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Kahoot! | Learning games | Make learning awesome!

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Kahoot! is a game-based learning platform that brings engagement and fun to 1+ billion players every year at school, at work, and at home.

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Encryption algorithms are commonly used in computer communications, including FTP transfers. Usually they are used to provide secure transfers. If an algorithm is used in a transfer, the file is first translated into a seemingly meaningless cipher text and then transferred in this configuration; the receiving computer uses a key to translate the cipher into its original form. So if the message or file is intercepted before it reaches the receiving computer it is in an unusable (or encrypted) form.

Here are some commonly used algorithms:

This is an encryption algorithm called Data Encryption Standard that was first used by the U.S. Government in the late 70's. It is commonly used in ATM machines (to encrypt PINs) and is utilized in UNIX password encryption. Triple DES or 3DES has replaced the older versions as a more secure method of encryption, as it encrypts data three times and uses a different key for at least one of the versions.

Blowfish is a symmetric block cipher that is unpatented and free to use. It was developed by Bruce Schneier and introduced in 1993.

Advanced Encryption Standard or Rijndael; it uses the Rijndael block cipher approved by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). AES was originated by cryptographers Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen and replaced DES as the U.S. Government encryption technique in 2000.

Twofish is a block cipher designed by Counterpane Labs. It was one of the five Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) finalists and is unpatented and open source.

This encryption algorithm was used in Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) Version 2 and is an optional algorithm in OpenPGP. IDEA features 64 bit blocks with a 128 bit key.

MD5 was developed by Professor Ronald Riverst and was used to create digital signatures. It is a one way hash function and intended for 32 bit machines. It replaced the MD4 algorithm.

SHA 1 is a hashing algorithm similar to MD5, yet SHA 1 may replace MD5 since it offers more security

This is a hashing method similar to MD5 and SHA 1, sometimes referred to as HMAC MD5 and HMAC SHA1.

RC4 RC4 is a variable key size stream cipher based on the use of a random permutation.

RC5 This is a parameterized algorithm with a variable block, key size and number of rounds.

RC6 This an evolution of RC5, it is also a parameterized algorithm that has variable block, key and a number of rounds. This algorithm has integer multiplication and 4 bit working registers.

At TopTenREVIEWS We Do the Research So You Don t Have To.

MyCrypto.net. (n.d.). Encryption algorithms. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.mycrypto.net/encryption/crypto_algorithms.html

Webopedia. (2006). What is encryption algorithm? A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary. Jupitermedia Corporation. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/encryption_algorithm.html

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Encryption algorithms are commonly used in computer communications, including FTP transfers. Usually they are used to provide secure transfers. If an algorithm is used in a transfer, the file is first translated into a seemingly meaningless cipher text and then transferred in this configuration; the receiving computer uses a key to translate the cipher into its original form.

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Detailed

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An IP address, short for Internet Protocol address, is an identifying number for a piece of network hardware. Having an IP address allows a device to communicate with other devices over an IP-based network like the internet.

Most IP addresses look like this:

Other IP addresses you might come across could look more like this:

There's a lot more on what those differences mean in the IP Versions (IPv4 vs IPv6) section below.

An IP address provides an identity to a networked device. Similar to a home or business address supplying that specific physical location with an identifiable address, devices on a network are differentiated from one another through IP addresses.

If I'm going to send a package to my friend in another country, I have to know the exact destination. It's not enough to just put a package with his name on it through the mail and expect it to reach him. I must instead attach a specific address to it, which you could do by looking it up in a phone book.

This same general process is used when sending data over the internet. However, instead of using a phone book to look up someone's name to find their physical address, your computer uses DNS servers to look up a hostname to find its IP address.

For example, when I enter a website URL like www.lifewire.com into my browser, my request to load that page is sent to DNS servers that look up that hostname (lifewire.com) to find its corresponding IP address (151.101.65.121). Without the IP address attached, my computer will have no clue what it is that I'm after.

Even if you've heard of IP addresses before, you might not realize that there are specific types of IP addresses. While all IP addresses are made up of numbers or letters, not all addresses are used for the same purpose.

In short, private IP addresses are used "inside" a network, like the one you probably run at home, used by things like tablets, Wi-Fi cameras, wireless printers, desktops, etc. These types of IP addresses are used to provide a way for your devices to communicate with your router and all the other devices in your private network. Private IP addresses can be set manually or assigned automatically by your router.

