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The goals of the temperance movement were to completely prohibit the making, selling, distribution, and consumption of alcohol, beer, wine, and liquor. This movement was started by women, mainly Christian and middle class women, who believed that alcohol was immoral. They believed that alcohol was at the root of all the nation's problems (homelessness, unemployment, crime, poverty, etc). Because of this, they believed that if they could make it illegal, the nation could better advance. They also believed that it limit vice (gambling and prostitution), along with domestic abuse, among other things.

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The consumption of hard liquor was a very common problem in America since the dawn of its conception. It was said that, on average, men drank 5-7 gallons yearly and many women began to believe that drinking was contributing to many of society's problems. Middle-class women began to see that crime rates were at an extreme high, along with unemployment, homelessness, and poverty. In addition, spousal and familial abuse ran rampant and women possessed little power to divorce or leave their husbands.

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There were over 24 organizations that were temperance-focused. This cause aimed to put an end to the problems that alcohol indulgence negatively impacted the lives of many women.

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Over 32,000 women had barged into saloons and liquor stores demanding to stop the sales of alcohol. The temperance movement was supported by many lower and middle-class women at the time, as they did not work and relied on their husbands to provide and support their families. As a result of women staying home, many had the leisure time to engage and participate in organizations and associations that supported the temperance movement.

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In the early 1800s, women had begun to stay home alone, while men began to work in factories. Because of this, women had the chance to group together and discuss issues they saw within society. As the Second Great Awakening started, women started to use their religious beliefs to encourage charity work and advocacy work. This was what started the prohibition movement. While very popular with Christian women at the time, the movement did not gain a lot of traction. It wasn’t until the early 1900's that the prohibition movement started to gain popularity. This movement was more effective. This is because christian women worked alongside middle class women, to target specific societal issues. This movement was less religious based and more ideal/society based, making it more effect

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The purpose of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was to promote abstinence from alcohol. They had protested in pray-ins at different taverns and advocated making homes safer for women and children. They endorsed the white ribbon as a symbol of purity and used the motto “Agitate, Educate, Legislate.” Under Frances Willard’s leadership, this organization became one of the largest women’s organizations during the 19th century.

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The 18th amendment went into effect on January 16, 1919. This amendment stated that the sale, transportation, or manufacturing of all liquor would be prohibited. This amendment did not prohibit individual/private, possession, production, or consumption.

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After the 18th amendment, gangs and organized crime began to ramp up. The infamous gang, Al Capone, was started at this time. These groups would illegally produce, sell, and transport alcohol. They were called bootleggers, and they increased the public's support for the 21st amendment.

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The Anti-Saloon League (ASL)was an organization that promoted National prohibition in the United States. This organization had branches across the country and worked with churches in assembling resources for the prohibition fight. This league was majority protestant churches and filled with people from rural and southern areas. With the motto, “The Saloon Must Go”, the ASL focused to unify Anti-Alcohol Sentiment.

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Made the manufacturing, transportation, and sale of “intoxicating liquors” illegal. It was also the first amendment to have a time limit for ratification which caused states to enact it sooner than former amendments. This amendment did not prohibit individual/private, possession, production, or consumption.

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While the 18th Amendment was passed in 1919, legislation lacked the infrastructure to enforce the law. The Volstead Act was enacted in 1919 to enforce the 18th amendment. The act was vetoed by President Woodrow Wilson but the veto was overridden by Congress. This caused many of the States to adopt prohibitionist policies quickly. However, it was underfunded so enforcement became lax and it was eventually repealed.

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The 18th amendment was repealed on December 5, 1933, by the 21st amendment. This was a result of growing discontent among Americans. The combination of a lack of enforcement and lost revenue made prohibition wildly unpopular. The increase in organized crime (bootleggers) also played a role in the 21st Amendment, as Americans hoped that gangs like Al Capone would decrease their presence in cities. Additionally, this was at the start of the Great Depression. Drinking became a past time and an escape for those who had lost everything.

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This was a change at both the Federal and State levels, however, once the 18th amendment was repealed it was still left up to the states to decide on whether or not to enforce temperance.

