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Typhoon Haiyan was a devastating, category five typhoon that hit the Phillipines on the 8th of November, 2013. It hit many countries including Vietnam, Micronesia, the Caroline islands but affected the Phillipines the worst. For this Typhoon I am focusing on the fringing reef-protected town of Hernani and the effect on the coral reef surrounding the town.

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Map of the world with the area affected by Typhoon Haiyan 

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Map of the world with the area affected by Typhoon Haiyan 

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(not to scale)

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Map of the Philippines with area affected by Typhoon Haiyan  

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Map of the Philippines with area affected by Typhoon Haiyan  

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(not to scale)

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-It reached speeds of 195 mph
-5,500 dead
-26,136 injured
-3.4 million displaced
- 574,392 houses totally destroyed

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Typhoon Haiyan had ideal conditions to form such a powerful storm.  One of these are warming oceans due to climate change  that extended deep into the ocean. Ocean water in this area can warm up from 0.2 to 0.3 degrees Celicius every decade. This warm water contributes to the air-typhoons therefore creating more severe typhoons. Another factor is the low wind shear. Wind shear usually tears up, forming typhoons, so not having this makes it easier to for cyclones to form.

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Climate change is warming up the seas meaning it contributes more to the air- typhoons.

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Destruction from Typhoon Haiyan (Hernani)

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Destruction from Typhoon Haiyan (Hernani)

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eastern samar (location) eastern samar (administrative division) philippines yolanda haiyan typhoon

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Destruction in Hernani, East Samar, following Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda

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When Typhoon Haiyan/Yolanda hit the Philippines, the town of Hernani in East Samar got hit by a massive storm surge. This video shows the destruction it left.

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In the small town of Hernani -(which current population is 8,537) more than 70 fatalities were recorded. This is out of the approximately 5,500 people who passed away all over the Phillipines. Most of these deaths were not due to the actual typhoon, rather they were due to the storm surge following the typhoon. The fatal storm surge also destroyed 1600 of the 1900 homes in that point of time. Six months after the storm the coastal town just began rebuilding. Typhoon Haiyan (or Yolanda as the locals called it) destroyed most of the toilets and sewerage in town. This mixed with the flooded streets provided a highly likely chance of spread of diseases such as dysentery. Nation wide there were about 292,000 pregnant women who needed urgent medical assistance but couldn't get access to it. Almost all of the 300 fishing boats in Hernani were totally destroyed and most of the Rice paddies were completely ruined due to saltwater. This was a major issue considering that rice is a main food source for the entire country and ruined the livelihood of 6 million farmers. Almost 2,500 schools were totally ruined after the typhoon, and after 2 years many schools still weren't properly rebuilt and were still makeshift. School obviously weren't the number 1 priority as more than 1 million people are still without permanent homes two years on.

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As a country, whose economy deeply relies on agriculture, the effect of Typhoon Haiyan on the Philippines was devastating. The damage cost the Philippines approx. $A20 billion with only approx. $A3 billion dollars covered by insurance.  The typhoon didn’t affect the industrial economy much but the agricultural damage was severe – c. A$150 million. The main agricultural sources in the Philippines are rice and fishing. In the Philippines (which before Typhoon Haiyan was the eighth largest supplier of rice worldwide) farmers lost more than 130,000 tonnes of rice . This also affected the town of Hernani where most of the rice paddies were completely ruined by salt water. In total, the typhoon ruined the livelihood of more than 6 million farmers. The people of Hernani rely mainly on fishing and almost all of the 300 boats in the town were destroyed. The ability to fish was not only ruined by the storm but the coral reefs, a major ecosystem for fish, were ruined. Marine life also needed a new place to live, driving them away from the coral reefs, meaning that fisherman must go further out to more treacherous waters for their catch. Therefore, until the coral reefs are restored the fishing economy will be at a loss.  This is continuing to be an issue to this day and until the reef is rehabilitated will continue to be so.

