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Case 2.
a) 3 stages of prenatal development

1. the germinal period

- takes place in the first 2 weeks after conception

- when the sperm and egg cells unite in one of the fallopian tubes

* fertilized egg = zygote

2. embryonic period

- happens 2-8 weeks after conception where zygote becomes embryo

- plays an important role in the development of the brain

3. fetal period

- happens 3 months after conception

- by this period, it is known as fetus

- begins during the ninth week and lasts until birth

b) Explain the role of genetics in human development.

Inheritance of Traits: Many of our characteristics, such as eye colour, hair colour, and height, are inherited from our biological parents.

Development of Brain and Behavior : Genetics has an important role in brain and behaviour development. It has an impact on qualities such as IQ, temperament, and vulnerability to mental health problems.

c)Environmental factors such as smoking and occasional alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have adverse effects on the health and development of the fetus.

Effects of carbon monoxide on the fetus : The contents do not grow perfectly. For example infant detects and also increase infant mortality.

Pregnant woman who are exposed to cigarattes smoke will cause fertility problems and cause difficulty in getting pregnant.

Alcohol Consumption: Developmental Issues: Alcohol exposure can lead to developmental delays, affecting the child's learning and behavior.

d) Analyze the impact of prenatal substance abuse on fetal development :

Premature Birth: Prenatal substance abuse is linked to an increased risk of preterm birth, which can result in a range of complications for the baby, including respiratory distress, infections, and long-term health issues.

e) Identify the different methods of childbirth and their risks and benefits :

Vaginal Birth (Normal Delivery):

Benefits: Vaginal birth is a natural process with a shorter recovery time for the mother. It may also offer certain health benefits for the baby, such as exposure to beneficial bacteria during passage through the birth canal.

Risks: Complications may arise during vaginal birth, including tears, infection, and the need for medical interventions like forceps or vacuum extraction. Smoking during pregnancy can increase the risk of complications.

f) Provide recommendations and advice to the couple based on their specific situation

Keep busy when bored or stress and avoid gathering with smokers.

Keep yourself busy by participating in activities that benefits your health.

Stop gradually by reducing the number of cigarattes until you succeed in not smoking at all but do it quickly and stop before pregnancy reaches 14 weeks.

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Case 5 (question 5)

There are 4 methods of childbirth which is vaginal delivery (normal), assisted vaginal delivary (vacuum or forceps), C- section (Ceaserean birth) and VBAC (vaginal birth after ceaserean). For this case the woman wanted to having a natural childbirth which is the first method, vaginal delivery. This method is the most preferred and common way to deliver a baby. There are three stages of vaginal delivery which is labor, birth and delivery the placenta.

Benefits :
1. Faster Recovery: After a natural birth, some moms may feel better sooner than those who have a c-section or assisted delivery. This helps them get back to their usual routines and take care of their baby more comfortably and quickly.

2. Bonding and Alertness: The mother and baby tend to be more alert immediately after birth, which can aid in early bonding and breastfeeding.

3. Potential for Faster Labor: In some cases, natural childbirth might result in shorter labor compared to medically induced or augmented labor.

4. Shorter Recovery Time: Recovery after a natural birth may be quicker compared to a c-section or assisted delivery.

Risks:
- Health conditions
*hypertension or diabetes
-Complications during labor
*prolonged labor, difficulties in delivery baby
-pain and exhaustion
-infant mortality and neurological mobidity

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1.

germinal

- the first two weeks after conception

embryonic

- the third through the eight week

fetal stage

- the time from the ninth week until birth

2.

provide information on the fetus's health.

3.

disruptions in fetal growth, congenital anomalies, stillbirth, and pregnancy loss

can disrupt the development of the fetal immune system.

4.

may cause miscarriage, preterm labor, birth defects, stillbirth, withdrawal symptoms in the baby after birth, a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), poor fetal growth rate, and cognitive and behavioral problems.

5.
a) vaginal delivery

Benefits of vaginal delivery
Infants born vaginally tend to have fewer respiratory problems.

Risk of vaginal delivery
The disadvantages of a vaginal birth may include tearing of the perineum.

b) water birth

Benefits of water birth
A water birth is thought to be less painful and more relaxed for many women.

risk of water birth
Some critics say a water birth can increase the risk of infection, but as long as the water is fresh and clean, water births are not any riskier than non-water births.

