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A major theme in the theoretical framework of Bruner is that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on a cognitive structure to do so. Cognitive structure (i.e., schema, mental models) provides meaning and organization to experiences and allows the individual to "go beyond the information given".

As far as instruction is concerned, the instructor should try and encourage students to discover principles by themselves. The instructor and student should engage in an active dialog (i.e., socratic learning). The task of the instructor is to translate information to be learned into a format appropriate to the learner's current state of understanding. Curriculum should be organized in a spiral manner so that the student continually builds upon what they have already learned.

Bruner (1966) states that a theory of instruction should address four major aspects: (1) predisposition towards learning, (2) the ways in which a body of knowledge can be structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learner, (3) the most effective sequences in which to present material, and (4) the nature and pacing of rewards and punishments. Good methods for structuring knowledge should result in simplifying, generating new propositions, and increasing the manipulation of information.

In his more recent work, Bruner (1986, 1990, 1996) has expanded his theoretical framework to encompass the social and cultural aspects of learning as well as the practice of law.

Application

Bruner's constructivist theory is a general framework for instruction based upon the study of cognition. Much of the theory is linked to child development research (especially Piaget ). The ideas outlined in Bruner (1960) originated from a conference focused on science and math learning. Bruner illustrated his theory in the context of mathematics and social science programs for young children (see Bruner, 1973). The original development of the framework for reasoning processes is described in Bruner, Goodnow & Austin (1951). Bruner (1983) focuses on language learning in young children.

Note that Constructivism is a very broad conceptual framework in philosophy and science and Bruner's theory represents one particular perspective.

Example

This example is taken from Bruner (1973):

"The concept of prime numbers appears to be more readily grasped when the child, through construction, discovers that certain handfuls of beans cannot be laid out in completed rows and columns. Such quantities have either to be laid out in a single file or in an incomplete row-column design in which there is always one extra or one too few to fill the pattern. These patterns, the child learns, happen to be called prime. It is easy for the child to go from this step to the recognition that a multiple table , so called, is a record sheet of quantities in completed mutiple rows and columns. Here is factoring, multiplication and primes in a construction that can be visualized."

Principles

1. Instruction must be concerned with the experiences and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn (readiness).

2. Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral organization).

3. Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given).

References

Bruner, J. (1960). The Process of Education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bruner, J. (1966). Toward a Theory of Instruction. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bruner, J. (1973). Going Beyond the Information Given. New York: Norton.

Bruner, J. (1983). Child's Talk: Learning to Use Language. New York: Norton.

Bruner, J. (1986). Actual Minds, Possible Worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of Meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bruner, J. (1996). The Culture of Education, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bruner, J., Goodnow, J., & Austin, A. (1956). A Study of Thinking. New York: Wiley.

Related Websites

More about Bruner can be found at:
http://www.infed.org/thinkers/bruner.htm

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A major theme in the theoretical framework of Bruner is that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. The learner selects and transforms information, constructs hypotheses, and makes decisions, relying on a cognitive structure to do so.

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The difference between Jenna and other YouTubers.

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The difference between Jenna and other YouTubers.

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She shows she truly cares when she messes up.

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Even when it's not her fault.

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Similar to the traditional entertainment world, YouTube entertainers often surge in popularity and quickly drop off the radar shortly thereafter. However, there are many stars - such as PewDiePie - that continued to grow a following long after their first viral videos made the rounds.

Though you may not know much about her, you may have heard of Jenna Marbles, the comedian and YouTube personality who continues to publish videos that earn millions of views despite having been on the platform for almost a decade.

Here's everything you need to know about the popular YouTube star - including her net worth and how she makes money online.

Who is Jenna Marbles?

Jenna Mourey (known publicly as Jenna Marbles) started her YouTube channel in 2010. A writer and aspiring comedian, she published popular videos about her life, offering dubious advice to a small number of viewers on topics such as how to avoid talking to people you don't want to talk to.

During the early years of her channel, Jenna worked as a writer and go-go dancer in Boston. She was eventually able to quit her jobs, move to Los Angeles, and make videos on YouTube full-time.

Now, she occasionally travels to colleges and universities as a featured speaker in addition to making videos, co-hosting a podcast, and streaming gameplay on the live-streaming video platform Twitch.

Her boyfriend, Julien Solomita, is also a YouTuber and Twitch streamer. Solamita is frequently featured on Jenna's channel both in front of and behind the camera. His channel features vlogs ("video blogs") and several short films and has 1.7 million subscribers.

The couple lives with Jenna's two dogs and Julian's Italian Greyhound and frequently feature the three "siblings" in videos on both of their channels.

How many subscribers does Jenna Marbles have?

Despite mostly staying out of mainstream news, avoiding major controversy, and keeping the same publishing schedule since 2010, Jenna has maintained her success. Her willingness to stay true to herself while keeping up with trends (and making "doing her own thing" part of her brand) has largely contributed to her steadily growing channel.

The content on her channel has evolved over the past eight years as she has. She began uploading videos with titles such as "How Girls Get Dressed" that might have been considered clickbait if that had been a common term back in 2010.

Now, she posts a variety of content on the Jenna Marbles channel - everything from creating Halloween costumes for her dogs to putting on 100 layers of makeup. Her most recent video is titled "Cutting Soap for My Dog While He Wears a Turtleneck." At least you know exactly what you're in for if you click on it.

Despite this gradual evolution and limiting her schedule to one video per week, Jenna has still managed to grow her subscriber base and establish her own unique brand of what she commonly calls "doing whatever the (expletive) I want."

It works, though. The channel has just under 19 million subscribers as of December 2018.

Jenna Marbles net worth

Celebrity Net Worth reports she is worth an estimated $8 million.

In addition to her YouTube channel, the Twitch channel she shares with Julien has over 230,000 followers. Videos on this platform play ads while viewers are watching. Followers can also subscribe to Twitch and its channels for a monthly fee, which also helps streamers earn income.

She and her boyfriend also co-host a weekly podcast, The Jenna & Julien Podcast, which is sponsored by brands who pay to have ads for their products read throughout each episode.

Jenna hosted a long-running weekly radio show on SiriusXM that featured top musical hits popular on YouTube that week, which earned her steady income for years.

How does Jenna Marbles make money on YouTube?

Per online advertising averages, a monetized video on YouTube typically earns, at the low end of the spectrum, $2 per 1,000 views. This means a video that accumulates 1 million views would typically earn $2,000.

If this industry standard reflects Jenna's Google AdSense earnings, her "A Full Face of Rhinestones" video - which has been viewed about 9.3 million times - would have earned $18,000 since it was first published. And this is just one of the hundreds of videos viewable on her channel.

In addition to revenue from Jenna Marbles videos, The Jenna & Julien Podcast also has its own YouTube channel that uploads video versions of each episode, which are also monetized.

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Jenna Marbles Net Worth: How This YouTube Star Became So Successful

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Similar to the traditional entertainment world, YouTube entertainers often surge in popularity and quickly drop off the radar shortly thereafter. However, there are many stars - such as PewDiePie - that continued to grow a following long after their first viral videos made the rounds.

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Despite being established in 2005, YouTube, or more precisely YouTubers, have really cemented themselves in every household. Watching YouTubers used to be a niche interest; now it is now rare for anybody not to have a favourite channel to watch. Ask your parents, your younger sibling, your dog - they probably have a fave. Things have changed a lot over the last ten years, from how YouTubers deﬁne themselves to how much they get paid (which are deﬁnitely not mutually exclusive).

Ten years ago, vlogs were barely a thing and the measure of a successful YouTuber was reaching 10k subscribers. Five years ago, Troye Sivan was just a YouTuber from Perth and Zoella had only recently launched her beauty line. Now, YouTubers are selling out stadiums and regularly ﬁlm videos with A-list celebrities. Ten years is a long time - so we're going to look at what has improved, and what died faster than YouTube Red.

