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MAIN ISSUES:
The European set borders did not take into consideration that different tribes, sometimes rival tribes, so when Nigeria gained its independence and became its own nation-state leading tribes were being set in the same nation-state causing conflict within the it that ended up leading to a civil war between leading tribes of Nigeria.
LEADERS:
When Nigeria gained its independence as a nation-state three tribes were leading, but when a civil war broke out the nation had been put under martial law (temporary military rule) then as time went on the nation was handed back to civil rule this. However, was short lived due to ethnic divisions in the nation and corruption, the military took over once again. Yet this time it was viewed as a dictatorship and the leader was replaced by General Sani Abacha. In his death another general by the name Abdulsalami Abubakar ended military rule, 1999. Finally Nigeria had it first civilian president, Olusegun Obasanjo.

Methods:
The 3 tribes of Nigeria fought for power all the time. There was a war with the Igbo and the Hausa-Fulani where the Igbo in the east seceded and another war was waged to reunite Nigeria. But the Nigerian gov didn’t punish the Igbo, instead they paid to rebuild the Igbo regions. Ken Saro-Wiwa was a political activist that used a non-violent approach at reform and smuggles many manuscripts out prison but then sentenced to death shortly after.

Lingering Problems:
A major lingering problem was the military v civilian rule. Many times Nigeria use both and many times both were overturned either by the gov returning democracy or the gov taking over again. The Hausa-Fulani is an example of corrupt rule in Nigeria. And in 1999 the Nigerians elected their first civilian president which brought another democracy in Nigeria.

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Issues:

British settlers taking over their prize farmlands

Ethnic conflicts that killed hundreds and left thousands homeless

Corruption in the government and opposition to one-party rule

Leaders: British settlers who had taken over prize farmlands resisted Kenyan independence. They were forced to accept African self-government.  One development was of a group called The Mau Mau which used guerilla war tactics attack british farmers and push them out of the highlands. Another was the leadership of Jomo Kenyatta. After Kenya was granted independence, Jomo Kenyatta became president and sought to unite the many ethnic and language groups.

Methods: “The Negritude Movement” was a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values. Nkrumah (leader of non violent movement) worked to liberate the Gold Coast from the British, so he organized strikes and boycotts and was often imprisoned by the British government. Nkrumah pushed forward new roads, new schools, and expanded health facilities. He also had good intentions for industrialization, health, warfare, and expanded school facilities.

Lingering Problems: After the death of Kenyatta, Daniel arap Moi governed the country but was less successful.. Having added to the nations woes were corruption to Moi’s government and ethnic conflicts that killed hundreds and left thousands homeless.

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Main Issues:

Decolonization – Formed a Negritude movement pre-WW2 to take pride in African culture. After WW2 colonial  soldiers came back home with new ideas about freedom, fought back against their imperial masters for independence. First African country to declare independence in 1957, however it had a quickly formed government that was unexperienced and caused a weakened economy.

Ethnic conflicts between tribes – Because of the forced ethnic groupings of different tribes into one another, this cause social unrest and often violent eruptions of internal warfare.

Leaders:

Kwame Nkrumah – Nkrumah lead a non-violent movement in 1947 to free the gold coast from Great Britain, using tactics like boycotts and strikes, though arrested multiple times by the British, he was successful in liberating the new nation of Ghana. As the first Prime Minister, Kwame Nkrumah advocated for new roads, schools, and larger health facilities. Wanted rapid industrialization to catch up, healthcare/wealth fare, and better education.

Lingering problems:
- National borders separated people with similar cultures.
- They also enclosed traditional enemies who began fighting each other after the Europeans left.
- This led to instability, violence, and an overall struggle to deal with their newly gained independence.

Methods:
- Critical forms of education and persuasion.
- Mass noncooperation.
- Civil disobedience.
- Nonviolent direct action.
- Nonviolent protest.
- and social, political, cultural, and economic forms of intervention.

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Main Issues:

Had to recover from huge land loss

Greeks overthrew the last Ottoman Sultan

Leaders: Mustafa Kemal successfully led Turkish nationalists in fighting back the Greeks. In 1923 he became the president of the new Republic of  Turkey and helped it gain a new sense of its national identity.
Methods: Turkey was transformed into a modern nation by imposing laws such as granting women the right to vote and creating a new legal system based on European law.
Lingering problems: Religion based problems between Kurds and Turkish people. It is an armed conflict that started in 1978.

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Main Issues:

The separation of South Africa from the Dutch and British control due to the racial conflict that was presented within those countries making South Africa independent. Which would then lead to the creation of apartheid, later on would be debated upon as to of whether or not it was a interest and didn't/hadn't affected communities from racial differences. Conflicts between a racially divided South Africa in which a minority of White South Africans controlled a majority Black South Africans. Additionally, South Africa had a constitutional government with a constitution giving power to Whites and banned Black's rights. After independence, White South Africans created a policy of complete race separation, apartheid.

