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*EACH SEGMENT REPRESENTS 200 MILLION YEARS*

Black: special event

Orange: the first appearance of something

Purple: one of the twelve geological periods

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4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE BEGINNING OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM  

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4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE BEGINNING OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM  

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During the Hadean Eon, the solar system formed due to four phases: spinning, flattening, planetesimals, and planets but it first started with the Supernova.  A Supernova is when a large star runs out of fuel causing gravity to collapse and creates an explosion.  The remains of this are large clouds of dust and gas called interstellar clouds.  In phase one, each atom moves and attaches because of gravity.  All of this moving and energy averaged out in one direction and caused the solar system to spin.  In phase two, gravity pulls the dust and gas closer to the center and made the solar system mover more rapidly and caused the solar system to flatten.  In phase three, gas and dust come together because of gravity forming planetesimals. Due to them having gravity they formed a planetesimals.  The largest planetesimals collected the most material because of them having greater gravity.  In phase four, smaller planetesimals collided with the larger planetesimals causing planets to grow.  The remaining dust and gas were pulled in leaving the sun and the planets behind.

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4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE ORGIN OF THE EARTH

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4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE ORGIN OF THE EARTH

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During the Archean Eon, the Earth divided into three layers: crust, mantle, and core.  Earth's layers formed with materials that had different densities that were separated because it was melting inside the Earth.  The heavier elements were sinking because of the Earth's gravity.  The core, the center part of the Earth, consists of two parts.  The inner and outer core.  The Earth's mantle is between the crust and core.  The mantle is made up of silicates which are a variety of compounds that share silicon and oxygen.  The Earth's crust is the thin outermost layer  of the Earth.  Earth's original atmosphere came from hydrogen and helium.  Earth's second atmosphere formed from volcanic outgassing and comet ices.  This atmosphere had lots of water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane but almost no oxygen.  Earth's oceans formed after Earth did.  Oceans formed when it eventually cooled off enough for rain to fall.  Continents formed when lighter materials were gathered on the surface and rose above sea level.

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4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE PRECAMBRIAN PERIOD 

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4.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE PRECAMBRIAN PERIOD 

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The Precambrian period happened 4.6 billion years ago when Earth was still forming.  The first protozoa appeared followed closely by worms. Soon after, arthropods, mollusks, and fungi showed up in the fossil record.

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3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA 

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3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF CYANOBACTERIA 

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During the Archean Eon, the Cyanobacteria was a blue-green algae that is founded in all types of water.  Cyanobacteria are found naturally in all types of water.  These organisms live in marine water and use sunlight to make their food.

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2.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE HURONIAN ICE AGE

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2.5 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE HURONIAN ICE AGE

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During the Huronian Ice Age, sea levels dropped while ice covered the planet. The Earth was running out of precipitation. During the same time, volcanoes started to erupt which released carbon dioxide and gases. This warmed the planet. The loss of precipitation and volcanoes erupting ended the first ever ice age.

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2.3 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF OXYGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE 

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2.3 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF OXYGEN IN THE ATMOSPHERE 

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During the Proterozoic Eon, Earth had no oxygen before photosynthesis evolved.  Photosynthesis produced oxygen by photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms.  The cyanobacteria used an abundant amount of CO2 and released oxygen as a waste product into the ocean.  In tidal flats, organic carbon dioxide are produced and buried which increased oxygen concentrations in the ocean.

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1.2 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS 

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1.2 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS 

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The first appearance of multicellular organisms happened 600 million years ago.  Multicellular organisms is an organism that  contains one or more cells.

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1 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF FUNGI 

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1 BILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF FUNGI 

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During the Paleoproterozoic era, fungi appeared. Fungi are a kingdom that is multicellular eukaryotic organisms that are heterotrophs.  Heterotrophs means that they can't make their own food.  They have an important role in nutrient cycling in an ecosystem.  Fungi reproduces both sexually and ase

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850 - 635 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CRYOGENIAN ICE AGE 

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850 - 635 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CRYOGENIAN ICE AGE 

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During this time period, ice sheets reached all the way to the equator. Scientists called this the "Snowball Earth".