Jenna Marbles and Shane Dawson are two of the biggest OG comedy YouTubers still kickin', but their journeys have led them to very diﬀerent places. Both of them had some fairly problematic older videos, riddled with stereotypes and misconceptions. However, while Shane Dawson still makes some seriously considerable choices (a whole series on a Paul brother, really?), Jenna Marbles has evolved into the hilarious, unproblematic queen she is today. She apologies for her past mistakes and still creates incredible content. Shane also creates some interesting content, but he also creates a lot more controversy.

There are plenty of other YouTubers who had much more signiﬁcant controversies that destroyed their careers. Five years ago, a string of sexual harassment claims came out against various YouTubers, including prankster Sam Pepper, Alex Day and Veeoneeye. These channels were quickly boycotted by a large proportion of the YouTube community, causing these stars to lose huge groups of subscribers. In comparison, the controversies that have come out in the past several years have not received the same level of immediacy in criticism, nor have any sort of boycotts for those channels stuck. Despite Logan Paul's 2017 Japan scandal, he still is hugely successful. This is evidence that the increase in YouTube's popularity has provided a platform where creators do not suffer the consequences of unethical behaviour that they may deserve.

Sadly, other YouTubers naturally lost some of their audience, but still have smaller, loyal followings. Charlie McDonnell seemed to be one of the ﬁrst creators to fall into the YouTube slump. He was well known for his videos from almost 10 years ago, but now the couple of million views that they received don't seem so signiﬁcant. DaveDays was hugely popular in the early days as well and still creates content, but not the comedic style that brought him into fame. Similarly, Crabstickz made a fair few attempted comebacks, but never kept up a normal schedule for very long. He was best known for his skits, where he played multiple characters.

In comparison, Dan Howell (originally known as danisnotonﬁre) and Phil Lester (AmazingPhil) remained as a duo team (as opposed to the 'fantastic foursome' they had with Crabstickz and KickthePJ in previous years) and now tour internationally, selling out live shows all over the world. Comedy in YouTube used to primarily focus on skits and "randomness." While Dan Howell used to regularly talk about llamas and stuﬀ things in his shirt to pretend to have boobs, Jenna Marbles drew on her face with a sharpie to mimic a moustache and made a whole video about a "land shark." Humorous videos were also a lot shorter than they are now, with small skits usually going for three to ﬁve minutes. Of course, that was before decisions were based on monetary advantage. Now it is strange to see a video below 10 minutes long. Similarly, skits were replaced with sit down videos and YouTubers' 'randomness' was replaced with showing more of their real, daily life. Jenna still holds onto some of her original 'randomness' appeal, but it isn't nearly as contrived. Other YouTubers tried to ﬁnd ﬁnancial beneﬁts from their comedy videos in diﬀerent ways, like the irritatingly high voiced 'Fred' channel, which was the ﬁrst to pass one million subs; he eventually moved his character to Nickelodeon. Yeah, you forgot he existed, didn't you?

When YouTubers started coming into the public eye, the lines between lifestyle bloggers and beauty YouTubers (or "BeauTubers", as Jenna Marbles calls them), were pretty blurred. Beauty YouTubers back then rarely had the professional standard that many have today. While pretty much every beauty video today includes a cut crease, YouTubers used to do much more daily wear looks. Shopping at stores like Sephora was not nearly as common and the YouTube community usually seemed to have bought everything from their local drugstore (and it wasn't for a challenge).

Lifestyle vloggers like Zoella were considered beauty gurus as well, despite never creating the full on looks like you see from James Charles or Nikkietutorials today. While beauty YouTubers now are not always professionally trained, there is a much higher standard than there was when we originally started watching Tanya Burr's latest Christmas look (i.e. straight up red lipstick and sparkly eyeshadow).

Similar to beauty, the lines between lifestyle vloggers and fashion gurus weren't nearly as clear as they are now. This also comes down to the successfulness of individual YouTubers, but not always in a good way. Many of us began to follow YouTubers for their relatability, shopping at cheaper stores like Primark in the UK or treating themselves to an ASOS splurge. Many of the YouTubers who gained their success that way would now not be caught dead in their local department store, doing hauls exclusively with brand and designer names. While we might watch one or two videos because they're aspirational, it's now much more rare to ﬁnd aﬀordable fashion in videos, unless you find a sponsored video with those brands.

Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response, or ASMR, is one of the biggest YouTube trends of the past few years. From a SuperBowl ad to the W Magazine Celebrity series, ASMR has deﬁnitely made its way into the mainstream. Don't know what it is? Check out this explanation video:

However, many people don't realise how long some of the OG ASMRtists, like GentleWhispering and WhisperRedASMR, have been making tingle-worthy content for. Ten years ago, the term hadn't even been coined yet (and wouldn't be until 2010) and the often used description of "brain orgasm" understandably gave misconceptions about what the videos were actually for.

It may seem like all the big name YouTubers are rolling in money, and they are, but they're in the exclusive top three per cent. 96.5 per cent of people trying to be YouTubers won't make enough on that sole income alone to go above the poverty line and even those just breaking into the top three per cent of most viewed videos won't make more than $25K AUD, according to a German study.

However, that is why we are seeing so much diversiﬁcation within the larger YouTubers. An increase in sponsored videos and branded merch means these YouTubers have more of a guaranteed income, and are earning bigger bucks. The lifestyle vlogger, turned makeup brand creator, turned author, turned homewares brand, turned all around ridiculously rich human being Zoe Sugg (also known as Zoella) earns an estimated over 90K AUD each month and has a net worth of 2.5 million British Pounds. However, she's not even breaking into the top 10 richest YouTubers. Number 10 on that list is Logan Paul, which proves that the biggest earners aren't always the most talented.

YouTube has changed in countless ways. Ten years ago, we never would have considered sitting in your bedroom talking to a camera as a real occupation. That's still up for debate now. YouTube has become a primary source of entertainment and education, one of the first places we go to for any sort of television or media experience. It is easy to say that YouTube has changed over the past 10 years, it's almost impossible to deny it, but we have to remember that we've changed too. While we may not enjoy having three ads in a 15 minute video, it's still a lot better than the amount of ads crammed into traditional television. Although we're all aware of YouTubers extending their videos times for monetary reasons, we also wouldn't find the old two minute Fred videos as enjoyable as we did so many years ago. Yes, YouTube has changed for better and for worse, but its audience has too.

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How YouTube Has Changed Over The Past Ten Years - Chattr

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Despite being established in 2005, YouTube, or more precisely YouTubers, have really cemented themselves in every household. Watching YouTubers used to be a niche interest; now it is now rare for anybody not to have a favourite channel to watch. Ask your parents, your younger sibling, your dog - they probably have a fave.

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Jenna Mourey -- you probably know her as Jenna Marbles -- is known for her edgy, funny and often profanity-laced videos. With more than 16 million subscribers to her YouTube channel, she has built an internet empire simply by unapologetically being herself.

I recently had the chance talk with Marbles about her success on YouTube, what it takes to be an internet star and her insights into growing an internet audience.
Q: Is the Jenna Marbles of internet fame an alter ego, or is it basically you?
I think it's a little bit of both. I'd say for my main channel, it definitely started off as an exaggerated version, or at least the 23-year-old version of myself, which is very animated. But at this point, there are many different versions of that. I mean, some of it is an exaggerated version, and some of it is just me living life. But it's mostly me -- though sometimes hooked on more caffeine!
Q: When do you know you are on to something that will connect with people? Have you been able to get a handle on what makes something go viral?
I never know, ever, if something is going to be popular; if people are going to like it or hate it. Sometimes whatever I think people are really going to like, they hate. And sometimes, when I think something is really boring and stupid and about nothing, it really resonates with people. I've been making videos for seven years, and I couldn't tell you, honestly. I have no idea what's going to resonate with people.