Public IP addresses are used on the outside of your network and are assigned by your ISP. It's the main address that your home or business network uses to communicate with the rest of the networked devices around the world (i.e., the internet). It provides a way for the devices in your home, for example, to reach your ISP, and therefore the outside world, allowing them to do things like access websites and communicate directly with other people's computers.

Both private IP addresses and public IP addresses are either dynamic or static, which means that, respectively, they either change or they don't.

An IP address that is assigned by a DHCP server is a dynamic IP address. If a device doesn't have DHCP enabled or doesn't support it, then the IP address must be assigned manually, in which case it's called a static IP address.

Different devices and operating systems require unique steps to find the IP address. There are also different steps to take if you're looking for the public IP address provided to you by your ISP, or if you need to see the private IP address that your router handed out.

Public IP Address

There are lots of ways to find your router's public IP address, but sites like IP Chicken, WhatsMyIP.org, WhatIsMyIPAddress.com, or icanhazip.com make this super easy. These sites work on any network-connected device that supports a web browser, like your smartphone, iPod, laptop, desktop, tablet, etc.

nslookup myip.opendns.com. resolver1.opendns.com

Finding the private IP address of the specific device you're on isn't as simple.

Private IP Address

In Windows, you can find your device's local IP address via the Command Prompt, using the ipconfig command.

Linux users can launch a terminal window and enter the command hostname -I (that's a capital "i"), ifconfig, or ip addr show.

For macOS, use the command ifconfig to find your local IP address.

iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch devices show their private IP address through the Settings app in the Wi-Fi menu. To see it, just tap the small "i" button next to the network it's connected to.

You can see the local IP address of an Android device through Settings > Network & internet > Wi-Fi, or depending on your Android version, Settings > Wi-Fi or Settings > Wireless Controls > Wi-Fi settings. Just tap the network you're on to see a new window that shows network information that includes the private IP address. You might have to expand an Advanced area of the network's details page to see the private IP address.

There are two versions of IP: IPv4 and IPv6. If you've heard of these terms, you probably know that the former is the older, and now outdated, version while IPv6 is the upgraded IP version.

One reason IPv6 is replacing IPv4 is that it can provide a much larger number of IP addresses than IPv4 allows. With all the devices we have constantly connected to the internet, it's important that there's a unique address available for each one of them.

The way IPv4 addresses are constructed means it's able to provide over 4 billion unique IP addresses (2 ³²). While this is a very large number of addresses, it's just not enough for the modern world with all the different devices people are using on the internet.

Think about it - there are several billion people on earth. Even if everyone in the planet had just one device they used to access the internet, IPv4 would still be insufficient to provide an IP address for all of them.

IPv6, on the other hand, supports a whopping 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses (2 ¹²⁸). That's 340 with 12 zeros! This means every person on earth could connect billions of devices to the internet. True, a bit of an overkill, but you can see how effectively IPv6 solves this problem.

Visualizing this helps understand just how many more IP addresses the IPv6 addressing scheme allows over IPv4. Pretend a postage stamp could provide enough space to hold each and every IPv4 address. IPv6, then, to scale, would need the entire solar system to contain all of its addresses.

In addition to the greater supply of IP addresses over IPv4, IPv6 has the added benefit of no more IP address collisions caused by private addresses, plus auto-configuration, no reason for Network Address Translation (NAT), more efficient routing, easier administration, built-in privacy, and more.

IPv4 displays addresses as a 32-bit numerical number written in decimal format, like 207.241.148.80 or 192.168.1.1. Because there are trillions of possible IPv6 addresses, they must be written in hexadecimal to display them, like 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf.

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What Is an IP Address & What Are the Different Kinds of IP Addresses?

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An IP address, short for Internet Protocol address, is an identifying number for a piece of network hardware. Having an IP address allows a device to communicate with other devices over an IP-based network like the internet.

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Classification and definitions

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Computer science theory | Computing | Khan Academy

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Learn select topics from computer science - algorithms (how we solve common problems in computer science and measure the efficiency of our solutions), cryptography (how we protect secret information), and information theory (how we encode and compress information).

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Microsoft founder Bill Gates gives a quick overview of the entire How Computers Work series.

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How Internet works (become more detailed)

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How Internet works (become more detailed)

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https://www.khanacademy.org/computing/computer-science/internet-intro/internet-works-intro/v/what-is-the-internet

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What is the internet? Short answer: a distributed packet-switched network. This is the introduction video to the series, "How the Internet Works". Vint Cerf, one of the "fathers of the internet" explains the history of the net and how no one person or organization is really in charge of it.