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Kievan Rus was founded by King Rurik in the year of 862. He ruled the land from the capital, Novgorod. The people that Rurik governed were known as the Rus. Originally, the people of Rus were Swedish Vikings that emigrated east. Kievan Rus' significance lies in the fact that it is considered to be the foundation of Russia and Ukraine.

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1547 - Ivan the IV is crowned the first Tsar of Russia

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1547 - Ivan the IV is crowned the first Tsar of Russia

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Also known as Ivan the Terrible, Ivan the IV became the first Tsar of Russia in 1547. Under his rule, a centralized empire was constructed. He started the Livonian War against Poland, which was not great for Russia. The war ended on January 15, 1582 after Ivan asked Pope Gregory XIII to intervene and help form an armistice. The prolonged war was considered to be unsuccessful, and it greatly damaged Russia's economy.

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The Romanov dynasty began in 1613 when Michael Romanov was elected as the new tsar of Russia. This ended the "Time of Troubles" that Russia was in before, which consisted of constant invasions and internal disorders. Under Michael's rule, order was restored in Russia and peace treaties were made with Poland and Sweden. After Michael's death on July 23, 1645, his son Alexis inherited the throne. The beginning of the Romanov dynasty was very beneficial for Russia, ending the "Time of Troubles" and making peace with other countries.

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In 1914, the First World War began and involved many developed countries around the world. In Russia, General Alexander Samsonov was given command of the Russian Second Army. They were ordered to  invade East Prussia, and were relatively successful until they were surrounded. Only 10,000 of 150,000 escaped with their lives. The Germans ended up reclaiming their lost land, and Russia lost almost a quarter of a million men. By December, they only had about 2 rifles for every 3 men, and most of them were untrained. Russia also lacked medics, so it was not very likely for a Russian soldier to receive medical treatment if wounded. Russia continued to lose more and more men, and because so many of them were in the war, there weren't as many people to work the farms, which brought food prices way up. At this time, Vladimir Lenin was in exile in Switzerland, and he wrote books and propaganda to start an uprising in Russia, and he was starting to become successful.

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Because of the overall unsuccess of Russia in WWI, the Russians decided it was time for a new leader. A provisional government was set up, and they continued the war effort. There were internal conflicts, and the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, were brought in to help. After the provisional government began to lose power, the Bolsheviks seized the opportunity and took over, making Vladimir Lenin the new leader of Russia. Lenin immediately began to make peace with the Central Powers. On March 3, 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed, which brought peace and made Russia surrender land.

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After the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was established. The Communist Party, led by Lenin, took over and an entirely new government was formed. At its peak, it consisted of a total of 15 countries, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. The USSR believed that the state should control the means of production, and that all the farms would be more productive if they were all owned by the state. This did not turn out to be the case. The USSR brought mass amounts of poverty to the citizens, and lasted until 1991.

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1924 - Joseph Stalin Becomes Leader of the Soviet Union

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1924 - Joseph Stalin Becomes Leader of the Soviet Union

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In wake of the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph stalin rose to power and took control of the Soviet Union. He began to collectivize agriculture and industrialize the state. He ordered that the government seize farmland and executed thousands of higher income farmers. Stalin ordered the Great Purge, which resulted in approximately 600,000 dead and millions others sent to Gulags. Stalin is most remembered for his brutal reign of terror and transforming Russia from an agricultural state to a military superpower.

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1941 - The Soviet Union Joins the Allied Forces

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1941 - The Soviet Union Joins the Allied Forces

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At the start of World War II, the Soviet Union was on good terms and was essentially allies with Nazi Germany. That is, until June 22, 1941 when the Nazis invaded Russia. In the span of a day, the Soviet Union completely swapped sides and joined the Allies. The attack of the Nazis brought forth the War on the Eastern Front, where an estimated 27 million Soviet casualties, most of them being civilians. The fighting persisted even after the Western Forces stormed the beaches of Normandy.

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After the Nazis surrendered, the alliance between the USSR and the Allies began to weaken. America and Britain worried that communism would spread around the globe, and they formed NATO along with other countries of Western Europe. To combat this, the USSR signed the Warsaw Pact between other countries of Eastern Europe, which showed the beginning of the Cold War. The Cold War wasn't really much of a war, it was mostly espionage-based and a race to see which nation could become the world's largest superpower. The United States and the Soviet Union had an "arms race" and a "space race", and they competed as representatives for capitalism and communism. When President Richard Nixon took office, he attempted to slow down or stop the Cold War, but it was resumed when President Ronald Reagan was elected. The Cold War ended in 1991 when the Soviet Union finally fell apart.

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On October 4, 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik (Russian for "traveler"), into space. It became the first satellite launched into space, and set off the Space Race, a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in order to show the world which country and economic system was the greatest. In 1958, America launched Explorer I satellite, and later that year, founded NASA. The next year, in 1959, Luna 2 was launched by the Soviets and became known for being the first space probe to touch the moon. Two years later, in 1961, the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to enter outer space. Only about a month later, America sent Alan Shepard into space and became the country's first man to enter outer space. Later that month, President John F. Kennedy stated very boldly that the United States of America would have a man on the moon by the end of the decade. In 1962, NASA started their lunar landing program, Apollo. The race to the moon became increasingly popular and NASA's budget was five times of what it was originally. On July 16, 1969, NASA sent Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins to the moon on Apollo 11. Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon on July 20, fulfilling JFK's claim and bringing and end to the Space Race.

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The great disparity in the wealth of the elites and the average citizen in the Soviet Union led to many people beginning to detest communism. The government's primary goal was to industrialize and become powerful, no matter the cost. People would often line up for miles to get bread, and did not have access to basic necessities. When President Ronald Reagan was elected in the United States, he began to isolate the Soviet Union's economy. The Soviet Union's many issues and internal conflict paired with the amount of revolutions across Europe, most notably the destruction of the Berlin Wall, led to the citizens of the Soviet Union starting revolutions and eventually, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was no more and Russia and the other Soviet countries had become independent nations that strayed from communism.

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https://www.ducksters.com/geography/country/russia_history_timeline.php

https://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages/kievan_rus.php

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-the-Terrible

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Romanov-dynasty

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-tsar-of-Russia

https://spartacus-educational.com/RUSfww.htm

https://www.history.com/topics/russia/history-of-the-soviet-union

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-9780199743292-0077.xml

https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history

I just hope there isn't any accidental plagiarism.