In terms of making something go viral, I have no clue -- none. It's also a little different now than it used to be on the internet, when YouTube was the main place where people were seeing things go viral.

I think people's eyes are in all different directions now. Something could go viral on Facebook; something could go viral on Twitter or YouTube. I think viral now means something a little different than it did in 2009 or '10. But in terms of getting a lot of people to see it or care about it, I have no idea.
Q: What do you think are the key components your audience is drawn to in your videos? Do you script them ahead of time, or do you wing it each time?
I think one of the biggest things that people are drawn to is authenticity. There are a lot of teenagers and early-20s people consuming online entertainment. They have all of this information at their fingertips on their phones, and they've already been exposed to television, and there's something about the internet that's just so authentically real.

People are looking for that. They're actively searching for that. And YouTube, in many ways, is like being a voyeur in someone's house -- a fly on the wall -- and seeing how they live their life. I watch people organize their kitchen drawers and go grocery shopping. And I don't know why. It's just infinitely fascinating.

So I think that the level of authenticity is really important. And it definitely keeps people wanting to consume online media, because it seems far more real than a production set on a television show. Trust me, I watch MasterChef, but sometimes you just want to watch another person be a person.

As for the script matter, it's definitely a combination. I go in there with a little bit of a plan. And then I leave a little wiggle room for some ridiculousness.
Q: How are you able to get your viewers coming back over and over without becoming stale? How do you continue to humor, shock and engage them?
I think I just do my best to grow with my audience, and not try to pretend I'm something that I'm not. Like I said, I'm 30 years old, and I can't pretend that I'm a 15-year-old on the internet, doing 15-year-old things. I'm a grown adult. People who started watching me when I was 23 -- they just grew up with me. It feels real. It is real. And I think that some of it has to do with growing up and not pretending to not grow up. It's just authenticity.
Q: What advice do you have for someone looking to launch themselves as an internet star?
I think my general tip for starting anything on the internet is to just be consistent and be yourself. Figure out what your voice is and use it. Say it, and unapologetically be yourself. But also engage with people. So if you're problematic and someone's like, "Hey, you're being really problematic," then take that advice. Understand what constructive criticism is.

And grow with people. Be the two-way street that the internet is rather than just one-sided yelling into an abyss. Be consistent, especially on YouTube. You know, don't upload a video and then fail to show up for three months, and wonder why no one cares.

You have to be there. You have to keep showing people that you're posting videos, and you're going to be there no matter what. When I started on the internet, there was no viable internet career path, really, in terms of YouTube. There was no such thing as setting out to be an internet star. But I think if anyone is setting out with that intention, it's not going to end up that great. You might end up with some disappointments.

But I think setting out to do something that you think is fun, and can be rewarding in the future, and is an awesome way to spend your time and share your thoughts -- that's the way to go, rather than setting out to be some internet star.
Q: How important is the technical side of producing your videos in terms of creating a product that will go viral?
For my process now, I have some better gear, some better cameras and some better setup, but when I started, I had a laptop webcam. If you have a phone or any sort of camera at this point, you need almost no technical setup -- you just need an internet connection and a camera, and you're good to go.

Because all that really matters is that you're saying something that hits some nerve or resonates with people. It doesn't matter if you've got good sound and lighting. It really doesn't matter at all. Because of the number of years that I've been doing it, I decided that it was important to invest in those things; to stop uploading shitty-quality videos. But to start, it's really not that important at all.

In terms of editing and learning how to cut things, that was a result of internet culture. When I started on YouTube, if your video was over three minutes long, that was death. No one was going to watch over three minutes, because people consuming internet media wanted it very short and to the point, and funny, or a click away.

Whereas now, you can upload an hour-long podcast, and people who have cut the cord to cable have the time to sit there and really genuinely want to watch videos that are hours long. That's what they're looking for. So the editing style was a combination of watching other people do it and trying to save time to get it down to that three-minute window.
Q: Comedic blogging started out as a predominantly male thing, but you have shattered that glass ceiling. What makes you stand apart? Do you believe more women can follow in your footsteps?
I wouldn't even categorize this as comedy. I think I'm just sort of a genuinely quirky person. And the skill set that I have, I think consists mostly of being that, being authentically that, unapologetically that, and having a very clear voice, and being willing to share.

I've always said that there's enough room on the internet for everyone. And what I do isn't necessarily special. I'm just out here doing it. Anyone can. There's space for everyone's voice on the internet -- there really is a place for it. And I hope that other women are encouraged.

When I started out, I felt like everyone was doing these beauty videos, and I felt so horribly left out of the beautiful people club. I could only be me. No matter how much I tried to staple it, it just snuck its way back in there. So I hope more women are encouraged to be themselves.

And you see it on YouTube now. There are lots of amazingly hilarious, quirky, wonderful people who have just shown themselves through YouTube. It's awesome! I wouldn't give myself credit for that. I think we're doing it together.
Q: What do you see as the next steps?
It is my goal to live on the internet for as long as I can, because I think it's the place to be. It's the coolest spot!

This column was originally published on Entrepreneur.com on January 4, 2017.

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YouTube Superstar Jenna Marbles Reveals the Secrets to Her Success

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Jenna Mourey -- you probably know her as Jenna Marbles -- is known for her edgy, funny and often profanity-laced videos. With more than 16 million subscribers to her YouTube channel, she has built an internet empire simply by unapologetically being herself.

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YouTube
Last month, PewDiePie, the world's most successful YouTube star, lost deals with Disney and YouTube after The Wall Street Journal reported on anti-Semitic jokes in his videos.

But PewDiePie, who has over 54 million YouTube subscribers and made about $15 million in 2016, didn't go silent. Instead, after apologizing for a joke he said went too far, PewDiePie gave the middle finger to The Journal in an explosive video.

Since then, PewDiePie's subscriber count has increased, many YouTube stars have rallied around him, and he has said he's excited about the new opportunities he'll have as an independent creator.

This situation illustrates the complicated relationships among YouTube stars, their fans, and established media brands like Disney. Since 2005, YouTube has become the de facto launchpad for the next generation of celebrities. These stars rack up millions of subscribers and have a direct relationship with fans.

From comedians to gamers to beauty vloggers, YouTubers have generally built their followings outside of the control of media giants, even if they are signing big deals with those companies. And there is power and independence in having that huge fan base.

To get a closer look into which stars rule YouTube, we looked at the SocialBlade rankings to see who had the most subscribers. We focused on independent YouTube stars, disregarding YouTube channels like mainstream music artists.

Here is the new generation of superstars.
Nina Godlewski, Harrison Jacobs, and Maya Kosoff contributed to an earlier version of this post.

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These are the 18 most popular YouTube stars in the world - and some are making millions

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Last month, PewDiePie, the world's most successful YouTube star, lost deals with Disney and YouTube after The Wall Street Journal reported on anti-Semitic jokes in his videos. But PewDiePie, who has over 54 million YouTube subscribers and made about $15 million in 2016, didn't go silent.

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Pewdiepie currently has 48 million subscribers, HolaSoyGerman the Spanish language comedy vlogger, is far behind with 29 million. This wasn't always the case.

With the help of the wayback machine and vidstatsx we can see who was on top in the past and whether the gap at the top was always that wide.

The earliest I could get was February 23, 2010

The list is a blast of the internet when the 2000's died and internet humor was young and naive with fails and high pitched randomness as opposed to the sophisticated introspective dankness we now enjoy.

Fred was the first channel to have over 1 million subscribers, but has since been surpassed by NigaHiga. Smosh in third place was also once the most subscribed, but unlike Fred they will eventually regain the position.

RayWilliamJohnson is in eighth, but he is rapidly rising.

The difference between first and second is 300 thousand and this is about 1/6 of the top channel's total. First and Third is about 600 thousand which is about 1/3.

Something to take note is that I only see 2 music channels in the top, Universal Music Group, and the Jonas Brothers, and gaming is represented only by Machinima.