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716 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE SNOWBALL EARTH 

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716 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE SNOWBALL EARTH 

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During the Neoproterozoic era, the Cryogenian Ice Age occurred.  Ice sheets reached all the way to the equator.  Scientists have called this period the "Snowball Earth".  The Earth became entirely covered with ice.  Scientists have believed that the Snowball Earth reached negative 130 degrees celsius.  Temperatures near the equator could've dipped below zero.  Volcanoes were the reason why the Earth became frozen. The Snowball Earth actually happened twice.

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600 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CREATION OF THE OZONE LAYER

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600 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CREATION OF THE OZONE LAYER

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The ozone was formed from chemical reactions that involve solar ultraviolet radiation and oxygen molecules. These reactive atoms combine with an oxygen molecule to produce the ozone molecule

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540 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD

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540 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CAMBRIAN PERIOD

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The Cambrian period took part of the Paleozoic era and produced a huge evolution. It introduced an incredible diversity of life and chordates. All major animal phyla started to appear in the fossil record.

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500 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF INVERTEBRATES 

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500 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF INVERTEBRATES 

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620 million years ago, the first microscopic organism appeared in the ocean.  They're soft bodied animals with a shell or a carapace.  Sponges were the first invertebrate organism.

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500 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF PLANTS 

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500 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF PLANTS 

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500 million years ago, the first appearance of plants happened during the Cambrian period and Paleozoic era.  The first evidence of plants is known from the middle of the Ordovician period.  The first appearance of plants did not have a vascular system to help them transport nutrients and water.  Instead, they grew on damp places sprawled out on rocks.

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505-440 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE ORDOVICIAN PERIOD 

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505-440 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE ORDOVICIAN PERIOD 

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The second period of the Paleozoic era was the Ordovician period that happened 488 million years ago.  During this period a variety of marine life grew in the seas.

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479 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF INSECTS 

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479 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF INSECTS 

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Insects started to evolve during the Ordovician period.  The first traces of insects appeared in rocks. The "Rhinognatha hirsti" was the earliest known insect.

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460 - 430 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE ANDEAN SAHARAN ICE AGE

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460 - 430 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE ANDEAN SAHARAN ICE AGE

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The Andean Saharan Ice Age happened during the Ordivican period. The levels of atmospheric and oceanic oxygen grew because of the altered carbon cycle. More oxygen meant more organic carbon. The extra carbon from Earth's oceans were removed. This caused the Earth to transition to the next Ice Age which was the Andean-Saharan Ice Age.

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450 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF VERTEBRATES 

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450 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF VERTEBRATES 

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450 million years ago, the first appearance of vertebrates happened during the Cambrian period and the Paleozoic era.  Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone in their body.  The notochord which supported pacaya's muscle structure is the design common to all vertebrates.

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445 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTIONS

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445 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE ORDOVICIAN MASS EXTINCTIONS

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This extinction wiped out 85% of marine species.

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444 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE SILURIAN PERIOD

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444 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE SILURIAN PERIOD

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The Silurian period happened during the Paleozoic era.  In the Silurian period, the Earth started to warm up and introduced us to new marine life. One of those being coral reefs. Another marine life that was apart of the Silurian period were boneless fish. Another group of fish that followed were the jawed fish. Plants also started to grow out of the water. The first type of plant was called the cooksonia. They were able to transport nutrients and water throughout their bodies. They didn't have leaves so they had to use their green stalks to soak up the sunlight.

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443 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF LAND ANIMALS 

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443 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF LAND ANIMALS 

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Land animals appeared in the Cambrian period and the Paleozoic Era.  The first land animal was a millipede. Millipedes belong to a group called "Myriapods". Millipedes are called "peaceful vegetarians" and use their legs to push their head into the soil. We can distinguish millipede species by looking at their copulatory organs.

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416 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE DEVONIAN PERIOD 

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416 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE DEVONIAN PERIOD 

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The Devonian period started 416 million years ago during the Paleozoic era.  The Devonian world was 85% covered with ocean and the continent was likely warm and tropical.  Plant life during the Devonian period was the earliest vascular plants to appear.  Archaeopteris trees were tall plants that reached 78 ft.  This type of tree played a role in fresh water fishes because it fed the fish and causing an explosion in adversity and variety of fish.  During the Devonian period, fish were really abundant.  The very first animals to take over the land were arthropods.