6)

Advise for diabetes
-exercise
-medicine
-check blood sugar
-a healthy diet

Advise for hypertension
-suitable meal plan
-increase level of physical activity
-take medicine
-keep your prenatal appointment

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Case 4: A 30-year-old woman who is 32 weeks pregnant. She has a history of preterm labor and is concerned about the risks associated with a vaginal birth.

1.Nur Ain (86771)
2.NurulAsyhiqin (86910)
3.Izzlanorfarain (86508)
4.Jahira (86512)
5.Jacqueline (86511)

Soalan 1:
Jawapan: Peringkat ketiga trimeter bersamaan dengan (8 bulan)

Soalan 3:
Jawapan : Orang sekeliling mengatakan yang menakutkan ibu hamil seperti melahirkan secara normal lebih sakit berbandinh secara pembedahan dan ia menyebabkan ibu hamil berasa takut dan risau melahirkan secara normal.

Soalan 5:
Jawapan: 1.Risiko bersalin secara normal selepas sekali pembedahan adalah berkemungkinan rahim akan pecah dan berlakunya koyakkan yang teruk pada vargina dan faedahnya pemulihan lebih cepat dan boleh kembali menjalani aktiviti harian dengan mudah. 2. Bersalin secara pembedahan berisiko merasai kesakitan yang lebih lambat dan hanya boleh dilakukan secara 3 kali sahaja dan faedah nya melindungi nyawa ibu dan anak.

Soalan 6:
Jawapan : Memberikan nasihat kepada ahli keluarga untuk menjaga pemakanan keadaan mental dan sentiasa mengikuti keadaan mental

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A 28-year-old woman who is 20 weeks pregnant. She is vegetarian and has concerns about enough nutrients for her baby.
Question 1:
Case no3 is in fetal period. Stages of Pre-Natal development decided into 3 period which is germinal period,embryonic period and fetal period. Germinal happens 2week after conception. Embryonic period happens starting 2-8week after conception and fetal period is 3month after conception. While in pre-natal period this case is second trimester.

Question 3:
First impact: influence by Korean or Japanese culture. This is because mostly mother in this era really admire the body of China, Korean adn Japan mother because they have perfect body even though after giving a child and during pregnancy. So,some of mother decide just take a vegetables in every meals because she thinks that can maintain her body.

Question 6:
The advice: (1) take enough calcium during pregnancy. This is because dairy products can be a good calcium for mother and also for the baby.
(2) practice the balance diet. So that the baby and the mother have enough nutrition. Because the mother also need meat in order to avoid lack of blood during giving birth.

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Group Daim - Case 2 Name : 1. Siti Aisyah Binti Rozai (85712)2. Muhd Yusri Bin Abdul Rahman (84769)3. Intan Azura Binti Japri (84033)4. Nur Kamariah Binti Mohd Iskandar (85135)5. Amyllia Siot Anak Micheal Selan (83208)

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Group Daim - Case 2 Name : 1. Siti Aisyah Binti Rozai (85712)2. Muhd Yusri Bin Abdul Rahman (84769)3. Intan Azura Binti Japri (84033)4. Nur Kamariah Binti Mohd Iskandar (85135)5. Amyllia Siot Anak Micheal Selan (83208)

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3. Cigarette smoke: Smoking during pregnancy can increase the baby's risk of respiratory diseases, stunted growth, and other health problems.

Alcohol: Consumption of alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or other fetal malformations.

4. The effects of alcohol and smoking will cause the brain development of children and delay the physical growth of the fetus.

Chemicals from cigarettes cause defects in the fetus such as a perforated heart, defects in the lips such as cleft lip.
Babies are also at risk of dying in the womb or being born prematurely

No 5

1. Different
- C-section
- Vaginal delivery

2. Risk
- C-section ( the mother who give birth will experience longer pain with complicated care)

- vaginal delivery ( a vaginal delivery is when a person gives birth through their 🤬.