The next list comes from November 30, 2010

The annoying orange is now a thing.

In less than a year NigaHiga climbed 1 million, and RayWilliamJohnson climbed 1.5 million. Youtube as a whole is growing rapidly.

First and Second has a 600 thousand subs gap, or about 1/5, and First and Third is 800 thousand, or about 2/7.

Though music actually seems to be getting less important with universal music group actually losing 3 thousand subscribers, and Jonas Brothers falling off the top 20 entirely, though that might just be because they were just becoming less popular as there was an even better teen singer to hate brewing...

Justin Bieber's Baby was the most viewed video on youtube from July 16, 2010 to November 24, 2012, and before that it was Bad Romance by Lady Gaga which reigned from April 14, 2010 - July 16, 2010. Before that it was Charlie Bit My Finger and Evolution of Dance.

By only looking at subscribers we are missing much of the full picture, music is very much a big deal.
June 27, 2011
This was taken when RayWilliamJohnson was in the process of overtaking nigahiga.

The difference between the top two and third place is 1.2 million which is about 1/3.
January 2, 2012
The 24-hour sub gain can be misleading if someone had released a big video recently, but Smosh is growing rapidly and will soon reclaim its throne.
July 1, 2012
The top spots are a tight race, with only 500 thousand difference between First and third, about 1/11, and 800 thousand between first and fourth, or 1/7. Fifth place is farther back with a 1.1 million, but even that is only 1/5.

Minecraft is starting to become very important to Youtube with Bluexephos, otherwise known as the Yogscast, making an appearance on the list.
January 15, 2013
Smosh regains its throne, but it won't be for long because a new challenger appears in the form of Pewdiepie with almost 4 million subscribers in early 2013.

Something to take note of is that the gaming channels, Machinima, BlueXephos, Pewdiepie, and RoosterTooth as have over 1000 videos.

This also shows the first appearance of Spanish Channels in the form of sketch channel werevertumorro and given a bit of time HolaSoyGerman would be in the top 20.
June 3, 2013
Sometime in May 2013, Smosh crossed the 10 million subscriber mark.

Pewdiepie is closing the gap, now only about 2 million away from smosh, or about 1/5 of smosh's total.

Youtube has started letting people subscribe to topics like movies, which makes the boards messy, so I will include more channels to come to a total of 20 real channels.
August 14, 2013
The day before PewDiePie surpassed smosh they both almost had 12 million subs and 5 channels had surpassed 10 million. A lot changed in 2 months.

What is important to note is that almost all the tops channels are gaining more than 10 thousand new subs per day. Pewdiepie's rise coincided with a time of rapid growth for everybody.
December 2, 2013
From November to December YouTube and PewDiePie passed first place back and forth, with YouTube being first from November 2 to December 8, followed by 4 days of PewDiePie, then YouTube again from December 12-22.

After that Pewdiepie would remain uncontested for over 1000 days and counting.
February 8, 2014
... unless you count the topic channels like Music, but they don't even have videos.

Given that people are unsubscribing from the topics en mass I think Youtube was signing people up for them automatically, and I do recall some controversy surrounding that.

Pewdiepie already had an impressive lead of about 6 million over third place smosh, which is almost 1/3, but his nearest competition was growing at a rate which was at least comparable.

This list also has the first appearance of a Portuguese channel, Porto dos Fundos a sketch channel.
June 15, 2014
PewDiePie had developed an almost 10 million subs lead on his nearest Not-Youtube competition, but what is more important to note is that across the board all the channels are gaining subscribers slower. The levels are far closer to what they are now then what they were during the high of 2013, but all the absolute numbers are far higher, so proportionally the channels are growing even slower.

This shows there is some validity to the idea that everyone's channels are dying or at least that YouTube has gotten 'harder' in recent years, at least for the big players.

Pewdiepie's growth slowed somewhat, but not as much as everyone else so this helped the gap widen as much as it did. Since the gap is so large, proportionally you would expect pewdiepie to grow faster than everyone else, which helped the gap be maintained when pewdiepie's growth slowed even more.

RayWilliamJohnson is losing subscribers here because he stopped hosting his Equals Three series and stopped uploading to the channel. The series would later be picked up by a new host, but at that time he had told people he was stopping and someone else taking over a youtube channel was a pretty unheard of concept.
December 17, 2014
PewDiePie now has a 10 million sub gap with even YouTube spotlight, which is about 1/3 of his total.

HolaSoyGerman is closing the gap for second place. After smosh there exists a 4 million subscriber gap with some vevo channels, and if we don't include those, the gap is 5 million. Either way this is about 1/4 of smosh's subscribers.

The increasingly wide gaps coupled with poor growth rates overall means that even if they could exceed the top channel's growth rates, it would take a long time to even catch up.

VanossGaming also makes an appearance. Surprisingly for how important gaming was for youtube, prior to this only 3 gaming related channels were in the top 20, Pewdiepie, Machinima, and SkyDoesMinecraft.

#21 is ElrubiusOMG the spanish gamer, and #26 is Yuya the Spanish beauty vlogger, who is even at this point the the most subscribe beauty vlogger on youtube.
June 29, 2015
Pewdiepie can be slowed, but never stopped. HolaSoyGerman gets closed to beaing Youtube at its own game. I mean are you even trying youtube?

ElrubiusOMG comes on to the board as another gaming channel, but in spanish this time.

#22 is Yuya, and #24 is Spanish Minecraft gamer VEGETTA777.
January 24, 2016
HolaSoyGerman get second place, but also becomes the first person to get 2 diamond play buttons on two different channels. His gaming channel JuegaGerman has about 11 million subs and is #29. #55 is Fernanfloo another spanish gamer.

All of the vevo channels are in a neat line, but Justin Bieber is quickly rising, faster than pewdiepie even. An old enemy seeks to reclaim his throne. Never mind that his throne was views not subscribers, the biebs demands the top.
February 2, 2016
The react world controversy proved that changing subscriber counts was easier than thought.

The React World Scandal was the single biggest drop in subscribers on an active channel. Unless you include that time pewdiepie lost 700 thousands subscribers in a day, but that was youtube's fault... I don't think they ever explained what happened. I think the react world scandal even helped to kickstart the drama phase youtube has been going through recently.

Before youtube channels making videos about a youtube controversy was mostly just a public good, getting people aware of it and to complain about it enough to maybe reverse it. But with the fine bros react world, the controversy storm became entertainment, there were even live streams of the sub count going down.

This may have been true before react world, but the sheer magnitude of the controversy brought these types channels into light. In the rest of 2016 a bunch of channels which can be summarised as commentating on other content rose up or at least became more popular. It was the biggest trend of the year... and none of it showed up in the top 20 list, instead there was just the silent rise of spanish speaking youtubers.

In remains to be seen if drama channels will crack into the top list for 2017, but looking at the numbers it seems unlikely.

The fine bros lost 500 thousand subscribers in a month, and they didn't even lose a position on the chart until after they started growing again.
June 26, 2016
Justin Bieber surpasses smosh for #4 but his growth rate slows to below that of Pewdiepie.

ElrubiusOMG Rises above Katy Perry and separates her from the Bad Blood with Taylor Swift.

Fernanfloo is #24
October 21, 2016
Fernanfloo bursts on to the list, and if anyone is capable of beating pewdiepie it is him.

Currently he has the only growth rate that comes close to pewdiepie, and unlike Justin Bieber his growth does not come in spurts that coincide with album releases.

However matching Pewdiepie's growth rate is not enough, in order to catch up one would need to exceed it for years.

However more likely is that the new spanish cohort will rise through the ranks and slowly displace the English speaking fixtures such as nigahiga and smosh.

But the long term demographic factors in Spanish speaking countries may make it possible for one of them to surpass Pewdiepie.

In the mean time here is the up and coming list, which shows who might make the top 20 soon.

Markiplier is likely to join eventually. Dude Perfect and Jacksepticeye are worth watching their sub count.

