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- Trading of non timber forest product was mainly in the form of barter and cash income transaction in their socio economic livelihood was not important
- After the independence of Malayan, with government development programs to integrate the Orang Asli into the mainstream of national economy, they are now more exposed to cash economy and wage earning has become more important

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- Orang Asli people live and work together as a group.
- For Temuan people, They call their leaders as "Tok Batin" while other subgroups such as Semelai, Jahut, Temiar etc prefers to call their leader as "Penghulu".
- Tok Batin and Pengulu carry the same responsibilities
- The leaders are usually chosen within the family bloodties- the eldest son. However, if they do not have any son or any eligible siblings, they will chose among the eligible family members.
-  They oversees keeping order and peace within the community, including enforcing marriage laws.
-  They are also in charge of enforcing any punishment if someone commits a crime.
- Orang Asli have a "Shaman" who is their spiritual leader and takes care of ritualistic things.
-  A division of labour between men and women exists within the households. The father and sons are responsible for providing meat for the family and thus go out hunting together, while the mother, accompanied by her daughters, provides the jungle fruits and vegetables.

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- move from place to place in the forest in search of food and non timber forest product for sale

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Permanent agriculture (rubber, palm oil, cocoa & fruit trees) 

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Permanent agriculture (rubber, palm oil, cocoa & fruit trees) 

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When there is  a death in the village.
- all members of the village will gather around the house of the dead person and stop their other work because they are afraid the spirit of the person will get angry
- the body will be buried the next day. So at the night, all villagers will stand guard at the house of the died person until morning to make sure that bad spirit will not bother the dead person.
- children will be given talisman by smudging charcoal on both of their eyebrows or on both of their sole.

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The day of their marriage
-the grooms needs to cut their hair
- both of them needs to take bath with a water that contains a few slices of lemon that have been spell for a good reason
-the bride and groom will wear their beautiful wedding dress in their respective houses.
-bride will be wearing the wedding dress that have been given by the groom which called "Salin Tiga" dress.
-they must follow some few orders after bath with spiritual lemon water
= in duration of 3 days, they are not allowed to leave their village because they might be disturbed by the evil spirits.
= in duration of 7 days, they are not allowed to leave their village for the same reason.

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1. Transportation & accessibility problems

Some settlements don’t have road links to schools, and the only way to reach the nearest school is to use rivers. Travelling by longboats to these schools can be dangerous, as the rivers can turn very turbulent during the landas (wet) season, between November and February.

2. Work & Financial problems

Even when Orang Asli leaves their rural longhouses in order to settle down in town, children missing out education aspect due working and helping parents.

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When the wife is pregnant, there are few things that both the parents must not do to protect the baby.
- restrict to small animals such as snake, tortoise and monkey because they believe that they can harm the baby
-rodents may be eaten only if caught by the pregnant pregnant woman's husband and it must eat the whole rodents by herself.
- not allowed to be near to death people
- father's family are not allowed to installing or nailling any part in the house.

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Education system for Orang Asli is set by JHEOA Organisation, which determines the nature, content and administration of the school system. In some schools, the parents play a role as well. And for the most part, the responsibility of educating the students are tasked to the teachers.

Key roles plays mentality of Orang Asli itself, where local education is based on their perception and cultural  capabilities.

There is no fixed curriculum or syllabus, nor timetable for learning. Learning is treated merely as a process to be a good Orang Asli; not to compete in the award of a certificate.

On other hand education system which is implied by government is slightly different.

There are 3 stages of education program for Orang Asli Children:

1. In the first 3 years on the inception of the program, Orang Asli children would go to the village school  taught by the JHEOA staff.

2. Children who continue after 3 years of schooling would go to centralised primary school in larger Orang Asli community, where they can continue schooling to primary 6 level.

3. Students who pass exams at the end of 6th primary level are given option to study at local government school in near by urban areas.

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Orang Asli culture has a long history of oral tradition which involves ceremonial orations performed at formal occasions such as weddings, funerals and adoption ceremonies. There have some festivals such as Turun mandi - baby blessing ceremony; Baralek - wedding ceremony; Manyabik - harvesting ceremony and more. Tradisional houses of Orang Asli called Rumah Gadang (big house). It is usually owned by women of the family who live there and is passed from mother to daughter

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The standard of education among the Orang Aslipeople as an indigenous ethnic in Malaysia is still at a low level.

"The current education provided for Orang Asli is like two different puzzles that hardly match with one another. One size fits all will not work for Orang Asli" - Dr. Abu Yazid Abu Bakar. Government strives to imply a concept of Orang Asli-centered education, which might be comprehended with their daily life routine,  instead
of of being standardised with all Malaysians.

The majority of the Orang Asli people receive formal education only at the primary level. However, there is a significant trend where the majority of students who completed their primary education will drop out from secondary school.

Such problems are commonly associated with several factors, including students’ attitudes, awareness among parents about education, local culture, school leadership, school environment, and problems related to the teaching and learning process.

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- Semang shaman are known as hala. They can be either male or female and often act as healers and receive some training through their dreams.
-These shaman use songs, massages, herbal medicines and spells to cure illnesses. Sometimes they go into trances in their healing ceremonies to cure diseases.
-The “big hala” is a supernatural being that can take the form of a tiger and scare off ordinary tigers.

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The traditional skirt of the women is a short, fringed skirt, which is commonly made from pounded tree bark. Sometimes belts, headbands, and bracelets are also worn.

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Woven leaves are sometimes crafted into headbands. Bracelets and other accesories like belts were also crafted by the people. Aboriginal people of Malaysia are very skillful with such materials. The shapes and ornaments of the garments are passed down from one generation to the next.r

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The Orang Asli still wear clothing of natural materials, for example grass skirt and other clothing often out of treebark.

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Hari Moyang Kaum Mah Meri penuh tradisi dan 'mistik'

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-Traditionally animists where they believe in the presence of gods and spirits.
-Their world view is greatly influenced by nature.
-As such, they believe forests, mountains, hills, lightning and others have their own meaning in the universe.
-Sometimes, they will perform spirit possession ritual involving trance to appease the spirits
-In the 21st century, many of them have embraced monotheistic religions such as Islam and Christianity.

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3) Ginggong:
Ginggong is a type of musical instrument which is made of either bamboo or "kulit daun bertam". This instrument is caterogized as a chordophone- stringed instrument which is normally played by the people of Temiar and Negrito, both men and women.
This instrument produces sounds which resembles insects or animals.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaR8t-LAcfo

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2) Centong Buluh:
It is categorized as an idiophone instrument which is normally played by women in the Sewang Dance event. It is made of two bamboo of different sizes which are banged onto a larger wood to produce sound.

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Other than wood art crafts, Orang Asli uses natural resources that can be found in the forest such as rattan and bamboo. These products are now being sold as souvenirs for tourists who come to visit them.

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Orang Asli, specifically the people of "Mahmeri" is known for their wood art craft. They make wood art crafts of Idols, human figures and the essence of the earth such as animals with different meanings behind it.

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1) Pensol atau Seruling Hidung:

It is categorized as a wind instrument normally played by the people of Senoi. It is played by putting either a piece of leaf/cloth inside one of the nostrils, and uses the other nostril to exhale onto the Pensol.

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Sewang is a traditional dance performed by the Orang Asli. This dane was originally performed to treat the sick or wounded, now it is also used to entertain tourists.

This dance involves dancing in a circle to music produced from bamboo.

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There are three different languages that have been used by Orang Asli- mainly due to its sociological aspects.

1) Aslian Languages: this languages can be further divided into North Aslian (Jahaic & Senoic), South Aslian (Semelaic) and Jah Hut.

2) Aboriginal Malay Languages: this languages includes Jakun and Temuan.

3) Malay Language: this is the official language of Malaysia, most Orang Aslis are fluent in Malay.

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-rice, fish, coconut, green leafy vegetables
-wrapped in leaves
-bamboo logs

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Ketupat- rice cakes that are cooked in coconut leaves-weaved together to form little pockets and My name is Grace and i am bootiful.

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Lemang-glutinous rice that is wrapped in banana leaf-filled into bamboo logs-eaten along with meat curry

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Ubi kayu kennem-grated tapioca that is soaked in water--fermented tapioca is then cooked as fritters

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Goh Khai Lin
Alina Litochenko
Siti Zakiah Binte Zakaria
Pang Siew Peng
Angelique Lucas
Ch'ng Sue Ting
Tay Shu Xian
Ali Mohammad Yooshau

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- Orang Asli are known as aborigins or original people in Malay. They are indigenous people and the oldest inhabitants of Peninsular Malaysia.

- Officially there are 18 Orang Asli tribes and it is categorized under three main groups, which are Semang (Negrito), Senoi and Aboriginal Malay (Proto Malay)

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Week 7: Society Structure & Economic Activities (Kaelynn + Yooshua)
*report

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The men's traditional clothing consists essentially of a loincloth, called chawatin Malay, which again is made from pounded tree bark. In addition, the men frequently wear rattan belts, which are used for the carrying of knives and other small items such as tobacco pouches.

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umbut bayas masak gulai