They are the part of the cell that digests debris.  They are the garbage disposals of the cell.  They bud off of the golgi membrane, and their enzymes break down nucleic acid, protiens,  carbohydrates, worn organelles, and foreign substances.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: Mitochondria are long fluid-filled sacs that has an inner and outer membrane.  A typical cell has around 1,700 mitochondria
Function:  The Mitochondria is responsible for almost all of the reactions that produce energy.  The inner membrane can fold inwards to create shelf-like routes to increase the surface area for reactions. This organelle turns nutrient molecules into ATP which is cellular energy.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure:  The Golgi apparatus is a set of flattened membranous sacs.  A cell may have more than one golgi apparatus
Function:  The Golgi Apparatus is an organelle that refines, packages, and transports protiens that are synthesized on the rough ER.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure and function:
Vesticles are membranous sacs that store and transport substances.  Larger vesicles contain mostly water and form when a part of the cell membrane pinches off, bringing a new substance in the cell with it.  Small vesicles go between the golgi apparatus and rough ER to shuttle materials.  The transport of materials into and out of cells by vesicles is known as vesicle trafficking

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: Tiny spherical structures composed of RNA and protein.  They are scattered in the cytopolasm and attach themsleves to the Rough ER.  Unlike most organelles, they are not contained in or composed of membranes.
Function: They provide structeral support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: They are threadlike structure in the cytoplasm and are classified by protein type, diameter, and lysosomes.
Function: Make up cytoskeleton when connected with other proteins. Provides strength and helps the cell remain it’s shape. Also, aid in cell movements.

# data[].attributes.body
Leukocytes are also known as White Blood Cells.  They are responsible for responding to and fighting infection in the body.
Special Characteristics:
-White blood cells are larger than red blood cells and are fewer in number
-These cells are highly mobile and can squeeze through tight spaces to fight diseases.  They normally float along with the red blood cells, but can sprout hundreds of "legs" to propel themseles to the infection site when they are needed.
-White Blood Cells can even change shape and become extremely flexible to get to the infection
- These cells lack hemoglobin, but unlike red blood cells, they do have a nucleus.
-Most White Blood Cells are produced in the bone marrow, while the rest are produced in the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus gland. Leukocytes can not reproduce and divide on their own, they can not undergo mitosis.  They are only produced.
-They benifit our bodies by protecting us from infection and diseases cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Structure: Also known as the plasma membrane.
-It’s composed of lipid (which provide physical properties) and protein (provide function) molecules as well as carbohydrates
-phospholipid bilayer which includes a hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
Function: There are different proteins in the cell membrane
-Integral protein: forms pores, channels, and carriers in the cell membrane
-Peripheral proteins include receptor proteins (which respond to extracellular signals), enzymes (which catalyze chemical reactions), cell surface proteins (establish shape), and cellular adhesion molecules (which enables cells to stick to one another).