Whinerssonnunes is growing really fast and has done so for some time now. Brazil has many of the same demographic factors working for it as the rest of latin america so in the long term he likely to stay in the top.

The most likely future of the list of top youtubers is one in which there is a diverse selection of languages, which contrasts the english dominance of youtube since its inception.

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Pewdiepie currently has 48 million subscribers, HolaSoyGerman the Spanish language comedy vlogger, is far behind with 29 million. This wasn't always the case. With the help of the wayback machine and vidstatsx we can see who was on top in the past and whether the gap at the top was always that wide.

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"... a known truth owes its existence to the mind that knows it..." -Giamattista Vico, 1668-1744

Social constructivism emphasises that all cognitive functions including learning are dependent on interactions with others (e.g. teachers, peers, and parents). Therefore learning is critically dependent on the qualities of a collaborative process within an educational community, which is situation specific and context bound (Eggen and Kauchak, 1999; McInerney and McInerney, 2002; Schunk, 2012). However learning must also be seen as more than the assimilation of new knowledge by the individual, but also as the process by which learners are integrated into a knowledge community.

According to social constructivism nothing is learnt from scratch; instead it is related to existing knowledge with new information being integrated into and expanding the existing network of understanding. The successful learner is therefore one who embeds new ideas within old and for whom understanding expands to encompass the new experience. Therfore, a social constructivistic learner's view of the world will always be subjective, as each individual will interpret experience via a different pre-existing framework of understanding and will develop their own unique view of the world.

Social constructivism in its modern form has been in existence for approximately 40 years. Strictly speaking while it is thought of as a learning theory,with roots in cognitive constructivism (Piaget, 1950) and sociocultural theory (Vygotsky, 1978) it is more correctly an epistemology or philosophical explanation about the nature of learning (Hyslop-Margison and Strobel, 2008).

The nature of knowledge in social constructivism

According to social constructivism, knowledge is a human product, which is socially and culturally constructed in an active manner and not something which can be discovered ( Geary, 1995; Gredler, 1997; Ernest, 1999 ). Knowledge is therefore neither tied to the external world nor wholly to the working of the mind, but it exists as the outcomes of mental contradictions that result from ones interactions with other people in the environment (Schunk, 2012).

The nature of learning in social constructivism

Social constructivism maintains that learning is based on real life adaptive problem solving which takes place in a social manner through shared experience and discussion with others such that new ideas are matched against existing knowledge and the learner adapts rules to make sense of the world. Social constructivism places the focus on the learner as part of a social group, and learning as something that emerges from group interaction processes, not as something which takes place within the individual. Learning is seen as an active socially engaged process, not one of a passive development in response to external forces (McMahon, 1997; Derry, 1999 ). To the social constructivist, to learn is to see the meaning or significance in a social experience or concept. Therefore social constructivism acknowledges the uniqueness and complexity of the individual learner and values, utilizes and rewards it as an integral part of the learning process (Wertsch 1997).

The nature of reality in social constructivism

Social constructivists believe that reality is constructed not discovered through human activity, so that societies together invent the properties of the world (Kukla, 2000). According to social constructivists, the process of sharing individual perspectives, or collaborative elaboration (Meter & Stevens, 2000), results in learners constructing understanding together that wouldn't be possible alone (Greeno et al., 1996). Social constructivism maintains that while it is possible for people to have shared meanings which are negotiated through discussion, it also acknowledges that no two people will have exactly the same discussions with exactly the same people. To this extent social constructivism allows that multiple realities exist.

The nature of motivation in social constructivism

In social constructivism the motivation of the learner is regarded as having both intrinsic and extrinsic roots. The intrinsic motivation is created through curiosity about the world and the extrinsic motivation is provided by the rewards which can be accessed through the knowledge.

Social constructivism is most closely associated with the work of the developmental theorist Lev Vygotsky and psychologist Albert Bandura but it is also nested within the theories of Dewey, Piaget and Bruner (Schunk, 2012). The linked pages aims to provide a brief resume of the pertinent aspects of these theorists work in relation to social constructivism.

Active Learner

Social constructivism views learning as an active process where learners should learn to discover principles, concepts and facts for themselves (Brown et al., 1989). This approach does not see a class as a place where the teacher/tutor pours knowledge into passive students, instead it emphasises how students should be actively involved in their own process of learning.

Social interaction and the creation of meaning

A main focus of social constructivism is the role that social interaction and social processes play in creating knowledge. Vygotsky believed that learning could not be separated from social context. He argued that all cognitive function begins as a product of social interactions. Social constructivism requires one primary element, two or more participants. These participants must be involved in some form of interaction for knowledge to be constructed and they must have knowledge of prior social experience (Gergen, 1995). It is a shared understanding among individuals whose interaction is based on common interests that form the ground for their communication. Therefore, during the interaction between the participants' this prior knowledge is exchanged in a transaction in order to negotiate a meaning. This meaning does not have to be strictly language based, but can also be a product of actions. Thus, construction of social meanings involves intersubjectivity among individuals and any personal meanings shaped through this will be affected by the intersubjectivity of the community to which the people belong.

A key emphasis of social constructivism is the value of cultural background. Every human develops in the context of a culture, thus a child's learning is affected by the culture of their family they are brought up in. According to social constructivism, culture gives the child much of the content of their thinking, that is their knowledge. Secondly it provides the child with the cognitive tools needed for development, thus culture can teach children both what to think and how to think. Adults in the child's environment are conduits for these tools, which include language, cultural history, social context and more recently electronic sources of information.

The role of culture in learning is a complex one. Bruner (1996) stated that what a person learns is framed by the surrounding culture and learning is a sharing of that culture. Thus according to Bruner (1996) all learning is induction into a culture including all the values of that culture. Social interaction, via working in groups with peers, is essential to social constructivism and these peer group interactions have been shown to create a culture that is open to learning. Social interaction with other children, adults and the physical world is important in developing a child's thinking abilities. Social constructivism encourages the learner to arrive at his or her version of the truth influenced by their culture. One's language, logic and other symbol systems are inherited by the learner as a member of a particular culture and these are learned throughout the learner's life.

However, sometimes children can have difficulty learning because the instruction from a teacher/tutor does not follow the child's cultural values.

Example

Au and Mason (1981) found that Native Hawaiian students performed poorly in reading lessons, showing a considerable degree of inattentiveness, when teachers conducted lessons following the rules for conventional classroom recitation. These students paid more attention to reading, discussed more text ideas, and made more logical inferences about the text when their reading lessons were conducted in a culturally responsive manner. In the culturally responsive lessons, the teacher allowed the students to follow rules for participation much like those in talk story, a common speech event in the Hawaiian community. In talk story-like reading lessons, unlike classroom recitation, the students could collaborate in producing responses and there was a high degree of overlapping speech.

This example illustrates how a social constructivist approach, including collaborative learning, can be flexible among many cultures, as it gives children more freedom to work together in a way that is suited to their cultural values and standards for behaviour.

Below is a YouTube video of an example where a social constructivist approach has been successfully implemented in an American school, in order to help the children learn about and understand the British literature they were reading. Again emphasising the multicultural use of social constructivism.

Social constructivism as distinct from constructivism

Social constructivism is distinct from cognitive constructivism in that social constructivism arose out of concerns regarding the role of the teacher in the classroom. Social constructivism is concerned with the importance of collaboration with others, either student with student or student with teacher and views social interaction as the primary means by which learners construct new meanings (Vygotsky, 1998).

Social constructivism is different to constructivism in that the latter views learning as following development as the learner acts on his environment, while the former views learning as leading development and as something that occurs as the learner engages in social activities with others.

According to social constructivist theory, cognition and learning exist in a dialectical relationship with the social world, whereby discussion is utilised to resolve cognitive conflict and as a result produces higher levels of mental functioning. Conflicts are resolved through a social process and knowledge is something that is distributed across, between and within individuals and the collective. This knowledge is not transmitted from the social world to the learner but is appropriated and transformed as individuals engage with others - which is an active process (McMahon, 1997). Therefore knowledge is emergent as the learner acts upon the social context and the social context acts upon the learner.

Social constructivism as distinct from Sociocultural theory

Social constructivism is related to but distinct from sociocultural theory (Vygotsky, 1978). While both theories give importance to the contextual nature of learning and the construction of knowledge, sociocultural theory places emphasis on the mediating role of historically situated cultural tools and artefacts. In other words it is not the social context alone which produces new understandings, but also the cultural tools and artefacts within it that produce and shape new knowledge (Cole and Wetsch, 1996).

Social Constructivism as distinct from Social Constructionism

Social constructivism and social constructionism differ in that social constructivism focuses on the Vygotskian notion that the individual mind is first social and then individual and also of the importance of social context in learning. In contrast, social constructionism's primary emphasis is on discourse as a vehicle for constructing knowledge (Gergen, 1999). The difference between the two theories rests on the role of the individual mind. In social constructivism, the individual mind internalises ways of learning through collaboration with others in social context, while social constructionism eschews the notion of the mind as an individual container and instead focuses on what happens between the minds of people.

To recap, social constructivist perspectives rely on the interdependence of social and individual procedures, making clear that the absorption of knowledge is a cooperative process that exists between many (Palincsar, 1998).

With this in mind, according to the social constructivism theory, instructors should assume the position of 'facilitators'and not teachers (Bauersfeld, 1995). The differences are; a teacher is an imparter of knowledge, whereas a facilitator encourages the learner to achieve their own appreciation of the content. In the first scenario, the learner can quite easily play an unreceptive role, whereas with a facilitator they are encouraged to play a more functional and effective role within their own learning.Therefore, the importance is placed on the learner and what they're capable of (Gamoran, Secada, & Marrett, 2006). Moreover, this dramatic difference in the expectation of a facilitator as opposed to a teacher suggests that within social constructivist learning, the educator plays a largely different role to what is expected of a teacher (Brownstein, 2001).

For example, a teacher offers answers that are in line with a traditional program, while a facilitator offers strategies that allow the learner to achieve his or her independent conclusions (Rhodes and Bellamy, 1999).

The learning environment should also be designed to support and challenge the learner's thinking. The critical goal is to support the learner in becoming an effective thinker (Di Vesta, 1987).

"I'm trying to free your mind, Neo. But I can only show you the door. You're the one who must walk through it." ~Morpheus, The Matrix ￼

In a social constructivistic educational setting the responsibility for learning falls on the learner, while the teacher is a facilitator, who guides direction and promotes new patterns of thinking.

be engaged with his peers and the teacher in discussion and active exploration of the topic of interest

be exploratory and creative in self-directed research and development of new theories through innovative analysis, conceptualizations, and synthesis of prior experience to create new knowledge.

to look for meaning and to try to find regularity and order in the events of the world even in the absence of full or complete information. In addition the responsibility for learning is seen to reside within the learner (von Glasersfeld, 1989).

The learner is primarily expected to

The goal of any social constructivist teaching exercise is to develop skills in heuristic problem solving, metacognitive knowledge, creativity, and originality as a by-product of increasing the level of understanding in knowledge on the topic of interest.

Social constructivism stresses the need for collaborative learning. Learning is promoted through collaboration among students, and between students and teachers. From a social constructivist perspective, as students share background knowledge and participate in the give and take of collaborative activities they are actually negotiating meaning and building knowledge, not as individuals, but as a group. This collaboration in tasks and discussions allows learners with different skills and backgrounds to arrive at a shared understanding of the truth (Duffy and Jonassen). Social constructivist approaches should require the students to collaborate and critically analyse the issue at hand. Some examples of collaborative learning activities are group problem solving, group inquiry, simulations, and debates. The activities encourage creativity, value and also foster higher-level thinking (Brown, 1999). In collaborative learning students are working towards a common goal and are responsible for another's learning as well as their own. For instance, peer tutoring where students in the same group tutor one another facilitates meaning in both parties, as the peer tutor clarifies their own understanding through the teaching process.

Collaborative learning develops social skills. In primary education there is a hierarchy of social skills that must be learned, therefore by higher education students should already have these basic social skills to allow them to participate in collaborative activities and engage in social interaction in learning. However, collaborative learning in higher education will continue to develop these skills along with more complex social skills.

Benefits of collaborative learning

Listed below are some of the beneficial reasons why social constructivism stresses the use of collaborative learning in higher education.

1. Develops higher level thinking

Students working together are engaged in the learning process instead of passively listening to the teacher present information. When students work in pairs both are developing valuable problem solving skills by formulating their ideas, discussing them, receiving immediate feedback and responding to questions and comments by their partner (Johnson, D.W. 1971).

2. Increases student's retention

Students who are actively involved in the learning process are much more likely to become interested in learning (Astin 1977). The interactive environment associated with collaborative learning produces high student motivation and participation and is more likely to increase student attendance (Garibaldi 1976; Treisman 1985).

3. Builds self-esteem in students

Everyone benefits from a collaborative learning environment. Students help each other and in doing so support each other, which raises the performance level of each member (Kagan 1986). This support system in turn leads to higher self-esteem in all students (Webb 1982).

4. Develops social interaction skill

Collaborative learning helps build and develop many valuable social skills. Often in society competitive skills are encouraged and valued, however collaborative learning allows co-operative skills to be learned, so that students can work together.

5. Fosters team building and a team approach to problem solving while maintaining individual accountability.

A major function of collaborative learning is team building. This is accomplished through a variety of techniques, such as warm up activities, getting to know class members' names, practice exercises, group building exercises and more. Regarding individual accountability, some form of assessment is used to determine how well individual students have mastered the material (Slavin 1983b). Quizzes during the semester may also be given individually, thus maintaining a strong element of accountability by each group member.

6. Stimulates critical thinking and helps student clarify ideas.

The level of discussion and debate within groups is substantially greater than when an entire class participates in a teacher led discussion. Students receive immediate feedback or questions about their ideas and formulate responses without having to wait for long periods of time to participate in the discussion (Peterson & Swing 1985). The level of discussion becomes much more sophisticated and the teacher may question ideas or statements made by group members or to clarify questions raised by students, thus stimulating more critical thinking in students.

7. Enhances self-management skills

Collaborative learning requires self-management by students in order for them to be an effective group member. In order to perform well in a group, students need to be prepared and complete assignments so that they understand the material which they are going to contribute to their group.

8. Fosters and develops interpersonal relations

The socially interactive nature of collaborative learning processes improves interpersonal relationships among students. Collaborative learning encourages out of class work by groups of students, bringing them together in a combined academic and social experience.

9. Allows learning from peers

Students often learn more by listening to their peers than they do by listening to an authority figure like a teacher (Levin et al., 1984). Peers often have a better understanding of what other students don't know or how is best to explain something in simple terms. In addition to shifting responsibility for learning onto students, collaborative learning allows students to demonstrate their own knowledge by helping their peers (Bargh & Schul 1980).

10. Students practice roles useful to real working jobs

In collaborative learning students may be assigned roles within their group, thus students are encouraged to develop and practice the skills which will be needed to function in society and the real working world (Houston 1992). These skills include leadership, information recording, communication of results orally and in writing, challenging ideas in a constructive manner, obtaining and distributing materials and information to group members, encouraging member participation, brainstorming, meeting deadlines, etc (Sandberg 1995). Wlodowski (1985) observes that, "If students realise the direct applicability of classroom small group problem-solving to their own lives, motivation to learn will show a marked increase."

Why teachers may resist collaborative learning

Loss of control in the classroom

Lack of self-confidence by teachers

Fear of the loss of content coverage

Lack of prepared materials for use in class

Lack of familiarity with other student assessment techniques

Lack of student or parent understanding of the use of collaborative learning.