3. Benefit
- C-section ( to reduce delivery complications)
- vaginal delivery ( have shorter hospital stays)

No. 6
For a 32-year-old woman who is 16 weeks pregnant and engages in occasional smoking and drinking, it is important to prioritize the health and well-being of the mother and developing baby. Here are some suggestions and advice for him:

1. Quit Smoking: Smoking during pregnancy exposes the baby to harmful chemicals, reduces oxygen supply, and increases the risk of complications such as premature birth, low birth weight and developmental problems. It is highly recommended that the woman should stop smoking immediately. Consult with a health care professional who can provide guidance, support and resources to help you quit smoking.

2. Avoid Alcohol: Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and other developmental problems. It is important to stay away from alcohol throughout pregnancy. If he needs help reducing his alcohol use, he should seek help from a health care provider or support group.

3. Healthy Diet: Focus on a balanced and nutritious diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein and dairy products. Proper nutrition supports the growth and development of the baby and helps maintain the health of the mother. Avoid excessive caffeine intake and limit fish that are high in mercury.

4. Support System: Pregnant women should surround themselves with caring and supportive family and friends who can offer encouragement, help and understanding throughout the pregnancy journey.

5. Educate Yourself: Take advantage of educational resources, books and classes to learn about pregnancy, childbirth and parenting. Knowledge can help in making informed decisions and reduce anxiety.

6. Mental Health: Pregnancy can bring a range of emotions. If feelings of anxiety, depression or other mental health concerns arise, seek professional help from a health care provider or therapist who specializes in perinatal mental health.

Remember that every pregnancy is unique, and it is important to consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice and guidance based on individual circumstances.

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Question 5&6
Different method of childbirth:
1. Vaginally delivery
2. Assisted vaginally delivery (vacuum/forceps)
3. C-section (Cesarean birth)

Risks of natural birth
1. Postpartum complication
After childbirth the mother is risks with postpartum complication such as inflection
2. Instrumental delivery
Forceps/vacuum extraction might be necessary to assist with the delivery
3. Perineal tears

Benefits of natural birth
1. Can be safer for baby
2. Labor can be faster
3. Breastfeeding can be easier
Q 6. Advice to the couple
1. Educate yourself
2. Choose a supportive health care
3. Stay healthy

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1. There are three stages of prenatal development: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. Here is a description of each stage:
Germinal stage: This stage begins at conception when a sperm fertilizes an egg, forming a zygote. The germinal stage lasts for about two weeks.
Embryonic stage: This stage begins after the germinal stage and lasts from the third to the eighth week of pregnancy.
Fetal stage: This stage begins around the ninth week and lasts until birth. During this stage, the embryo officially turns into a fetus.
2. Inheritance of genes : Genetics determines the inheritance of genes from parents to offspring, which can impact human development

Genetic disorders: Some genetic changes have been associated with an increased risk of having a child with a birth defect or developmental disability or developing diseases such as cancer or heart disease.

3. Maternal stress: High levels of stress during pregnancy can lead to adverse outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental delays
. Maternal stress can also affect the child's cognitive and behavioral development later in life

Unhealthy lifestyle and behaviors: Smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use during pregnancy can lead to a range of adverse outcomes, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays

4. Physical deformities: Alcohol use during pregnancy can cause physical deformities, heart defects, and other birth defects

Developmental delays: Prenatal substance abuse can cause developmental delays, including impairments in attention, language, executive functions, and memory

5. Vaginal Birth:

- Benefits:

- Typically shorter recovery time for the mother.

- Lower risk of complications compared to surgical methods.

- Natural passage for the baby, which can be beneficial for the infant's lung development.

- Risks:

- Pain and discomfort during labor.

- Possibility of tearing or episiotomy.

- Prolonged labor or difficulties in some cases.

2. Home Birth:

- Benefits:

- Familiar and comfortable environment for the mother.

- Lower risk of medical interventions.

- Greater control over the birthing process.

- Risks:

- Limited access to emergency medical care in case of complications.

- Higher risk for first-time mothers.

- Possibility of unanticipated complications.