Leaders:

In 1912 the formation of the African National Congress (ANC) began with Nelson Mandela as the leader. Desmond Tutu, had earn the Nobel Peace prize when leading an anti-apartheid economic campaign. In April of 1944 South Africa had their 1st multiracial election. Among candidates for president were Nelson Mandela from ANC and F. W. de Klerk from the National Assembly (the current at the time president who set the election). The winner by 63% was the ANC's  Nelson Mandela although he left office in 1999, the democratic government still continues.

Methods:

Desmond Tutu's boycotts had contributed to the isolation of South Africa, which involved the imposition of trade restrictions, banning South Africa from the Olympic games. (All methods done by Tutu were considered harmless)

Nelson Mandela  was the ANC (African National Congress) leader. Participating in the black protest, organizing strikes and boycotts. The ANC organized strikes and boycotts to protest the racist policies As a result the government banned the ANC and arrested Nelson Mandela.

Lingering Problems:

South Africa, though had created a democratic constitution which have gave equal rights for all citizens, and undergone in some political changes, South Africa still suffered with high crime rates of murder and rape, unemployment was about 40% among South Africa's blacks, while 60% lived in poverty, and economic downturn caused discouragement in foreign investment.

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Main Issues:
- Fidel Castro was a harsh dictator.
- Fidel Castro nationalized Cuban economy in response the U.S. cancelled all trade with Cuba.
- The U.S. tried to invade Cuba but Castro's military defeated them.
- After the U.S. stopped supporting them they were completely dependent on the Soviet Union which caused a problem because after the USSR broke up Cuban economy was harmed.

Leader:  Before Fidel Castro there was an unpopular dictator named Fulgencio Batista, popular revolution overthrew Batista. The person who led the revolution was Fidel Castro. He backed communist revolutions in Latin America and Africa.

Methods: After the U.S. stopped trade with Cuba they turned to the Soviets for economic and military aid. The Soviets planted 42 secret missile sites in Cuba, the U.S. was afraid of nuclear war so they demanded they be removed. The Soviets agreed in exchange for the U.S. to promise not to invade Cuba. After the Soviet Union broke up Castro loosened state control of Cuba's economy and looked for better relations with other countries.

Lingering Problems: Poverty is a lingering problem in Cuba. There is a lack of health care. It is sill under communist rule.

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Main Issues: With the promise of the British government, loyal British Indians joined the British army to later in the future gain independence. However, this did not happen so around 10,000 Hindus and Muslims protested at a festival in Amritsar, a city in Punjab. There the protesters were met with bullets as the British army were ordered to open fire. This was called the Amritsar massacre. After WWII, Britain found itself faced with enormous war debts. India continued to push for independence, it was time to hand over power, but the problem was WHO was going to receive the power, Muslims or Hindus. The fight that ensued resulted in the partition of India, which now meant that the regions of Northwest and Eastern India, were was now known as the new nation, Pakistan. Both groups, Muslims and Hindus, felt that they were the rightful power-holder. This led to the Partition becoming violent with clashes happening in many Indian cities killing and injuring thousands. With both nations becoming free, everything to be divided in half. The police, railways, the military, etc. Even the people had to relocate which caused religious groups to kill one another. India and Pakistan would also fight over regions for control. Because of the Partition, India became the largest democracy. As Pakistan improved, there became a problem from the inside. A civil war began with eastern and the western sides of Pakistan as the eastern side felt largely ignored. This resulted in Pakistan dividing in two with the original Pakistan and the new Bangladesh.

Leaders: Mohandas Gandhi- Gandhi attempted to launch a nonviolent campaign of noncooperation with the British. This was to try to show Britain that India was going to make their own decision, and that Britain would not be in control of them. Officials imprisoned numerous nationalists for action. Britain tried other ways to gain support of India but was unsuccessful since none of their offers included Indian independence. Later, while India and Pakistan were building their nation, 10 million people were moving to Pakistan. As people moved to relocate, violence amount the different religious groups erupted. Muslims killed Sikhs who were moving into India and Hindus/Sikhs killed Muslims who were headed into Pakistan. Gandhi later tried to plead for fair treatment of Muslim refugees. While there, he himself became a victim of the nation’s violence. A Hindu extremist who thought Gandhi too protective of Muslims shot and killed him on January 30, 1948.  Mohammad Ali Jinnah- Served as spokesperson for the Muslim League Nehru- He served as India’s leader for its first 17 years of independence. He had been one of Gandhi’s most devoted followers. Educated in Britain, Nehru won popularity among all groups in India. He emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization. Since his leadership, tensions haven’t been as big as before, although simmering religious tensions still occasionally boil over in violence and reprisal.

Methods:

Gandhi's Tactics of Nonviolence- His method was to battle injustice with a religious approach and so he blended major religious ideas into his teachings . He believed in nonviolent tactics like boycotting, strikes & demonstrations, and marches.

