# data[].attributes.body
Using the textbook, the powerpoint Envisaging a New Nation, and your own research online:

Choose one of the social movements or groups listed below:

Imperial Federation League

the Australian Natives Association

the Bulletin magazine

the Heidelberg School

Australian literature

Women's Suffrage Movements
Create a digital presentation that includes information on:

Who were these groups comprised of - who did they appeal to?

What social classes did they represent?

Who founded them and when?

What significant actions did they take in attempting to shape a newly federated Australia?

Most significant is to include what their visions were for a newly federated Australia - these visions should tie into the categories below:

the desire for economic progress and a uniform tariff policy

the desire for a workingman's paradise - working rights, conciliation and arbitration, and new unionism.

the desire for a white Australia.

Views on Asian migration and Aboriginals.

Views on defence and fear of invasion

Views on creating a distinct national identity

Views on the conviction of also being both Australian and British with cultural, economic, political, military, ethnic and kinship ties to Britain.

Provide a quotation from either a primary source stating these visions for Australia or a historical interpretation that provides an interpretation of the influence of this organization's vision on the formation of Australia as a Federated nation:

You need to find at least 2 images that represent these visions

# data[].attributes.body
The Heidelberg School

The Heidelberg School was a movement that was later known as Australian Impressionism. It was a period of time where artists began to depict Australia for what it really was, compared to how it was previously portrayed, which was similar to English landscapes. The name of the school originated in July 1981, from an American art critic, Sidney Dickinson, who wrote a review of an exhibition of paintings by Walter Withers and Arthur Streeton.

Who were these groups comprised of - who did they appeal to?

The Heidelberg School group was made up of many artists and was based in Melbourne. Artists such as Tom Roberts, Frederick McCubbin, Charles Conder, and Arthur Streeton. The group appealed to Australians and depicting a new identity, trying to break away from England. Drawing on naturalist and impressionist ideas, they sought to capture Australian life, the bush, and the harsh sunlight that typifies the country

What social classes did they represent?

A social class the Heidelberg school represented was the labourer class. This is shown in the painting ‘Shearing of the Rams’ made by Tom Roberts which represents a group of men with no particular person in charge or having authority over any of the other men.

Who founded them and when?

The Heidelberg school wasn’t founded by any one person in particular but was made up of a number of artists.  The group congregated in the 1880’s-1890’s, mainly based in Melbourne but also had some artists in Sydney.

What significant actions did they take in attempting to shape a newly federated Australia?

The artists were depicting Australia for what it really was instead of implying that Australian landscapes, bush life, environments in general were similar to that of England’s.

The Heidelberg school was just another step leading to the uniting of the separate states. The Heidelberg School paintings showed ideas of egalitarianism and mate ship. Furthermore, was representative of the native landscapes, and the difference to the landscapes of those in England (the mother land). The paintings showed how civilisation could be found in the bush.

A painting by Jane Simmons. Obstruction 1887

# data[].attributes.body
The visions underlying the:

Imperial Federation League

The Australian Natives Association

The Bulletin magazine

The Heidelberg School

Australian literature

Various women's suffrage movements - i.e. Vida Goldstein, Agatha Pankhurst.

that drove the formation of the Australian nation up to 1901,

•including:

– the desire for economic progress and a uniform tariff policy

•– ideas about the existence of a distinct national identity as well as a conviction of also being both Australian and British with cultural, economic, political, military, ethnic and kinship ties to Britain

# data[].attributes.headline
Imperial Federation League- Jaafar, Stephen 

# data[].attributes.subject
Imperial Federation League- Jaafar, Stephen 

# data[].attributes.body
-The imperial federation league was founded in 1884.
-This league was made to keep all British colonies closer to the British Empire and to keep a close relationship, they can also be called the "old commonwealth" directing their ties to Britain and its heritage.
-This league have the intention of creating a white Australia and see themselves superior above all as they still follow the British idea being white makes you the pure race as said by Dr. J. Moorehouse an Anglican Archbishop of Melbourne the founder of the Australian branch of the Imperial Federation League." Which is the race fittest to occupy the vacant spaces of the world and fittest to protect and to lead the backward races of the world".
-They had negative views on aboriginal and Chinese people as they were a threat to the white population as there were soo many Chinese migrants from the gold rush. The league did not want this as it ruined the idea of having a white australia and called this threat the "yellow peral" which was the mass influx of Chinese people to Australian colonies.
-The social class was egalitarian as long as you were white British background
-They had attempted education and creating a better nation as they see fit as Dr.J.Moorehouse said in his speech about the foundation of the league," My friends we are a great people, born to lead, born to teach and to guide and to bless".
-Bruce Smith is an opposition of the Imperial Federation League. Bruce Smith, " The public have been told over and over again that the purity and whiteness of the Australian Commonwealth is being endangered by the incursion of these hordes of Asiatics. I say that it is a fable: that is altogether a fairy story." He is basically saying that the Chinese are not a threat and the league is over exagerating the topic of Chinese migrants.
-"I know that the eyes of All Australia, and probably of every portion of the British Empire, are fixed upon this Parliament and its legislation". Quoted in Rod Kemp and Marian Stanton, Speaking for Australia, NSW, 2004, p.5. Regions under the Imperial Federation League

# data[].attributes.body
The Bulletin Magazine was a radical nationalist republican newspaper. It published strong anti-Chinese and racist cartoons and depicted diversity, especially Chinese, as a threat to Australian society. It promoted strong racial determinism as part of Federation and The White Australia Policy.

First published in 1880, the magazine's main audience comprised of white European-descended Australians. It became known as the 'Bushman's Bible' as it attempted to bridge the gap between rural and urban affairs and spread racial ideas. Contributing artists and writers included Henry Lawson, Banjo Patterson, Miles Franklin and Norman Lindsay, who all attempted to share an uniquely Australian identity through its pages.

The Bulletin strongly supported an a new egalitarian Australian Identity which left behind the 'old world' hierarchies and distinctions of Europe stating, "All white men who come to these shores...who leave behind the memory of class-distinctions and the religious differences of the old world...are Australian". However the Bulletin did not accept that any ethnic diversity was included in this new egalitarian society. "No nigger, no Chinaman, no lascar, no kanaka, no purveyor of cheap coloured labour is an Australian." These divisive views were formed by a belief in 'Social Darwinism', the isolation of Australia's continent and its proximity to Asia and the growing fear of unemployment after the Depression of the 1890's.

These social and ethnic views were widely accepted by the urban and rural working class, leading to a rejection of multiculturalism and a growing fear of immigration and a loss of employment to foreigners.
In parliament, following Federation, the Bulletin's views were also adopted by first prime minister Edmund Barton in the introduction of the 'Immigration Restriction Act' and the 'Pacific Island Labourers Act' of 1901.

# data[].attributes.body
- Formed in 1890 the ALP represented the union movement. Due the failure of the 'Great Strikes' throughout the 1890s to obtain significant government reform, unionists realised that reform would only come through Parliament. Therefor, the ALP represents 'New Unionism' which sought more negotiation with employers on a political level. This movement sought similar reform on workers rights yet obtained in via political delegation rather than the strikes and collective action which had failed in the 1890s.
- The Labor Parties were founded by the trade unions and inherited many of their attitudes. This included opposition to colored labor and strong support for the full attainment of political democracy. Therefor, they represent the working-class.
- Party solidarity was emphasized by the ALP with MP's made to 'pledge' to vote in parliament according to what the party had decided.
- The party had 14/73 seats in the first parliament. Their lack of power led to their strategy of 'support for concessions.' They would support non-labor policies in return for other parties support specific policy of the ALP.
- They were the most committed to social and industrial reform of the political parties. They advocated for policies such as: minimum wage, health and safety regulations and old age pensions.
- The Party was split over the concept of Federation as members came from all of the nation and therefor wanted differing economic policies. South Australian Labor Member Tom Prince was opposed, claiming nothing h found " led me to believe that the social conditions of the people would be improved by Federation". Labor leader William Trenwith however supported the unification and participated in the 1897 Convention.
- "New Unionism" was seen most clearly in the ALP's involvement in establishing a Court of Arbitration via the Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904. All industrial disputes, issues that had previously lead to strikes, now had legal and political standing and representation. Historian Paul Kelly describes, "Arbitration was an heroic effort to engineer a system of of social and economic fairness".

# data[].attributes.headline
Australia natives Association Elan, Hamza

# data[].attributes.subject
Australia natives Association Elan, Hamza

# data[].attributes.body
The Australian Association was established in 1851 in Melbourne Australia. Its memebership was to restricted to white men born in Australia. They helped with members' medical expenses and provided sickness and medical cover.

It claimed to have concerns "on all affairs pertaining to the well-being of Australia... The welfare of Australia as a whole" Advance Australia, 26th of January 1897. The ANA identified themselves as "avowedly Australian" aiming to be as Australian as possible, which to them meant to be white, proven in their white only policy and positions of influence were always held by men born in Great Britain. The 2nd of July 1887 issue of the Bulletin claimed the definition of an Australian are "all men who leave... Europe... No nigga, no chinaman, no las car, no kanaka, no purveyor of cheap coloured labour"

The ANA were vocal supporters of Federation. It consisted mainly of energetic middle-class men aged under 50 - a perfect base for a forward-looking, idealistic movement such as federation. They saw their responsibility was "to see to it that no irretrievable mistakes are made-mistakes for which Australians of a future generation would have to pay the penalty", Advance Australia.

The ANA aimed to develop in a direction independent of Britain and argued decisions for Australia were to be made in Australia, not London however were still in favour of constitutional monarchy as they respected Queen Victoria and the Westminster system of government. They aimed to bring together the states "and will strive with pen and mind until a grand united Australia shall be an accomplished fact", Advance Australia

# data[].attributes.headline
Australian Literature: Stefan and Cadien

# data[].attributes.subject
Australian Literature: Stefan and Cadien

# data[].attributes.body
During this period of time, literature was used to push ideas, morals and  visions for the future of Australia. Lots of literature was published by the Bulletin and the Brisbane Courier said in 1888 that Australia would be "inspirited by national literature".

'Australian Federation" - William Gay
What is it: A poem
Visions: This poem has strong themes of a white Australia, as it describes uniting Australia as a country with people 'of one dear blood'. It also says that 'with petty variance our souls are spent' which could be interpreted as saying that with variance in skin colour and cultures, the souls of the whites will be compromised.

Henry Lawson-Poet
Lawson's style of writing helped shaped the Australian identity with poems such as "The Drover's Wife" and "The Bush Undertaker" which promoted ideas of bush mateship and egalitarianism. For example in "The Bush Undertaker", he writes "He stood just within the door of a slab-and-bark hut situated upon the bank of a barren creek; sheep-yards lay to the right,". This quotation by Lawson shows the Australian identity as being in the bush and through mateship.

Andrew "Banjo" Paterson-Poet
Paterson was a poet like Lawson, although his work was more light in nature. Like Lawson, Paterson promoted ideas of the bush and the Australian identity being tied to the bush, for example in the poem 'Clancy of the Overflow', which says 'the foetid air and gritty of the dusty, dirty city' and 'I'd like to change with Clancy, like to take a turn at droving where the seasons come and go'.

Invasion literature was also written, mainly about the threat of migration from Asia. Books such as "Yellow Wave: A Romance of the Asiatic" by James AK Mackay and "Coloured Conquest" were written, which represented the Chinese specifically as being a threat to the Australian culture and identity. However historian Keith Windschuttle argues that invasion literature was not widely read.