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Because women were primarily involved in the construction and ratification of this movement, their contributions eventually led to all women gaining the right to vote as outlined in the 19th Amendment. This was a great step towards equality for women as their voices in politics were finally being heard.

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Many protestant churches still advocate for temperance regarding alcohol consumption.

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There is also more legislation limiting the amount of alcohol people can consume.

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Although there is no federal nor state ban on alcohol consumption, it is more widespread in today's society to practice abstinence from alcohol for health and religious or personal reasons. People no longer drink as excessively than they did 100 years ago.

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Carry Nation, armed with a hatchet, brought her anti-alcohol crusade to Wichita, Kansas, on December 27, 1900. She had caused severe damages to the bar located in Carey Hotel. Carry had claimed that burning saloons was a legitimate approach to combating the state’s burgeoning liquor trade because Kansas’s constitution had forbidden the purchase of liquor.

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Prior to the progressive movement, children who committed crimes, even petty ones such as theft or truancy, could be institutionalized and tried as adults in an adult court of law. Many of the mothers in this movement found this to be inhumane so they began to advocate for juvenile courts. These courts would be focused on rehabilitation rather than punishment and would offer lighter sentences, seeing as these women viewed children as needing to be guided rather than punished.

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The American Medical Association (AMA) was established during this time which unified procedures for patients and practices. It implemented the first of standard terms and descriptors to document procedures in the medical record.

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https://www.thoughtco.com/temperance-movement-prohibition-timeline-3530548

https://prohibition.themobmuseum.org/the-history/the-road-to-prohibition/the-temperance-movement/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Volstead-Act

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement#:~:text=The%20crusade%20consisted%20of%20over,November%201874%20in%20Cleveland%2C%20Ohio.

https://case.edu/ech/articles/w/womens-christian-temperance-movement

https://ap.gilderlehrman.org/essays/women-and-progressive-movement

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eighteenth-Amendment

https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1901-1950/The-Volstead-Act/#:~:text=Known%20as%20the%20Volstead%20Act,as%20their%20production%20and%20distribution.

https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/volstead-act

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Volstead-Act

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Eighteenth Amendment, amendment (1919) to the Constitution of the United States imposing the federal prohibition of alcohol.

The Eighteenth Amendment emerged from the organized efforts of the temperance movement and Anti-Saloon League, which attributed to alcohol virtually all of society's ills and led campaigns at the local, state, and national levels to combat its manufacture, sale, distribution, and consumption. Most of the organized efforts supporting prohibition involved religious coalitions that linked alcohol to immorality, criminality, and, with the advent of World War I, unpatriotic citizenship. The amendment passed both chambers of the U.S. Congress in December 1917 and was ratified by the requisite three-fourths of the states in January 1919. Its language called for Congress to pass enforcement legislation, and this was championed by Andrew Volstead, chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, who engineered passage of the National Prohibition Act (commonly referred to as the Volstead Act). The act was conceived by Anti-Saloon League leader Wayne Wheeler and passed over the veto of Pres. Woodrow Wilson.

Neither the Volstead Act nor the Amendment was enforced with great success. Indeed, entire illegal economies ( bootlegging, speakeasies, and distilling operations) flourished. The public appetite for alcohol remained and was only intensified with the stock market crash of 1929. In March 1933, shortly after taking office, Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Cullen-Harrison Act, which amended the Volstead Act, permitting the manufacturing and sale of low-alcohol beer and wines (up to 3.2 percent alcohol by volume). Nine months later, on December 5, 1933, federal prohibition was repealed with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment (which allowed prohibition to be maintained at the state and local levels). The Eighteenth Amendment is the only amendment to have secured ratification and later been repealed.

The full text of the Amendment is:

Section 1-After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Section 2-The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Section 3-This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

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Eighteenth Amendment | Definition, Summary, & Facts

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Eighteenth Amendment, amendment (1919) to the Constitution of the United States imposing the federal prohibition of alcohol. It was repealed in 1933, following the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment. The Eighteenth Amendment thus became the only amendment to have secured ratification and later been repealed.