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The origins of birds started with the discovery that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs of the late Jurassic.

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The hunt for the birds ancestors started with a specimen of Archaeopteryx

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Being the first known bird it was discovered in 1860 like birds it had feathers along its arms and tail. But also unlike birds it had teeth and a long bony tail. Archaeopteryx was recognized as an intermediat between birds and reptiles

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Fossil discoveries have been discovered in many countries including china south america and many more

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In the 1970s, paleontologists noticed that Archaeopteryx shared unique features with small carnivorous dinosaurs called theropods.

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After Archaeopteryx starting evolving in the direction of Theropods Many of their bones were reduced and fused. This helped increased the efficiency of flight.the bone walls became even thinner, and the feathers became longer and their vanes asymmetrical, probably also improving flight.

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The ancestor of all living birds lived sometime in the Late Cretaceous, and in the 65 million years since the extinction of the rest of the dinosaurs, this ancestor diversified into the major groups of birds alive today.

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After Archaeopteryx the birds continued evolving in the directions of what is thought to be their closer ancestor theropod

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Differences in molecular similarities casually (usually proteins) can be used to determine degrees of relationship between species

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The bony tail was reduced to a stump, and a spray of feathers at the tail eventually took on the function of improving stability and maneuverability. The wishbone, which was present in non-bird dinosaurs, became stronger and more elaborate, and the bones of the shoulder girdle evolved to connect to the breastbone, anchoring the flight apparatus of the forelimb. The breastbone itself became larger, and evolved a central keel along the mid line of the breast which served to anchor the flight muscles. The arms evolved to be longer than the legs, as the main form of locomotion switched from running to flight, and teeth were lost repeatedly in various lineages of early birds.

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the development of an organism (ontogeny) expresses all the intermediate forms of its ancestors throughout evolution (phylogeny).

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Structures in some organisms that seem to have no use in one species but are useful to others

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Pars that are Similar in Structure but have different uses in different species

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variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

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natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex.

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is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.

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is the independent evolution of similar traits, starting from a similar ancestral condition.

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is the process of tracing back two or more species to their common ancestor. ... Thus, they become a different species to their ancestors and what was once one species has diverged into two.

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he transfer of genetic variation from one population to another. ... Immigration may also result in the addition of new genetic variants to the established gene pool of a particular species or population.

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the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

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The mechanism by which evolution takes place

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Variation- Mutation
Inheritance-DNA and sexual selection
Selection- Selection and Genetic Drift
Time- Migration/Gene Flow