6. A 28-year-old woman who is 20 weeks pregnant and a vegetarian may need to pay special attention to getting enough protein, iron, and so on by Consulting with a nutritionist to plan out a meal plan for the woman.
For example :

Protein: Good sources of protein for vegetarians include beans, lentils, nuts, seeds, tofu, and tempeh

Iron: Good sources of iron for vegetarians include dark green leafy vegetables, wholemeal bread and flour, nuts, fortified breakfast cereals, and dried fruit

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WARRIOR : RICHARD (85547) , NUR AMALIN (85007) , NOR HAMISHA NATASHA(84899) , SITI KHAIRUNNISHA (85733) CASE 2 : A 32-year-old woman who is 16 weeks pregnant. She is a smoker and drinks occasionally.

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WARRIOR : RICHARD (85547) , NUR AMALIN (85007) , NOR HAMISHA NATASHA(84899) , SITI KHAIRUNNISHA (85733) CASE 2 : A 32-year-old woman who is 16 weeks pregnant. She is a smoker and drinks occasionally.

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Soalan 1 :
1. Peringkat embrio - Semasa peringkat embrio, organ dan sistem badan bayi berkembang pesat. Pendedahan kepada asap rokok dan alkohol semasa peringkat ini boleh meningkatkan risiko kecacatan kelahiran, seperti kecacatan jantung, bibir sumbing dan lelangit, dan berat lahir rendah.

2. Peringkat janin - Semasa peringkat janin, organ dan sistem badan bayi terus berkembang dan matang. Pendedahan kepada asap rokok dan alkohol semasa peringkat ini boleh meningkatkan risiko kelahiran pramatang, keguguran, dan kelahiran mati.

3.Peringkat peranakan - Semasa peringkat perinatal, badan bayi sedang beralih daripada berada di dalam rahim kepada hidup di dunia luar. Pendedahan kepada asap rokok dan alkohol semasa peringkat ini boleh meningkatkan risiko sindrom kematian bayi mengejut (SIDS).

Soalan 3 :
1. Merokok - Berat Lahir Terlalu Ringan : Merokok semasa mengandung dikaitkan dengan risiko lebih tinggi untuk melahirkan bayi dengan berat lahir rendah. Bayi yang dilahirkan dengan berat lahir rendah lebih terdedah kepada pelbagai masalah kesihatan.
2. Kelahiran Pramatang - Merokok meningkatkan risiko kelahiran pramatang, yang boleh membawa kepada masalah perkembangan dan komplikasi kesihatan untuk bayi.
3. Masalah Pernafasan - Bayi yang terdedah kepada perokok ibu berkemungkinan besar mengalami masalah pernafasan, termasuk peningkatan risiko sindrom kematian bayi mengejut (SIDS).

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Onion(Case 5)

86419
86042
83768
83398
84500

1. Third Trimester,28 weeks-36(38)
2.Role of Genetic : Major growth genes have fundamental effects on human growth, and their mutations cause growth failure (or overgrowth) which are recognizable as single gene disorders.

3.The prenatal environment in fetal development stages affects the ansets of various diseases such as NDDs, psychiatric disorders,metabolic disorders and high blood pressure.

4.Benefits: infants born vaginally tend to have fewer respiratory problems. Vaginal childbirth has a lower rate of infection and a shorter hospital stay.

5.Disadvantages: A vaginal birth may include tearing of the perineum.Sometimes, a vaginal birth may not be recommended for medical reasons.

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Name
1) Nursyakirah binti Hamzah (85312)
2) Nureen Eiffah Fatihah Binti Abu Naaim (86858)
3) Tuan Nuraina Ayunir Binti Tuan Noor(87061)
4)Siti Anira binti Abd Arip (85716)
5)Siti Nur Hidayah Aqilah Binti Kamarol(85762)
1) Identify and describe the three stages of prenatal development

-Germinal stage

During the germinal stage, the fertilized egg is very vulnerable to damage from smoking and drinking. Smoking can reduce the blood supply to the uterus and placenta, which can impair the embryo's development. Alcohol can cross the placenta and enter the embryo's bloodstream, where it can damage the developing organs and tissues.

Embryonic stage

During the embryonic stage, the developing embryo is also very vulnerable to the effects of smoking and drinking. Smoking can increase the risk of miscarriage, birth defects, and premature birth. Alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), a serious condition that can lead to physical and mental disabilities.

Fetal stage

During the fetal stage, smoking and drinking can still harm the developing baby. Smoking can restrict the baby's growth and development. Alcohol can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), which are a range of conditions that can cause physical, mental, and behavioral problems.
2) Explain the role of genetics in human development
- Fetal development (harmful the placenta)
- Low birth weight
- Premature birth (increase desease such as complication for baby)
- Respiratory and health problems like asthma.

3) Discuss the impact of environmental factors during pregnancy

- Smoking and drinking during pregnancy can have serious consequences for the health of the fetus. Smoking during pregnancy can cause tissue damage in the unborn baby, particularly in the lung and brain, and some studies suggest a link between maternal smoking and cleft lip .Smoking during pregnancy can also lower the amount of oxygen and nutrients reaching the fetus, which can slow growth and development, quicken fetal heart rate, increase the risk of premature birth or having a baby with low birth weight, which can create short- and long-term health challenges.
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can also cause a range of problems for the developing fetus. Alcohol can cross the placenta and enter the fetal bloodstream, leading to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) . FASDs are a group of conditions that can cause physical, behavioral, and intellectual disabilities that last a lifetime . The severity of FASDs depends on the amount of alcohol consumed during pregnancy and the timing of consumption .
It is important for pregnant women to avoid smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy to ensure optimal fetal development.

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Name :
1. Nur Athirah Zahirah ( 85036)
2. Sheryl Esmerelda (85691)
3.Laura Reenna ( 84288)
4.Wilen Anak Undei ( 86052 )

Case 1

Question 1
- Germinal period : The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first two weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the zygot, continue cell division, and the attachment of the zygot to the uterine wall.
- Embryonic period : The period of prenatal development that occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception during the embryonic period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support system for the cells forms, and organs appear.
- Fetal period : 2 to $ months after conception. Growth and development continue dramatically during this period.

Question 2
- Fetal genes are predicted to raise maternal blood pressure in order to enhance the uteroplacental blood flow , whereas maternal genes act the opposite way .

Question 3
- increasing inflammation and damaging blood vessels .
- can weaken insulin’s power to control blood sugar .

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Nur ilya(86813),Dygku( 83645), Nisrina(85401), Wahida(84930), Izleen(85132)

1. Stages or pre natal development
- germinal period
- embryonic period
- fetal period

The course of prenatal development
- the germinal period
* the period of prenatal development that takes place in the first teo weeks after conception. It includes the creation of the zygote, continued cell division, and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.
- happens 2 weeks after conception includes creation of the zygote, continued cell division and the attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

The embryonic period
- the period of prenatal development that occurs 2to 8 weeks after conception. During the embryonic period, the rate of cell differentiation intensifies, support systems for the cells form, and organs appear

The fetal period
- 2 to 7 months after conception
-growth and development continue dramatically during this period

Question 3: The impacts of environmental factors during pregnancy
1. Air Pollution - can increase the risk of complications during labor such as preeclampsia and eclampsia. To avoid from air pollution is staying indoors on days when the quality is poor, wearing a mask when outdoors and avoiding areas with high level of air pollution.
2. Chemical exposure - can cause neurological problems in the baby and increase the risk of birth defects and other health problems. So, to avoid such thing is avoiding the use of pesticides or other chemicals at home.

Question 5: The risks in having a natural birth
1. Pain and exhaustion
2. Tears and rips to the perineum or others tissues
3. Unrinary incontinence
4. Negative reactions to epidural.
5. Blood loss

Info:
*Perineum*
- An injury to the skin between the 🤬 and anus.

*Incontinence*
- A persin leaks urine by accident.

*Epidural*
- To stop you feeling pain in part of your body.

1. Faster recovery for mom
- women who experience natural childbirth can get up and move around more actively/quickly
- helps promote healthy blood circulation and stimulates healing

2. Breastfeeding can be easier
- babies often more interested in breastfeeding after delivery
- However, if women gave birth with c-zer, the babies might have side effects from the epidural

3. Can be safer for baby
- an epidural can cause your blood pressure to drop
- the result is less oxygen-rich blood reaching the baby

6. Provide recommendations and advice to the couple based on their specific situation
- Educate yourself ( Gaining about reliable online resources to learn about the stages of labor, breathing techniques and pain management strategies)
- Creat a birth plan ( develop a clear birth plan that outlines your preferences for labor and delivery)
- