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-This is a pedigree, the shapes means genders and lines means if they are related
-The circles means female and square means male

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-DNA samples are used to help save the condors

- With their DNA they can tell if its a male or female

-The samples show us its gender through the condor's chromosomes

-The chromosomes of a condor can be (Z,W) for female or (Z,Z) for male

-Through careful breeding there was a sufficient amount of condors being released into the wild.

-Scientists do the DNA testing for parentage verification.

-The genetics help the condors all they need are a large drop of blood, a plucked feather, or a small piece of eggshell membrane to have a sufficient amount of DNA.

-The picture below shows the scientists  extracting DNA from the tube.

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-A method to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins

-Pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores

- Travels at a speed through the pores related to their length

-The separation is based on how positively charged or how negatively charged the molecule is.

-It also depends on the molecules size

- Unlike DNA and RNA, different proteins may move in different directions or at varying speeds based on the degree and type of charge they have.

-When we use this method for the condors we're isolating one gene on the z and w chromosomes because they're different sizes on each so when we look at the gel we'll see the gender of the condor

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-PCR ( Polymerase chain reaction) is a method used in molecular biology.

-It is used to make copies of a specific DNA segment

-The first step is denaturing , this is when DNA is heated and separated into two single strands

-The second step is Annealing. During this step, the temperature is lowered to enable primers

-Lastly there is extending. Extending is when the temperature is once again raised and new strand is made by taq polymers enzyme

-Thermocycling is a machine that is used to amplify segments of DNA

-They can also be used to to facilitate other temperatures, sensitive reactions, and in some occasions to work with restriction enzymes

-This is a Thermal cycler, this is what make separates the strands

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- Power lines face a danger because their wingspan is so long that it in a sense, connects a circuit between two power lines and can electrocute them
- Lead Bullets can be consumed by the condors that potentially leads to led poisoning
- Hunting is a big reason why condors can't thrive in their environment
- Micro trash can be ingested by the condors which can potentially cause great harm, these particles can include, broken glass, lead bullets, can tabs, bottle caps, etc.
- Habitat modification plays a role in killing the condors species. Deforestation, power lines, wind mils, etc.

-The picture shows a California Condor who's at risk of extinction

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5.) Punnet Square, Pedigree, and Disease

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5.) Punnet Square, Pedigree, and Disease

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- Chondrodystrophy is a lethal form of dwarfism which makes the bones grown uneven

-Chondrodystrophy is a recessive trait

-Condors can get this disease if they have both of their genes as recessive

-A pedigree is an organizer that shows particular genes in a family

-When breeding condors we should consider the chances of disease spreading with a punnet square

- A punnet square is a square that helps determine the traits of the offspring of two organisms.

-Capital letters represent the dominant trait

-Lower case letters represent the recessive traits

-This is used to help the condor species by showing which condors have a chance at a healthy offspring

-In this punnet square capital c (C) is used to show healthy condors and lowercase c (c) is used to show condors with Condrodystrophy.

-Condors have no chance of getting the disease in this square.