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CPV - ssDNA virus, required rapid divide cell, attack tonsils or lymph node (throat),  highly infectious - spread through direct/ indirect contact. sign: lethargy , vomit, bloody diarrhea

CDV - ssRNA envelope virus, replicate in lymphatic tissue of respiratory tract, spread via hematogenous. sign : aneroxia, diarrhea, vomiting, thick yellow discharge from eye

Vaccine and challenge:
Canine vaccine :
1. core vaccine - protection against infection by CDV, CPV-2
- commercial, combined vaccine (5 in 1, 7 in 1 vaccine), protect against multiple diseases
brand : nobivac, vanguard, recombined
2. non-core vaccine

challenges: fast-changing evolution of viruses required specifically for / to induce required response - cause a challenge in vaccine development

new dev required a clear understanding of the immune response correlates of protection and a series of clinical trial involving different animal models

fast evolution of viruses leads to antigenic shift and drift - vaccine might not work

puppy vaccination (under 16 weeks) - 3 doses ( given each month ), between 6 and 16, booster  after 3rd dose
Adult (more than 16 weeks) : 2 doses, each 3-4 weeks apart, booster after 2nd dose

diagnoses,
CPV - PCR, ELISA
CDV- RT-PCR, serology test

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Eimeria vaccine does not have cross protection among vaccine  type

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- Type of vaccine is killed vaccine, strongly dependent on adjuvants.
- Brucella - CMI
- Pasteurella- humoral
- Rose Bengal Test is less sensitive comapring with complement fixation test

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What is the public health implication for AI zoonotic disease?

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what is the virulence protein of CDV?
- HA and F protein

How is the MDA interference on the vaccination schedules?
- puppies contains high titre of MDA at younger ages.
- However, it varies according to the mother bitch's immunity.
- Based on WSAVA, the vaccination should starts after 3 to4 weeks to avoid neutralisation of vaccine.

Newly emergence CPV-2a , 2b and 2c
- vaccine contain different strains to provide sufficient cross protection

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CMI is important for clearance of viral-infected cell.
CDV most likely to induce CMI compare to humoral immunity.

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Newcastle disease- single serotype but has classified into 3 different prototypes
AI has different serotypes depending on the HA and NA protein types combination

RT-PCR- matric gene assay unable to detect each haemoglutinin and nueraminidase on the virus but only detect AI type A, as it is subtype-specific.

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Eimeria spp.

Hemonchus contortus

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Why is haemorrhagic septicaemia is a dangerous disease?
Endotoxin from Pasteurella multocida causes haemorrhagic septicaemia, which is highly fatal affecting the respiratory system of the cattle.

why Brucellosis is important?
- it is a zoonotic disease which involves public heath importance.
- Require diva approaches toward vaccinated or unvaccinated animals