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BATISTA'S RULE (POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL) 

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BATISTA'S RULE (POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL) 

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EARLY AMERICAN RELATIONS AND GROWTH OF CUBAN NATIONALISM -INCLUDING KEY EVENTS LEADING TO REVOLUTION

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REFORMS-LAND(AGRARIAN), INDUSTRIES, SOCIAL

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RELATIONS WITH USSR

OTHER DOMESTIC ISSUES -HUMANITARIAN ISSUES

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SOUTH AMERICA-CHE

LEADER OF NON-ALIGNED NATIONS

AFRICA

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. Plat amendment - restricted cuba's ability to make treaties with other countries. Gave United states the right to intervene in Cuban Affairs. Gave USA the right to buy or lease land for military bases. Guaranteed a perpetual lease on Guantanomo Bay so that a naval base could be built.

. American-owned business owned 90% of all mines, 40% of the sugar industry, 80% of public services, 50% of all railways, 100% of the oil industry in cuba.

.American involvment in cuba was resented by the Cuban middle class and intellectuals who believed that their country had never been allowed independence.

.Wealthy Cubans enjoyed the benefits of the relative prosperity that the american dominance of sugar industry provided.

Cubans economy relied on United States buying their sugar.

American invested $400 million in 1909 into the Sugar industy. $1200 million by 1921 invested into the sugar industry.

American interests dominated Cuba's banks, mines, rail transport, tobacco, cattle and sugar industries.

Americans brought in many hotels and casinos. large scale gambling flourished in Havana (Latin las vegas).

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Personality Of Fidel Including Others - Tom, Harry and Ali

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Personality Of Fidel Including Others - Tom, Harry and Ali

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- Born into middle class family.
- Athletic, intelligent, intended to be a lawyer
- Tried to receive political power but failed
- Prepared ruthless leader
- Engaged in revolutionary takeovers i.e Santa Clara
- Charismatic leader
- Promised truth and a government for the people
- Turned socialist way of thinking by Che
- Determined to eliminate capitalism
- Nationalistic
- Became seen as a dictator
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from 1902 and 1928 a number of governments rise and fell in Cuba, culminating under the establishment of a dictatorship by Gerardo Machado
when machado fell in 1933 Fulgencio Bartista took over the army and eventually controlled the presidency
bartista became president from 1940 to 1944 and again during 1952. he allowed democratic constitution during his first term
march 1952 bartista overthrew the government in a military coup weeks before the elections

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REFORMS-LAND(AGRARIAN), INDUSTRIES/ECONOMIC, SOCIAL                                 Ben

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REFORMS-LAND(AGRARIAN), INDUSTRIES/ECONOMIC, SOCIAL                                 Ben

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-  August 1960: all large US and Cuban enterprises are nationalised. (could be through means of forcible expropriation)
- 1959 - 1961: Economic Diversification Programme to prevent total reliance on the sugar industry and create a more stable economy.
- 1960: Cuba signs a trade agreement with the USSR. Cuba would receive oil, wheat and steel in exchange for sugar and other Cuban products.
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Cuban foreign policy would ensure armaments and support to guerrilla movements in nations such as Guatemala, Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela 

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Cuban foreign policy would ensure armaments and support to guerrilla movements in nations such as Guatemala, Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela 

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OTHER DOMESTIC ISSUES -HUMANITARIAN ISSUES 

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OTHER DOMESTIC ISSUES -HUMANITARIAN ISSUES 

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>Cuban Missile Crisis
>changes in cuba
- forgine investment
By nastionlizing cuban companies
introduces gambling
- high levels of unemployment
> embassy
-10,00 cubans left of Miami
-More than a million Cubans took to leaky boats and risked drowning to flee poverty, stagnation and a sense of claustrophobia which most blamed on Castro, not the US embargo.
> human rights violations
> signed a trade agreement with the soviet union in 1960
> Thousands were jailed in abysmal prisons, thousands more were harassed and intimidated and that entire generations were denied political freedoms, a system based on abuses which felt increasingly anachronistic.
>Authorities jailed hundreds of prisoners of conscience solely for peacefully exercising their right to freedom of expression, association and assembly in a campaign of “ruthless suppression"
> education in rural areas was limited, same as health care

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Fidel as the leader of the Non-Aligned Nations

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Fidel as the leader of the Non-Aligned Nations

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The Non- Aligned Nations is an international organisation dedicated to representing the interests and aspirations of developing countries. The Non-Aligned Movement counts more than 100 member states, whose combined population amounts to more than half of the world’s population.

Castro's influence as the leader of the Non Aligned Nations

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Cuba's whole economic structure hinged on sugar.

Sugar accounted for 90% of total national exports.

one - third of population living in poverty.

Cuba's GDP 1950s equal to that of Italy's.

About 20% of the economically active population in Cuba worked in industry, 40% worked in agriculture, 30% commerce and services.

During sugar offseason overt employment rose 20.7%

As by the late 1950s, U.S. financial interests owned 90% of Cuban mines, 80% of its public utilities, 50% of its railways.

Urban - rural disparites seen on educational, health and employment fronts.

1958 - cuba producing one - tenth of sugar.

Tourism flourishing due to 'Latin Las Vegas', economic sector earned $300million  1956.

Greater gap between rich and poor (UNEVEN MODERNITY)

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Background.

-> Born in Rosario, Argentina in June 14th, 1928, was born Ernesto "Che" Guevara de le Serna into a middle class family.
-> Graduated high school and started studying medicine at the University of Buenos Aires. However in 1951, Che left the school to travel around the regions of South America. Furthermore, he left his travels to return back home to finish his studies.
-> After meeting Fidel Castro's brother Raul in 1955, Che was convinced to help Castro's en devours as his doctor.

During Fidel's Revolution.
-> In January 1959, Fidel Castro seized control of Cuba and placed Che Guevara in charge of La Cabana prison. Castro did this as Che proved himself to be a loyal support of Castro's political beliefs and Ideas. However, it was later shown through evidence that Che had executed hundreds of people.
-> A few years later, after travelling to Russia and signing a deal with their political leaders for Cube to receive old Russian weaponry in exchange for sugar and access to land for Nuclear weaponry to be placed by the Russians aiming towards America, Che was appointed the president of the national bank and minister of industry.
-> After this, Che did his utmost best to assist the countries transformation into a communist state.

Che Guevara signing a contract with Russia.

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- Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962 where the USA discovered ballistic missiles in Cuba. Russia also found that the USA also harbored missiles pointing towards Russia. Crisis was averted through diplomacy.

- Cuban sugar was highly sought after by the USA until the USA Embargo in October 1960. This severely hurt the Cuban economy.

- Cuba was a hotspot for casinos and such, harbored American Mafia. Cuba was also seen as a holiday spot for Americans.

- Bay of Pigs April 1961. JFK attempted to infiltrate Cuba by sending ex-Cuban prisoners. This failed dramatically and enabled Cuba to unify as a country.

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Why was there growing discontent towards Batista's regime?
Growth of Cuban Nationalism
- Large Cuban middle class was frustrated by lack of power.
- Surge of nationalism only occurred in lower classes
- July, 26th, 1953 saw an attack on the military barracks of Santiago
Welfare of the lower classes
- there was only one hospital in rural Cuba.
- workers only received medical attention if they paid for it and, therefore had no access at all to health care
- "disease is not a serious problem for Cuba, but health is"-World Bank, 1950
- Latin Americans succumbed to diseases of poverty such as digestive system complications, infancy-related  illness, and respiratory disorders.
- Half of Cubans registered to a degree of undernourishment and rural workers had a daily 1000-calorie deficit and were 16% under average Cuban height and weight.
Education levels
- Education levels underscored uneven modernization
- Most common demand for rural workers
- Education levels recovered in 1950 after a massive decline since 1920.
Other points
- An interview by the New York Times (Feb 24, 1957) created a favorable image of Castro
- Batista invested in gambling, only helping the mafia to gain profit. The investment was acted upon due to profits from tourism. This meant that majority of the population of Cuba were left out of pocket, ignored of welfare and in poverty.

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- Agrarian Reform Law 1959, Sierra Maestra, Cuba.
- The Agrarian Land Reform aimed to:
> Limited landholdings to 993 acres.

> Expropriated Latifunda.

> Distributed expropriated land to peasants.

> Nationalized cattle ranches.

Ultimately, in Castro's first year as ruler,  the government managed to acquire half of Cuba's land, and barely any of it was distributed to peasants, therefore proving the 'reform' was more of a communist act.

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The Cuban economy flourished in the 1950s

Cuban public felt exploited by the United States, majority of their Sugar was exported to the US

Cuba was economicallly dependent on the US

The public bellieved that the government was serving the interests of the United States Sugar Market rather than the people of Cuba

Cuba's wealth was not distributed properly, although the country was quite profitable

American businesses owned 90% (mines), 40% (sugar), 80% (public services), 50% (railways), entire oil industry

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Education Reform -
Literacy campaign in 1961
- Illiteracy rate was 11% in urban areas, 41.7% in rural areas
- By 1962, the literacy rate = 96%, one of the highest in the world
- By 1986, almost 100% enrolment in school
Health Care Reform -
- Primary Health Care PHC movement
- In 1964, the Comprehensive Polyclinic was created, as a development of the  PHC
- Medical graduates would automatically join this movement which aided the overall Cuban community

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- USSR agrees to buy Cuban sugar to supplement the US Trade Embargo of 1961.
- As a result of the 1961 US Trade Embargo, USSR backs Cuban support by granting large development loans and military assistance.
- USSR installs Nuclear Missiles onto Cuban soil (1962).
- 1962, USSR sends 40,000 troops to Cuba to 'deter against an American invasion', Events take place after Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961.
- Fidel Castro travels to Moscow in 1963 on diplomatic terms but makes numerous public appearances.
- As trade ebargo contiues, Cuban   dependance on USSR grows.
- USSR provides Cuba with food products and baby products.
- Cuba becoming increasingly Communist.

- 1960's poster displaying Fidel Castro & Nikitia Krushchev in arms, caption - "Long live the eternal, indestructible friendship and cooperation between the Soviet and Cuban peoples".

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- Economic aid
- trade embargo made Cuba               turn to USSR
-Military aid
-USSR sent troops to train Cuban solders