# data[].attributes.body
Tensions between Utes and farmers and ranchers in southwestern Colorado had been building for years before the Beaver Creek Massacre. Settlers complained that Utes roaming off the reservation were killing cattle and stealing horses. Some settlers in Durango were calling for Utes to be completely confined to the reservation. The Utes, meanwhile, often had little choice but to hunt elsewhere, as repeated incursions by white railroads and livestock drove elk, deer, and other game off the reservation.

# data[].attributes.body
Zia crafts, particularly in their distinctive ceramic tradition, have helped maintain their cultural identity. Indeed, many tribal members credit Zia women’s production of pottery in the early twentieth century as saving the tribe during a particularly gloomy period by trading for food and other essential goods. In recent decades, the agrarian traditions of the tribe have been supplanted by a significant investment in stock raising, initially in sheep and now in cattle. Still, aspects of the Zia way are known region wide, most conspicuously with the sun symbol depicted on both the state flag and license plates of New Mexico.

# data[].attributes.body
When troops arrived, the Utes saw the soldiers’ presence on the reservation as an overt violation of their sovereignty and treaty rights. Utes from the White River Agency attacked the army’s relief columns at what became known as the Battle of Milk Creek, which lasted for several days. Fighters killed the commanding officer, Major Thornburg, and many other troops in what is often described as the longest-lasting single battle with Indigenous people in American history. The Utes also attacked the agency and burned most of the facility. They killed Meeker and the rest of the white male agency workers and also took Meeker’s wife, daughter, and another family captive.

# data[].attributes.body
The “flute” of a fluted point is the groovelike flaking scar intentionally created by a flintknapper by removing a flake from the base of a spear point. Some points may have only one large flute removed, whereas others may have several smaller flutes.

# data[].attributes.body
Unlike other Indian Appropriations Acts, most of which served the mundane purpose of allocating federal funds to fulfill treaty obligations, the Appropriations Act of 1871 marked a major shift in federal Indigenous policy. Nearly a century earlier, immediately after the nation was established, President George Washington applied the president’s treaty-making power to Indigenous nations, setting a precedent for nation-to-nation diplomacy.

Four decades later, Indigenous sovereignty was upheld in the 1832 Supreme Court decision Worcester v. Georgia, which declared that Indigenous people did indeed belong to “sovereign nation[s]

# data[].attributes.body
This video is about Native Americans during the 1800s.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Google Forms - create and analyze surveys, for free.

# data[].attributes.body
Meeker’s appointment was partly due to his experience with irrigated farming in Greeley, and he quickly noticed that the agency buildings were on land ill suited for irrigation. His first order was to move the agency downstream on the White River, directly onto a pasture where the Utes grazed and raced horses.

Tensions only escalated from there. Meeker became frustrated when the majority of Utes refused to take up farming or cow milking and instead left on hunts that lasted for days. He wrote articles condemning the Utes’ resistance to his teachings and insulting their intelligence and character. Where previous agents might have been satisfied with the Utes’ partial embrace of farming, Meeker would accept nothing but total compliance; he even withheld food and supplies as punishment for their resistance.

# data[].attributes.body
The Conejos Treaty hardly improved United States–Ute relations, mainly because the majority of Colorado’s Utes had not agreed to allow miners, soldiers, and homesteaders to trespass or build on their land.

In addition, as with most other Indian treaties, the government failed to provide its promises.
e.

# data[].attributes.body
http://exhibits.historycolorado.org/

https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/ute-history-and-ute-mountain-ute-tribe

# data[].attributes.body
The Ute Treaty of 1868 was one of many treaties between the United States and Native Americans. At the time, these treaties were hailed as milestones in US-Indigenous relations. President Andrew Johnson gave silver peace medals to each Ute at the 1868 meetings. Yet no matter what the government promised in treaties, power remained with the United States and its strong military force.

# data[].attributes.headline
12 Ute History and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe

# data[].attributes.subject
12 Ute History and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe

# data[].attributes.body
The Ute people lived in Utah, Colorado, and northern New Mexico. They are generally believed to have first appeared as in AD 1000–1200 in an area roughly located in eastern California and southern Nevada. The Ute people migrated to the Four Corners region by 1300, from where they continued to spread across Colorado’s Rocky Mountains over the next 200 years

# data[].attributes.body
These spear points represent one form of technology used by the earliest humans of North and South America. Some points may have only one large flute removed, whereas others may have several smaller flutes. Fluting is generally done on both sides of the point, but sometimes only one side of the point is fluted.

# data[].attributes.body
By about 11,500 BC, though, discoveries of the Clovis artifacts in sites with the bones of at least some of these animals leave no doubt that people were here. The best-known Clovis sites in North America are mammoth kills, and this has led many to view Clovis people as specialized big-game hunters.

# data[].attributes.body
The spear of the Ute Mountain Ute tribe was designed in 1965 by the late Henry Joe Jacket Sr. He was elected to one of the first tribal councils.

# data[].attributes.body
moon,sun,bear,and ghost.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1868, Ute leaders from all seven bands sign the Treaty of 1868, creating a protected reservation covering 20 million acres in western Colorado. The  Ute Mountain Ute tribe is governed by a seven-member Tribal Council and a Chairman. The leader in the center of the seal represents the Ute Band.

# data[].attributes.body
Tribe lies to the south and east of Durango, Colorado. Many members of the tribe make their living today from ranching, farming, or working in the oil and gas industry.History Colorado, 10043428

Buckskin Charlie, known to the Ute people as Sapiah, was the leader of the Southern Ute tribe from 1880 until his death in 1936.

# data[].attributes.body
The mountain Utes tribe is the larger community is in Towaoc, near Cortez, and is the location of the tribal headquarters. Their may resource is corn. Towaoc and most Weeminuche descendants live there now.

# data[].attributes.body
The Southern Ute Indian Tribe is to the south and east of Durango, Colorado. Because Chief Ouray spoke English and was familiar with Anglo culture, he was able to serve as a negotiator with the U.S. government. The Council Tree, a 200 year old cottonwood tree. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 makes it law for the U.S. to deal with the tribes as a nation.