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The town of Hernani has a fringing reef (a reef that is close to the shore) which many would think would protect the town from storm surges or tsunamis or at least would soften the impact.  Storm surges are created when multiple waves build up, creating wave ‘sets’. This continues to the breaking zone where the storm surge resembles a nearshore tsunami. It is quite surprising that a storm surge could get past a reef that is supposedly thought of as a barrier to such, but the barrier in the reef only affected the smaller waves as the energy from the larger waves could pass this. With more frequent and violent storms (like typhoon Haiyan) the reef will begin to struggle to re-grow post typhoon. When this happens, the diverse ecosystem will begin to suffer as the animals that live in the coral reefs will no longer have a home also lessoning the fishermen’s catch.  Hernani also has a mangrove forest that was gravely damaged. Not only do the mangroves play a vital role in the ecosystem but could help prevent the impact of typhoons. Mangrove house a large variety of marine organisms. Unfortunately, most of the mangroves were ruined. Although there have been efforts to restore them none have been successful.

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Eyewitness footage of Typhoon Haiyan washing house away

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Plan emergency teams are on the ground providing aid to children and families affected by Typhoon Haiyan. To support the relief effort, go to: http://planresponds.org/ #PlanResponds** Video shows footage taken at 6am on Friday 8 November as the storm hit Hernani in Eastern Samar.

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The United States of America
Many countries worldwide chipped in to help the Philippines recover after such a devastating event. These countries include China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Germany, the UK, Norway, New Zealand and many more. Australia itself donated $30 million AU in relief aid, has sent medical teams, emergency supplies and much more. Though I am going to be focusing on the United States of America and their response to the disaster. The US spent more than $37 million US dollars on humanitarian aid to those in need. This amount of  money provided shelter for 100,000 people, hygiene kits for 20,000 families, 55 tonnes of assistance for 99,000 people, water containers for 14,400 families and restored functionality of a water system in Tacloban.  The US had an excellent response time- planning potential help before the storm even hit ground. The Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) was one of the first governmental organisations to arrive in Leyte province. They provided critical evaluation of storm damage and advised about humanitarian. The large response from other countries really does show the assistance of other nations and the positive effect when others are in need.

Josie McKee
Josie McKee is an American citizen who was originally from Hernani in the Philippines. She has gone to extraordinary efforts to put light on the hard- hit coastal town of Hernani through social media accounts with experience form her previous Humanitarian Aid group skills. Josie has volunteered many hours to Project Concern International (PCI) to help rebuild Josie’s home town. McKee was in the small fishing town visiting family when the typhoon struck.

“If I was back there, I couldn’t be helping them the way I am now,” she said. “I couldn’t have found PCI and I couldn’t be raising money, putting people together, and using Facebook, email, texts and the phone to try and make things happen. It was meant to be.” ¹

McKee was the one who requested help from PCI through social media and it is highly possible that this kind of help wouldn’t have been possible without Josie’s help throughout this project.

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I wasn't able to find a synoptic map of Typhoon Haiyan or any other typhoon in the Phillipines so selected a map of cyclone Debbie.

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Cause
http://www.livescience.com/41025-typhoon-haiyan-most-intense-storm.html
http://www.geography.org.uk/resources/typhoonhaiyan/
Impact
- Social
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-05-08/haiyan-recovery-hernani-philippines/5437660
http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/sdut-chris-bessenecker-pci-hernani-philippines-2013nov24-story.html
https://sites.tufts.edu/publichealth/2013/12/19/at-the-end-of-the-storm-public-health-concerns-in-the-aftermath-of-typhoon-haiyan/
http://theirworld.org/news/two-years-after-typhoon-haiyan-the-school-rebuilding-goes-on
-Economic
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/super-typhoon-haiyan-razes-rice-sugar-harvests-in-philippines/articleshow/25610162.cms
http://www.cnbc.com/2013/11/22/philippines-facing-new-crisis-over-rice-.html
http://www.ibtimes.com/typhoon-haiyan-financial-economic-impact-devastation-cost-14-billion-markets-remain-1463994
-Environmental
http://www.calacademy.org/blogs/project-lab/typhoon-impacts-on-coral-reefs
http://www.concernusa.org/story/typhoon-haiyan-one-year-on-recovering-lost-livelihoods-in-the-philippines/
Responses
http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/lifestyle/people/sdut-local-filipino-woman-aids-typhoon-relief-2013nov19-htmlstory.html
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/11/19/fact-sheet-us-response-typhoon-haiyan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_response_to_Typhoon_Haiyan#cite_note-101
Quote
http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/lifestyle/people/sdut-local-filipino-woman-aids-typhoon-relief-2013nov19-htmlstory.html