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Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca Cinera)
Juan Fernandez Fur Seal (Arctocephalus Philippii)
Baikal Seal (Pusa Sibrica)

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Location- Houtman Arbrolhos islands & Pages Islands
Physical Characteristics (external & internal)- Short fur, short flippers, bulky body
Behavioral Characteristic- Australian sea lion breed on at least 50 different islands. 27 of them are in Western-Australia, and 23 in South-Australia. The breeding cycle is the most awkward of pinnipeds because they have a 17.6-18 month cycle which is not synchronized with other colonies. The males will fight when they are young to assert dominance. The dominant males will defend the females so they can breed with them. When a female has a new pup it will only look after the new one it will fight off the other pup if it is still feeding. The males are known for killing the young to defend their territory. The females will also "adopt" another pup if their original parents die, or are somehow separated from them.

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Location- Lake Baikal
Physical Characteristics ( internal & external)- Steel gray coat, fur
Behavioral Characteristics-The female Baikal seals are sexually mature at around the age of 3-6 years, the males reach it at around the age of 4-7 years. They are not sexually dimorphic and because of their bad vision the males sometimes try to mate with other males. they usually mate around the end of the pupping season. their overall pregnancy is around 11 months because of the delayed implantation and a 9 month gestation period. the females are the only Baikal seal that leave the water in the winter and the males stay in the water under the ice. They usually only give birth to one pup but they are one of two types that can give birth to twins. the twins will often stick together after being weaned off by their mother. the mothers will get impregnated immediately after giving birth and will still lactate while pregnant. They are not really territorial but they will defend their territory, the males will mate with 3 females if they have the chance. After mating the males will leave a strong musky odor in the females den  so other males can smell it. The female will raise the babies by herself in a den that she will build and when the babies are 2 days old they will begin to expand the den. It is thought that since the pups don't have an insulating layer of blubber expanding the den is exercise and it keeps them warm. The mother will actually feed the pups for about two and half months and then she will then begin to introduce them to solid food. When all of the ice melts in Spring the pups are left to fend for themselves. In late winter every year the seals will come out of the ice and shed off their old coat of fur, many of the seals, mainly males, will die from overheating from laying on the ice in the sun, they also go into a lethargic state and don't eat. The Baikal seal mainly feeds at night on golomyanka and cottoid oilfish.

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Location- Pacific coast of South America
Physical Characteristics (internal & external)- short & robust, short flippers, hind flippers have fleshy tips on digits
Behavioral Characteristics- they usually live a solitary life, forage at sea and lay on rocky shores, females are picky about where they rest they usually like rocky coves and tide pools, these spots are common for male competition and breeding, even though the females are close to each other they never touch each other. When comes to breeding they are very territorial, the males will fight to gain access to the female resting sites so they can breed, the males are polygynous so they mate with multiple females, the pups are born between November and December they are on the mothers milk until they are about 10 months old. The pups are cared for by their mother for about one week and then the mother will go off and mate and forage again.

http://otlibrary.com/juan-fernandez-fur-seal/

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Common Name-Australian sea lion
Kingdom-Animalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Carnivora
Family-Otariidae
Genus-neophoca
Species- N. cinera

Common Name- Juan Fernandez Fur Seal
Kingdom-Anamlia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Carnivora
Family-otariidae
Genus-Arctocephalus
Species-A. philippii

Common Name-Baikal Seal
Kingdom-Anamalia
Phylum-Chordata
Class-Mammalia
Order-Carnivora
Family-Phocidae
Genus-Pusa
Species-P. sibirica

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Seal forelimb-25-20 million years-late oligocene/miocene

Sea Lion jaw-15-12 million years-miocene

Seal vertebrae-20-12 million years miocene

Seal Humerus-15-5 million years-miocene/pliocene

Sea Lion rooted fang and lateral tooth-15-12 million years-miocene

Sea lion rooted fang and lateral tooth-15-12 million years-miocene

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DNA/RNA
Marine mammals share certain phenotypes that that have adapted to the aquatic environment which shows convergent evolution. In three mammalian species convergent amino acids substitutions were all throughout the genome and subsets of these substitutions were in genes that were evolving under a positive pressure.

Chromosomal analysis
Chromosome 36 was found in the California sea lion and chromosome 32 was found in 6 species the harbour seal, bearded seal, weddell seal, walrus, stellar sea lion, and the northern fur seal. The difference of the two chromosome phocid karyotypes is because of a fusion of two chromosome pairs in the 34 chromosome. The 32 chromosome is a more recent origin.

Fossil Record
Some well known synapomorphies that are shred in pinnipeds are;  . Large infraorbital foramen. The infraorbital foramen, as the name indicates, is located below the eye orbit and allows passage of blood vessels and nerves. It is large in pinnipeds in contrast to its small size in most terrestrial carnivores.
2. Maxilla makes a significant contribution to the orbital wall. Pinnipeds display a unique condition among carnivores in which the maxilla (upper jaw) forms part of the lateral and anterior walls of the orbit of the eye. In terrestrial carnivores, the maxilla is usually limited in its posterior extent by contact of several facial bones (jugal, palatine, and/or lacrimal).
3. Lacrimal absent or fusing early in ontogeny and does not contact the jugal. Associated with the pinniped configuration of the maxilla is the great reduction or absence of one of the facial bones, the lacrimal. Terrestrial carnivores have. Pinniped Evolution and Systematics. Chronological ranges of extinct and living pinnipeds..
. 4. Greater and lesser humeral tubercles enlarged. Pinnipeds are distinguished from terrestrial carnivores by having strongly developed tubercles (rounded prominences) on the proximal end of the humerus (upper arm bone).
5. Deltopectoral crest of humerus strongly developed. The crest on the shaft of the humerus for insertion of the deltopectoral muscles in pinnipeds is strongly developed in contrast to the weak development observed in terrestrial carnivores.
6. Short and robust humerus. The short and robust humerus of pinnipeds is in contrast to the long, slender humerus of terrestrial carnivores.
7. Digit I on the hand emphasized. In the hand of pinnipeds the first digit (thumb equivalent) is elongated, whereas in other carnivores the central digits are the most strongly developed. 8. Digit I and V on the foot emphasized. Pinnipeds have elongated side toes (digits I and V, equivalent to the big toe and little toe) of the foot, whereas in other carnivores the central digits are the most strongly developed.

Anatomy and Physiology
Pinnipeds are unique among mammals because they feed in the marine environment and reproduce on land or ice, requiring a spatial and temporal separation of feeding from lactation. Seals stay at sea for weeks and often months at a time, yet they must spend considerable amounts of time on land. The amphibious nature of pinniped life has necessitated a wide range of physiological adaptations to life in water and on land. Pinnipeds must meet the physiological challenges of marine existence using specialized adaptations that still facilitates existence on land. This life history requires a remarkable plasticity of physiology. Broad categories of physiological adaptation include
(1) aquatic locomotion
(2) apnea and diving physiology
(3) sensory physiology
(4) osmoregulation
(5) thermoregulation
(6) fasting physiology
(7) lactation physiology

Pinnipeds have had to overcome numerous problems associated with moving efficiently in the dense aquatic medium, and this adaptation has reduced their ability to move about on land. Otariids have hindflippers that can be turned under the body for terrestrial locomotion, whereas phocid seals cannot turn their hindflippers under the body and instead use lunging movements to get around on land.

Perhaps the most complex suite of adaptations required for making a living in the ocean is the physiology associated with breath-hold diving to foraging depths. In addition to adaptations for dealing with great pressures, pinnipeds exhibit physiological adaptation for apnea, increased oxygen storage, brady-chardia. hypoperfusion, hypometabolism, and neuronal and hormonal control of cardiac and spleen function.

The sensory systems of pinnipeds enable them to successfully navigate, forage, and communicate in a variety of environments. Seals hear and see relatively well both in the air and underwater. Because the behavior of sound and light in water is markedly different than that in air, this again requires plasticity in their sensory physiology. Ultimately, sensory physiology must provide the appropriate visual and auditory information to facilitate social interactions on land, while allowing detection and capture of prey and detection and avoidance of predators at sea. Adaptations include well-developed underwater directional hearing and visual sensitivity at low light levels.

Living in salt water poses osmoregulatory problems for pinnipeds. In addition, pinnipeds must stay in water balance during periods on shore during which they may fast completely from food or water. Because animals also lose water for evaporate cooling, osmoregulatory strategies are linked to thermoregulation.

Pinnipeds are exposed to a remarkably variable range of environmental temperatures. They are able to tolerate frigid ocean temperatures at depth as well as high amounts of thermal radiation encountered when hauled out on land. Adaptations that help pinnipeds retain heat in the ocean environment, such as thick blubber or dense fur, may also promote overheating on land. Adaptations that may play a role in thermoregulation include large body size, blubber or dense fur, countercurrent heat exchange systems, and possibly high metabolic rates.

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Type of speciation
Pinnipeds have gradual equilibrium. Some species got adaptations that only help them. Like the walrus has huge tusks. All types of pinnipeds have flippers to help them move around.

Type of evolution
The type of evolution in pinnipeds is divergent. It is thought that after the most common ancestor of pinnipeds, the lineage split into the two superfamilies: the Otaroidea (consisting of eared seals and walruses) and the Phocoidea (the earless seals). Despite this division of the three families, it is thought that the walruses actually share a closer relationship with the phocid seals. Walruses are thought to be a very early divergence from the phocid seals, but not the first.
An animal known as Enaliarctos is thought to be the first known divergence from the last common ancestor of pinnipeds. Unlike modern pinnipeds, skeletal modification in Enaliarctos suggests that is used both its foreflippers and hindflippers in swimming. The two modern superfamilies of pinnipeds use either/or. The presence of elongate hindlimbs with extensive bony processes is an indication that this animal probably spent more of its time on land than in the ocean. The skulls of these animals also show the presence of slicing carnassials. These teeth are found in most terrestrial carnivores, but not in modern pinnipeds, which suggests Enaliarctos may have had to return to land with its prey to ingest it. Phylogenetic analyses of many Enaliarctos fossils indicated that the animal belongs in a sister group in relationship with modern pinnipeds

Skeletons of Enaliarctos have been found from as far back as the late Oligocene which spanned from about 30 to 24 million years ago. This particular epoch marked the transition from the Palaeogene to the Neogene period which was characterized by a period of global cooling culminating in the ice ages in the Pleistocene.
Pinnipedia originally consisted of 5 families. As well as Enaliarctidae, there is another extinct family of called the Desmatophocidae. These primitive seals were closely related to the phocid seals. Whilst fossil evidence is poor, skull fossils found show that they would have relied more on sight to hunt as their inner ear was not as developed for underwater hearing as more modern pinnipeds.

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Darwins two theories apply to pinnipeds because they have had modification over time and has gone through disruptive natural selection. Different groups of pinnipeds have gone through modifications and adaptation over time to help them survive and reproduce. The pinniped group has split into two groups forming a super family and each group is distinct and unique.

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http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1974.tb01340.x/pdf

http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v47/n3/full/ng.3198.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_sea_lion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikal_seal

http://cetus.ucsd.edu/sio133/PDF/BertaChap3.pdf

http://what-when-how.com/marine-mammals/pinniped-physiology-marine-mammals/

http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Pinnipeds/evolution.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped#Evolutionary_history