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372 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE DEVONIAN EXTINCTION

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372 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE DEVONIAN EXTINCTION

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During the Devonian Extinction wiped out 80% of Earth's species. This caused by change in sea levels and wiped out tropical marine life.

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370 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF AMPHIBIANS 

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370 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF AMPHIBIANS 

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During the Devonian period, a fish somehow grew legs and was able to make its way out of the water.  After further research and looking at its fossil, sketches were made and it was determined to be an amphibian called the "Ichthyostegalia". Scientists assumed it was about a meter or three feet long. Most fossils were revealed for animals to have 5 fingers while this amphibian had 8.

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360 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD 

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360 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD 

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The Carboniferous periods belonged in the Paleozoic era and are treated like two periods.  Those two being the Mississippian period (360 - 320 million years ago) and the the later Pennsylvanian period (320-300 million years ago).  North America and Europe were covered with tropical rainforests, swampy forests, dead plant material , and coal.  This period was a time of mountain building.  The end of the Carboniferous period contributed to the draw down and the burying of carbon creating coal deposits

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360 - 260 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE KAROO ICE AGE

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360 - 260 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE KAROO ICE AGE

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The CO2 levels and the greenhouse effect weakened and caused another ice age.  The Karoo Ice Age.  The name "Karoo" originated from glacial tills in Karoo, South Africa.

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360 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF REPTILES 

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360 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF REPTILES 

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As reptiles were introduced to the world during the Carboniferous period, these creatures became the largest forms of life. Reptiles first arose from earlier tetrapods in the swamps of the late Carboniferous The first reptile was called the Hylonomus.  The Hylonomus was a small lizard like animal that lived in forest habitats.

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299 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE PERMIAN PERIOD 

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299 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE PERMIAN PERIOD 

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The Permian period was the last period of the Paleozoic era. During the Permian period, it caused mass extinctions. The Permian is divided into three epochs: The Cisuralian, Guadalupian, and Lopingian. As the Permian period goes through these three stages, the climate becomes more warmer and drier. The forests that contained Lycopods, a vascular plant, would disappear. The oxygen levels would drop meaning giant arthropods would diminish. The land ecosystems were dominated by large carnivores and herbivores amniotes. Some of the ancestors of dinosaurs would diversify while some became aquatic. The ocean had reefs and ancient mollusks and arthropods. However, the sea levels would decrease from 200 ft to 60 ft above modern levels and deepen the ocean. Increased volcanic activity happened releasing greenhouse gases. It raised the temperature turning most of the Pangea into a dessert. These factors lead to a mass extinctions

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252 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE TRIASSIC PERIOD 

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252 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE TRIASSIC PERIOD 

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The Triassic period was the first period of the Mesozoic era.  It followed right after the Permian period and it was the time where life outside of the oceans began to diversify. The two main animal families on the planet were called the Therapsids and the Archosaurs.  Those that belonged with the Therapsids were Lystrosaurs.  These were very common during the early and middle part of the Triassic period.

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250 MILLION YEARS AGO - TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTIONS

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250 MILLION YEARS AGO - TRIASSIC MASS EXTINCTIONS

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As the Triassic period was coming to an end, and the Jurassic period was starting, Pangea was starting to break apart. This caused multiple volcanoes to form. These eruptions sent carbon dioxide into the air and trapped all the heat. These conditions made it very hard for animals to live. During this time, meteors were hitting Earth. Most animals died while some actually lived. The animals who lived were able to move on to the Jurassic period.

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230 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF DINOSAURS 

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230 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF DINOSAURS 

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As the Jurassic period was about to start, Dinosaurs were evolving from reptiles.  The first dinosaur was called the  Plateosaurus. This creature was a large plant eating animal. This was a relative of the larger sauropods. The Earth had heavy vegetation near lakes and rivers.

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200 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF MAMMALS 

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200 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF MAMMALS 

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The first mammal appeared during the Jurassic period.  It was called the Megazostrodon.  This was a tiny nocturnal insectivore.  These mammals started to diversify during the Jurassic period. By the middle of the period, 164 million years ago, mammals has diversified a little. For example, the Volaticotherium and the Castrocauda.

