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a common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane.

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conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another. This was originally done with photographic processes to create posters.

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a form of distortion that occurs when two elements of the signal being processed to form a digital image become indistinguishable from one another/when odd stripes and patterns appear in your images

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the unwanted side-effects of processing an image.

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when straight lines are curved inwards and outwards in a shape of a barrel

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an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2.

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a sensor that's the same size as a single frame of traditional 35mm film, measuring 36 x 24mm.

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a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image.

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the ratio of the dimensions of a camera's imaging area compared to a reference format

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to remove unwanted areas from an image.

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)

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a group of binary digits or bits (usually eight) operated on as a unit

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bring different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented or abstract.

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brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

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an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects.

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the artist is being innovative and experimental in an aspect of their art. The Avant-garde in photography are critical of existing aesthetic views.

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a style of art and literature developed principally in the 20th century, stressing the subconscious or nonrational significance of imagery arrived at by automatism or the exploitation of chance effects, unexpected juxtapositions, etc.

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the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them.

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a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images.

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a genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects.

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taking photos for commercial use. And by commercial we mean for business, for sales, for money. Commercial photography is often associated with advertisements, sales pitches, brochures, product placements as well as merchandising.

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the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object. Platforms for aerial photography include fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles, balloons, blimps and dirigibles, rockets, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping and vehicle-mounted poles.

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a graphical representation of the tonal values of your image.

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a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general.

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a work of art made by grouping found or unrelated objects.

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a neutral-density filter, or ND filter, is a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.

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the deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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a simple device to direct the light in a tight beam. It is an example of a range of grids used in front of lights to harden the light source and prevent the light from spreading out into a wider, more diffused beam.

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a shallow parabolic disk that attaches to a light source. There is a plate covering the flash head – this causes the light to reflect back into and out to the sides of the main dish. Most of the light is aimed forward at the model because of the size and curvature of the dish.

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a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape. Snoots can isolate a subject when using a flash.

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diffuses the light into a pleasing soft, even light. When used properly, it reduces harsh shadows. The closer the softbox is to the model or subject, the softer the light appears, emulating window light. The shape of a softbox can vary from rectangular to octagonal to square to a long strip of light.

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a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source. It does not depend on a centralized power supply as a "pack and head" system does.

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a technique that produces a sense of drama to a portrait. This form of lighting is when half of the subject's face is lit, while the other half is left dark. The light is evenly divided over the subject.

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a lighting technique that is used in studio portrait photography. It can be achieved using one light and a reflector, or two lights, and is popular because it is capable of producing images which appear both natural and compelling with a minimum of equipment.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from about 45 degrees in front of them and above. This creates a nose shadow that 'loops' down at an angle onto their cheek. It is a slightly directional lighting pattern - the light is not flat, but the face is still mostly illuminated.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the keylight is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly. It's also known as 'Paramount lighting,' named for classic Hollywood glamour photography.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. ...Broad lighting is typically less flattering than short lighting as it widens the look of the face.

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a classic portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from the side of their face that is farthest from the camera. The portion of the face that is most brightly lit is 'shorter' than if the light were positioned on the side of the face that is closest to the camera.

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a light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image.

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a remapping of image tonality, specified as a function from input level to output level, used as a way to emphasize colours or other elements in a picture.

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a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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a simple lighting tool that is commonly used for beauty shots, portraits, and macro photography.

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the use of camera movements that change the orientation and/or position of the lens with respect to the film or image sensor on cameras.

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an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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a positive photograph on glass made by a variant of the wet plate collodion process. Like a print on paper, it is viewed by reflected light.

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photographic image-transfer process, or print making technique, which uses instant film.

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an intaglio printmaking or photo-mechanical process whereby a copper plate is grained and then coated with a light-sensitive gelatin tissue which had been exposed to a film positive

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a photographic printing process that produces a cyan-blue print. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints. The process uses two chemicals: ferric ammonium citrate and potassium ferricyanide

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an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive.