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From the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, large areas of India were annexed by the British East India Company of the British Empire. Dissatisfaction with Company rule led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, after which the British provinces of India were directly administered by the British Crown and witnessed a period of prolonged economic stagnation and major famines.[25][26] During the first half of the 20th century, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched with the leading party involved being the Indian National Congress which was later joined by other organisations. The subcontinent gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, after the British provinces were partitioned into the dominions of India and Pakistan and the princely states all acceded to one of the new states.

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The history of India includes the prehistoric settlements and societies in the Indian subcontinent; the advancement of civilisation from the Indus Valley Civilisation to the eventual blending of the Indo-Aryan culture to form the Vedic Civilisation;[1]the rise of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism;[2][3] the onset of a succession of powerful dynasties and empires for more than three millennia throughout various geographic areas of the subcontinent, including the growth of nomadic Central Asian Muslim dominions during the Medieval period intertwined with Hindu powers;[4][5] the advent of European traders resulting in the establishment of the British rule; and the subsequent independence movement that led to the Partition of India and the creation of the Republic of India.

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Greek

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The Parthenon (; Ancient Greek: ; Modern Greek: Παρθενώνας, Parthenónas) is a former temple, on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Construction began in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power.

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Numismatics:-Numismatics is considered as the second most important source for reconstructing the history of India after inscriptions.Coins are mostly found in the hoards while digging field or constructing a building, making a road, etc.

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Numismatics:-Numismatics is considered as the second most important source for reconstructing the history of India after inscriptions.Coins are mostly found in the hoards while digging field or constructing a building, making a road, etc.

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Neolithic Age India Mehrgarh culture (c. 7000 – 3300 BCE)

Bronze Age India

Indus valley civilization (c. 3300 – 1300 BCE)

An elaborate periodisation may be as follows:[2]

Indian pre-history including Indus Valley Civilisation (until c. 1750 BCE);

Iron Age including Vedic period (c. 1750-600 BCE);

"Second Urbanisation" (c. 600-200 BCE);

Classical period (c. 200 BCE-1200 CE);[note 1]

Pre-Classical period (c. 200 BCE-320 CE);

"Golden Age" (Gupta Empire) (c. 320-650 CE);

Late-Classical period (c. 650-1200 CE);

Medieval period (c. 1200-1500 CE);

Early Modern (c. 1500-1850);

Modern period (British Raj and independence) (from c. 1850).

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MARCO POLO (1292-1294 AD):

Marco Polo was a Foreign Envoy and Venetian traveler
In 1294 A.D. he visited South India.
Marco Polo visited Rudramadevi’s Kakatiya dynasty.
He is very popular to travel through number of eastern countries.
He wrote his experiences in his book ‘The Book of Sir Marco Polo’.
This book explains the economic history of India.

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Megasthenes (Greek) (302-298 BC) : Megasthenes was a famous Foreign Envoy and ambassador of Seleucus Nikator of Syria . ...

Fa-Hien (China) (405-411 AD): ...

Hiuen-Tsang (China) (630-645 AD): ...

I-tsing (671-695 AD): ...

Al-Masudi (957 AD): ...

Al-beruni (Parsia) (1024-1030 AD): ...

Marco Polo (1292-1294 AD): ...

Ibn Batuta (1333-1347 AD):

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Ancient India is often called the Harappan Civilization because one of the ancientcities was called Harappa. Harappa was just one of 1500 cities in the Indus River Valley. Another well-known city is called Mohenjo-Daro. Historians estimate Ancient India to be the biggest of all four early civilizations.

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The principal Buddhist literature such as – Tripitaka, Nikaya, Jataka, Dvipavamsa or Dipavamsha etc. gives us an impression of the socio-economic-religious condition of existing Indian society

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Source literature is a term with different meanings. Literature (understood as printed texts) is one kind of information source. In a way, all literature is a kind of source literature. It might, for example, be cited and used as sources in academic writings.

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The Vedic literature – such as Chaturvedas, Vedanga, the Sutrasahitya, etc. gives us a clear picture of the political, social and economic life of the Aryans, and of the nonstop conflicts between the Aryans and the non-Aryans.

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Religious Literary Sources of Ancient Indian History

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Religious Literary Sources of Ancient Indian History

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Literary sources of Ancient Indian History: The ancient literature and the religious books are important sources of information for the reconstruction of ancient Indian history. Their classification is simple – religious and secular literature, historical literature and foreign accounts.

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Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions or epigraphs as writing; it is the science of identifying graphemes, clarifying their meanings, classifying their uses according to dates and cultural contexts, and drawing conclusions about the writing and the writers. Specifically excluded from epigraphy are the historical significance of an epigraph as a document and the artistic value of a literarycomposition.

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Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects. While numismatists are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other payment media used to resolve debts and the exchange of goods. Early money used by people is referred to as "Odd and Curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes in prison). The Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit and gave small change in lambskins;[1] the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horse is not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals, cocoa beans, large stones, and gems.

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Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions and Numismatic is the study of coins, medals, or paper money.

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1. MEGASTHENES (GREEK) (302-298 BC) :

Megasthenes was a famous Foreign Envoy and ambassador of Seleucus Nikator of Syria .
He visited the Chandragupta Maurya (Sandrokottos) court.
He wrote the great book Indica which explains the reign of Chandragupta Maurya.
He explained Social and administrative status at the time of Mauryas.
Megasthenes was the first foreign envoy who visited India.

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The archaeological source of Indian history is only about two centuries old. ... Epigraphy and Numismatics are the important branches of the study of history, which has greatly enhanced the knowledge of India's past. Epigraphy is the study of inscriptions and Numismatic is the study of coins, medals, or paper money.