Jinnah's rejection of Hindu leadership-  Jinnah wouldn’t accept Indian independence if the Congress party was dominated by Hindus. She stated that there was nothing that Indians had in common with Hindus other than their slavery to the British.
Lingering Problems:

Kashmir Wars: After the independence, Pakistan and India began battling each other for control of Kashmir. A cease-fire in 1949 left a third of Kashmir under Pakistan control and the rest under Indian control, the two countries continue to fight over the region today.

Religious Tensions: In 1984 , Indian army troops overran the Golden Temple. They killed about 500 Sikhs and destroyed sacred property.

Nuclear Weapons: Indian officials conducted five underground nuclear tests. Pakistan built their own nuclear program. India conducted nuclear tests, and Pakistan demonstrated that they had nuclear weapons too.

Problems with Pakistan?: Pakistan had a civil war within Pakistan. Western and Eastern separated and became their own individual nation.

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Main issues

Anti imperialism against the Netherlands

The Japanese invaded and destroyed the Dutch

The Japanese were defeated in the war and forced to leave and Indonesia was now establishing a free nation

Leaders: Sukarno was the one leading the effort to form an independent Indonesia. He proclaimed Indonesia’s independence and made himself president. Sukarno took the official title of “life-time president” and attempted to guide the nation in a parliamentary democracy. Sukarno wasn’t able to manage the country and it slid downhill. A general named Suharto managed to put it in order, he took power and was named president in 1967. Indonesia turned into a police state and imposed martial law.

Methods : Both efforts to create a democratic government and to maintain Indonesia’s economy both failed. Inflation was at an all time high and people started to rebel. The general , Suharto, seized presidency for himself and ended up killing 500,000 to 1 million people. He tuned Indonesia into a police state and adopted martial laws. About a decade after his wrong doings , he was criticized for his cruel/inhumane actions.

Lingering Problems : East Timor had slipped under Indonesia’s nose and wanted to gain back their freedom. A man by the name of Jose Ramos Horta, an East Timor independence campaigner tried gaining independence for the region without violence. An election for East Timorese to gain their independence angered pro-Indonesian forces, they ignored the results and went on a bloody rampage. Eventually, the UN brought peace.

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Main Issues:

The French controlled Vietnam

During the 1930s, Ho's Indochinese Communist party led revolts against the French. This lead to many Vietnamese protesters being jailed by French forces.

Leaders :

Ho Chi Minh-Vietnamese Communist revolutionary leader. He led Vietnam to victory

Methods:

The Vietminh used hit-and-run tactics to confine the French to the cities

Lingering Problems:

After the war Communist opression caused 1.5 million people to flee Vietnam. Cambodia suffered U.S bombing. In Cambodia communist rebels known as Khmer Rouge set up a brutal government. Cambodia was under the leadership of Pol Pot whose followers slaugtered 2 million people.  The Vietnamese invaded in 1978, overthrew the Khmer Rouge and installed a less represive government.

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MAIN ISSUES:

The European set borders did not take into consideration that different tribes, sometimes rival tribes, so when Nigeria gained its independence and became its own nation-state leading tribes were being set in the same nation-state causing conflict within it that ended up leading to a civil war between leading tribes of Nigeria.

LEADERS:
When Nigeria gained its independence as a nation-state three tribes were leading, but when a civil war broke out the nation had been put under martial law (temporary military rule) then as time went on the nation was handed back to civil rule this. However, was short lived due to ethnic divisions in the nation and corruption, the military took over once again. Yet this time it was viewed as a dictatorship and the leader was replaced by General Sani Abacha. In his death another general by the name Abdulsalami Abubakar ended military rule, 1999. Finally Nigeria had it first civilian president, Olusegun Obasanjo.

METHODS:

LINGERING PROBLEMS:

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Issues:

Before WW1, Great Britain and Russia established spheres of influence in Persia.

British tried to take over all of Persia, this striked a nationalist revolt in Persia. During the Cold War after the Shah lost power the Ayatollahs took power, they got into a war with their neighbor and territorial rival Iraq.

Leaders:

In 1921,Reza Shah Pahlavi, and in 1925 got rid of the sha.

Set out to modernize his country, kept the power in his own hands, and embraced Western governments.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was the leader of the religious opposition towards Pahlavi. In 1979, the shah fled and Khomeini was left to establish an Islamic state and embrace the militant form of Islam.

Methods:

Pahlavi established public schools, built roads, produced industrial growth, and extended women’s rights. He changed the country’s name from Persia to Iran. Tried to westernize Iran.

Ayatollah was trying to begin the Islamization of Iran. He set out to overthrow any secular governments, tried to unify Muslims, went against the U.S because of its support for the sha, and had a strict Islamic regime.

Lingering Problems:

During the cold war Iran was in a conflict with its people due to the clash made by people supporting westernization and those nationalist Muslims. Shah Mohammed Reza embraced Westernization. Iranian nationalists backed up Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq.

They forced Shah to flee but then the U.S helped Shah get back to power fearing that Iran would turn to the Soviet Union for help, causing conflicts with the U.S.

Then Ayatollahs, a conservalist Muslim group took over the country and forced the Shah to flee once again. They then re established an Islamic state. This made more tension with their rival Iraq.