Currently, not all tutors are implementing collaborative learning in higher education. Some of the reasons suggested by Panitz and Panitz (1996) as to why teachers resist collaborative learning are listed below.

There are various ways by which learning,instruction and other educational practices have emerged and changed due to the development of social constructivism.

Social constructivists put forward the importance of both the context in which learning takes place and the social contexts that learners produce within their learning environment. There are four generally considered perspectives that enlighten how we could further learning within then context of social constructivism (Gredler, 1997.)

This concentrates on various essential topics that are of great importance to the learning experience of students.These involve numerous key or core themes that are vital within the learning experience of the students. These key concepts are thought to 'expand learner vision' and are said to be the building blocks for later learning (Gredler,1997).

Transactional/situated cognitive perspectives:

This viewpoint pays attention to the impact that the environment can have upon learning. This perspective understands that learning is affected by the environment that children are indue to the social relationships that occur within their educational setting.This perspective appreciates the importance of a change in the social dynamic within a classroom and it is aware of how this can affect the learning experience.

Social constructivists who adopt this viewpoint contend that the execution of social constructivism in class is only necessary when the need arises (Gredler, 1997.) Its supporters contend that awareness and understanding of the world can be tackled in the classroom through two different means; the individual learner and the shared view of the whole class (Cobb, 1995.)

This view places emphasis on the learning of cognitive skills and the tactics that learners employ to achieve these. The importance of this theory surrounds group learning. It argues that together, learners engage in a social learning process that is effective for everyone involved. This theory argues that students benefit from practical based approaches and the use of specific cognitive instruments (Gredler, 1997.)

In practice learning activities in a social constructivist educational setting are based around joint activities between teachers and learners which are both exploratory and collaborative (Wells, 2000). In this context both students and teachers are viewed as active agents in the construction of knowledge.

This is supported by the development of an emergent curriculum which allows for diversity and dialogue in the ways of solving problems which build on the prior knowledge that the students and the teacher bring to allow a shared understanding. It is of note that this means that the student as well as the teacher can take the role of learner in the social constructivist classroom.

In a social constructivist classroom the focus shifts from the teacher to the students, and discussion and interaction on the topic is actively encouraged. The teacher's main function is to begin or direct a discussion amongst the learners and to maintain its direction and focus. Discussion can be promoted by the presentation of specific concepts, problems or scenarios, and is guided by means of effectively directed questions. The learners are urged to be actively involved in their own process of learning, setting their own questions for discovery and challenging assumptions made both by themselves and by others. Innovative classroom strategies such as problem based learning are undertaken, so that learners ask questions, investigate a topic, and use a variety of resources to find solutions and answers. The learners are encouraged to work cooperatively, sharing in responsibility and goals. Therefore the goal in many tasks is to illuminate the subject, to interpret and share and learn from other points of view and to piece together the puzzle using everyone's contribution. The social constructivist classroom relies on Vygotsky's principles of instructio nal scaffolding, reciprocal teaching and peer collaboration.

According to Siemens (2005) , "Constructivist principles acknowledge that real-life learning is messy and complex. Classrooms which emulate the 'fuzziness' of this learning will be more effective in preparing learners for life-long learning".

The constructivist classroom is a busy place which encourages movement and interaction amongst individuals and groups. It might be laid out in a more open way than a traditional classroom and will typically have a variety of resources available to the learners to allow them to have a choice in how to progress with investigation on the topic. There is also no timetable for learning and each individual is encouraged to advance at their own pace and using their own methods. This practice encourages retention of knowledge and skills in the individual.

Strategies which can be used in the classroom to encourage social constructivist learning include:

Reciprocal questioning - which encourages working together to ask and answer questions

Jigsaw classroom activities - where a small groups of students become expert on one part of a bigger problem and each group educates the others on their specialty to attain overall conceptual understanding

Structured Controversies - where students work together on a common goal.

In higher Education some of the ways to put social constructivism into practice include:

Encouraging student autonomy and initiative

Showing students models of good practice in essay writing and project work

Why don't you try out a social constructivist approach to revising for exams.

- Before meeting up with a group of peers, look at past paper exam questions and make notes on how you would approach and answer the questions.

- Then meet up with a group of peers who have done the same and engage in discussion, sharing and comparing your answers and how you would approach the question with the others. If someone else has a different answer or approach than you for the same question try and explain to one another why you chose the approach you did.

Through this collaborative and interactive approach you may learn other ways in which you could answer a question that you may never have thought of. Explanations from your peers may also help you learn answers to questions you don't understand.

While social constructivism has been considered a leading metaphor for learning since the 1980's (Gergen, 1985; Mayer, 1996) and has received praise for its appreciation of both the internal subjectivity of the learning experience in the individual and the appreciation for the importance of the interactive socials' environment, it has more recently received a number of critical challenges (Fox, 2001; Philips, 1995).

Phillips (1995) who praised social constructivism for its appreciation for the value of active participation in the learner and the social nature of learning criticised the epistemological relativism of the doctrine. In other words that the nature of knowledge exists only in relation to culture and society. Particular difficulties arise within the debate regarding the relative nature of knowledge construction between the personal versus the communal. Social constructivism has been criticised for emphasising the role of the social and collective while ignoring the role of the individual (Resnick, 1996).

Further criticism of social constructivism comes from Fox (2001), who contends that social constructivism is too quick to dismiss the role of passive perception and memorisation in learning. It is suggested that not all surface learning is necessarily of poor quality and may at times be necessarily meaningful. Fox also contends that social constructivism fails to address how the external world is bridged across to the internal mind (Fox, 2001).

Other researchers (Biggs, 1998; Jin and Cortazzi, 1998) have noted that social constructivist teaching approaches i.e. small group interaction do not always guarantee teaching effectiveness and in contrast that large class teaching of 50-70 students in China do not always mean that teaching is bound to fail.

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http://viking.coe.uh.edu/~ichen/ebook/et-it/social.htm
Social Constructivist Theory, e-book
http://gsi.berkeley.edu/teachingguide/theories/social.html
Berkeley University concise definition of social constructivism
http://www.ucdoer.ie/index.php/Education_Theory/Constructivism_and_Social_Constructivism_in_the_Classroom
Learning models and good info on each
http://olc.spsd.sk.ca/de/pd/instr/strats/structuredcon/index.html
Teaching strategy of structured conversations

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"... a known truth owes its existence to the mind that knows it..." -Giamattista Vico, 1668-1744 Social constructivism emphasises that all cognitive functions including learning are dependent on interactions with others (e.g. teachers, peers, and parents).

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Going from angry rants to...rhinestoning entire face for fun.

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Ask anyone about Jenna Marbles and you'll get a variety of responses.

"She so funny I love her!" "Oh I like... used to watch her videos." "Wasn't she a stripper?
And so on. For an Internet celebrity, she is one of the most well-known, but for those that don't follow her regularly, she is also one the most misunderstood.

Yes, she is funny.

Yes, she is still relevant as the top woman (AKA, the Queen) of Youtube.

And no, she was not at any point a stripper.

Early on in her YouTube career, Jenna was most well-known for her satire and foul-mouthed humor. Her video "How to Trick People Into Thinking You're Good Looking" went viral and today has over 62 million views. Her channel has over 15 million subscribers. But Jenna's content has evolved.

Her videos are more positive, sillier, and especially weirder (in the best ways). Jenna has been extremely open on social media and her podcast that she doesn't enjoy pandering to her audience. While challenges and other tags are simple to make and always fun, she sees the most popular, yet overdone videos as stifling to her creativity. She wants to create the content she loves and make videos that make her laugh. Jenna just celebrated her 29 th birthday but shows no sign of changing her hair back to a natural-human based colors.

In Jenna's own words, she gives no Fs, but at the same time she exudes positive energy and love for her family, friends and every fan she meets. Negativity, while sometimes funny in the short run, results in nothing but more anger and cynicism. Sure, her language is as raunchy as ever, but the messages she shares are about her own flaws (like how apps are ruining her life) or how being silly or weird makes her a funnier person. The rants are gone and in their place are extremely Internetty but highly entertaining songs like "Everything is Glue."

Her audience has matured and evolved with her, as well. The trolls are mostly gone, and instead a community has formed in their space. Millions tune into Jenna's videos every single Wednesday (or sometimes Thursday) to see what she has to say. I have as well.

Through her boyfriend Julien's vlog channel, her followers have been able to get a closer look into Jenna's day-to-day life: how she lives, breathes, eats, and plays with her amazing dogs. She lives in leggings and Fit Flops, not bikinis, though her Google image search wouldn't agree.

Contrary to what many people think, Jenna Marbles (Mourey) is far from a trashy, uneducated former stripper. She graduated with a Master's in Education in Sports Psychology and Writing. Yes, Jenna Marbles has a Master's. She worked as a blogger, and for a time a bartender and go-go dancer. She learned how to use video editing software, and through her trademark humor and amazing branding skills, became the operator of top YouTube channel run by a woman.

Jenna shows nothing but love to her fans and fellow colleagues in the Internet sphere, even as YouTubers struggle to earn respect from the traditional entertainment media. There is a reason she was able to become friends with late-great comedian Joan Rivers. The way she runs her career and her life is an inspiration, if anything because it shows people how to love life and people every single day.

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Jenna Marbles: The Most Misunderstood Woman On Youtube

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Ask anyone about Jenna Marbles and you'll get a variety of responses. "She so funny I love her!" "Oh I like... used to watch her videos." "Wasn't she a stripper? And so on. For an Internet celebrity, she is one of the most well-known, but for those that don't follow her regularly, she is also one the most misunderstood.

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After eight years on the site, Marbles has stayed relevant by maintaining a unique sense of authenticity.

Considering the current state of affairs on YouTube, there isn't much that's looking good at the moment. From the recent shooting to hackers deleting the "Despacito" music video, the corporation has been on the receiving end of more bad press than ever.

In the midst of all the bad news, however, there will always be creators on YouTube who produce quality content to liven up any bad day. And one of the most successful YouTubers who fall into this category is Jenna Marbles, a longtime face on the site who has managed to flourish just by being her authentic self.

Jenna Marbles first made waves within the YouTube community in 2010, the catalyst being the release of her then-viral video "How to Trick People into Thinking You're Good Looking." Since then, Jenna has only gained more clout online as she put out more content.

Early Jenna Marbles videos possessed a unique balance of shock value and relatability, and their crass yet poignant social commentary was, and still is, popular among Internet users. From ranting about her annoying roommate to doing a skit as Hillary Clinton, Jenna continue to satisfy viewers with her brash sense of humor.

Jenna's personality online quickly became known to millions of people, and she is still more popular than ever today. But how did this happen? During the relatively short lifespan of YouTube content, very few creators from the early days have survived and thrived in 2018. And it is equally, if not more difficult, to build a following from nothing in a couple years or less.

Yet, here exists the Jenna Marbles channel, posting almost every week since 2010. More than that, plenty of people are still watching. Jenna Marbles' videos regularly end up on the YouTube trending page and garner several million views each. If anything, Jenna is more successful than ever.

Jenna Marbles' success depends on multiple factors but ultimately boils down to one thing: authenticity. Jenna has done an excellent job of bridging the gap between the webcam-in-the-bedroom YouTuber of 2008 and the polished content creator of 2018.

After all, YouTubers could originally gain popularity in spite of their poor production quality. If you had a personality and an internet connection, you could theoretically make it online.

This is the exact path that Jenna Marbles followed in her early years as she filmed her videos on a webcam in front of the same background every week. She used the default iMovie music and an absurd number of jump cuts, but those stylistic choices added to the charm of it all. Such was a part of the early YouTube aesthetic, and Jenna thrived because of it.

Authenticity can only get you so far if your content is lackluster, after all. However, Jenna's creativity and humor have allowed her to keep up with the times without seeming too trend-oriented. Relatively recent gems such as "Prank Calling In Sick From Jobs I Don't Have" and "My Dogs' Wedding" are just two examples of original content made by her.

Though they aren't the most intellectual of ideas, Jenna Marbles is always certain to produce something unlike what you've seen before. At the end of the day, the channel has stayed afloat because viewers love the person behind the videos. No number of challenges or tag videos can make you a good content creator; there's an immense amount of talent and hard work that goes into it.

For the most part, people have remained loyal Jenna Marbles viewers because she has maintained her interesting, funny self while still being innovative with her content. She never "sold out" in the eyes of her core audience, and she still cranks out interesting videos every week. And if she feels a video isn't up to par, she'll say it up front.

In her recent video "My Dogs Eating Popcorn ASMR," Jenna and her longtime boyfriend Julien mentioned how their hamster had just died, and therefore Jenna wasn't feeling up to doing a high-production video that day. Instead, she posted six minutes of her dogs eating popcorn, which was still somehow entertaining. It's this sort of transparency with her audience that makes following Jenna all the more rewarding.

Despite having been on YouTube eight years, Jenna Marbles videos never give off this air of manufactured-ness that comes along with an older YouTuber changing their content to fit with the times. For example, her formatting of video titles and thumbnails has hardly changed since she started YouTube.

Her titles are always a little too literal, such as "Cutting And Coloring My Boyfriend's Hair," and are always accompanied by an unedited thumbnail. Though YouTube has moved toward favoring flashy titles and thumbnails, Jenna has stayed true to her style regardless.

And unlike many other top creators, she doesn't seem inclined to star in her own YouTube Red show or write a book not because those things are necessarily bad, but because they just aren't for her.

To stay relevant on YouTube usually means having to stand out from the crowd, but that doesn't necessarily mean in a good way. Being entertaining has become more important than being a good person, as is often the case when it comes to fame.

This is how clickbait has taken hold, flourishing among the mediocre creators who have a desire to stand out. Despite such pressures, Jenna has not succumb to these cheap tactics.

Furthermore, Jenna has also kept herself grounded despite achieving such monumental success. Instead of letting YouTube fame go to her head, she has actually matured throughout her career. Compared to her older videos, where she often posted angry rants, she now prefers to just have fun on camera.

Whether she posts 15 minutes of her dyeing her own hair or reviewing bad apps, Jenna's enjoyment is contagious. She always makes the content she wants to make, no matter how stupid the idea may seem.

Jenna is more than a viral video or a washed-up YouTuber clinging to relevance; she is a person who is continuously innovating and thinking about how to best express herself online. As someone who has stayed true to herself while simultaneously improving her content for years, she truly is an example to follow.

Whether you enjoy her content or not, you have to admit that she is a YouTuber worth admiring.

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How Jenna Marbles Maintained a Successful Brand on YouTube

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After eight years on the site, Marbles has stayed relevant by maintaining a unique sense of authenticity. Considering the current state of affairs on YouTube, there isn't much that's looking good at the moment. From the recent shooting to hackers deleting the "Despacito" music video, the corporation has been on the receiving end of more bad press than ever.

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How Jenna Marbles Changed Her Image For The Better

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If you grew up with social media and video platforms, it's probable that you've heard about a couple influencers such as Shane Dawson (Shane Yaw) or PewDiePie (Felix Kjellberg). There is a good chance that at some point in your cringeworthy past, you've seen quite a few "Jenna Marbles'" videos.

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This video earned 5.4 million views in the first week of it being up.

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How to trick people into thinking you're good looking

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Watch from 2:30-4:00 for background information on Jenna's life and her start on YouTube.

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Mr. Marbles on the left, Kermit on the right.

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Jenna incorporating social constructivism into her reaction video. 

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Jenna incorporating social constructivism into her reaction video. 

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This video truly shows the growth she made over the past nine years.