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201 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE JURASSIC PERIOD 

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201 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE JURASSIC PERIOD 

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The Jurassic period was apart of the Mesozoic era.  During this time, dinosaurs had already achieved a variety of body plans and adaptations.  One of the most important are the Ornithischians. These species had what is called a "pubis". This was a major change in an Ornithischian dinosaurs. Instead of it pointing down and forward, the pubis was reversed, it pointed backwards. This allowed Ornithischian's to have a larger gut cavity that was able to hold expanded digestive organs. This helped them eat tough plants during the mesozoic era. During this time, Ornithischians began to spread and diversify. This group became so successful that they grew to encompass many prolific kinds of dinosaurs.

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145 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD 

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145 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CRETACEOUS PERIOD 

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The Cretaceous period was the final and longest period during the Mesozoic era.  The Pangea was slowly breaking apart and becoming warmer.  During this time, oceans were forming and rising and broke one of the big continents into smaller ones. The Cretaceous period introduced new plants and insects, specifically bees, to the world.  Additionally, we see new dinosaurs such as Iguanodon, Hadrosaurus, Edmontosaurus, Saurolophus, Parasaurolophus, Andylosaurus, Ceratopsians, and the Diabloceratops. These are just a few new dinosaurs that were introduced.

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130 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF FLOWERING PLANTS 

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130 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE APPEARANCE OF FLOWERING PLANTS 

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During the Cretaceous period new plants were introduced such as cycads, ginkgoes, conifers, and ferns.  They also introduced flowering plants such as angiosperms that include magnolias, laurel, barberry, early sycamores, and palms. These flowering plants were supplying plant-eating dinosaurs.  These flowering plants were nutritious for these dinosaurs.

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66 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CRETACEOUS MASS EXTINCTIONS

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66 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE CRETACEOUS MASS EXTINCTIONS

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It killed 80% of all animal extinctions. During the Cretaceous period, asteroids killed dinosaurs and as well as life on Earth. Birds and amphibians survived this mass extinction while larger animals were more affected.

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65 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE TERTIARY PERIOD 

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65 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE TERTIARY PERIOD 

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The Tertiary period was the first period to ever happen during the Cenozoic era.  The climate during this period was very tropical and warm.  Due to this, mammals, birds, and insects scattered the world.  Mammals flourished during this time.  Including plants and insects.  The Himalayan mountains were created and North America and Europe were separated and sea levels were low.

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60 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF BIRDS 

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60 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF BIRDS 

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The evolution of birds first came from the Jurassic period.  The earliest birds were derived from a clade of theropod dinosaurs called Paraves.  The earliest bird was called the Archaeopteryx. It had the same features as the bird. It had Feathers and wings but unlike birds now, they had teeth and a long bony tail.

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23 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE NEOGENE PERIOD

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23 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE NEOGENE PERIOD

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The Neogene period was in the middle of the Cenozoic era and was the shortest period than all the others.  During this time, there were big changes on Earth.  The climate became drier and cooler, grassland became forests, and animals had to adapt to these changing conditions or become extinct. Also, there were new food resources and more mammals and birds. Sea life also diversified. More whales and sharks reached their largest size in the sea.

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2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE QUATERNARY ICE AGE 

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2.5 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE QUATERNARY ICE AGE 

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The Quaternary Ice Age is the most recent Ice Age. During this Ice Age, whales and sharks topped the food chain. There were also otters, seals, dugongs, fish, squid, crustaceans, sea urchins, and microscopic plankton. On land, there were bison, oxen, rhinos, and mammoths.

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1-7 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF HUMANS 

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1-7 MILLION YEARS AGO - THE FIRST APPEARANCE OF HUMANS 

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The Homo lineage broke away from chimpanzees.  Over time, 20 early human species, or hominins, came to the fore.  Most hominins became extinct while others might've been ancestors to todays humans.  Each hominins had physical and behavioral traits such as large brains, small teeth, bipedality, and tool use.  The hominins fell into three groups.  Those being  early hominins, australopithecines, and homo genus.  The earliest humans lived in Africa sharing a common ancestor with chimpanzees and having small ape like traits like a small cranial capacity.  Fossils also showed that ancient hominins showed human-like characteristics.  The australopithecines lived across the Africa continent. They also had ape like traits. The next phase of human evolution was called homo. The homo species were becoming more human. Their skull was growing larger. they created advanced tools and became the first to control fires. Some homo species were actually leaving Africa and adapted to new environments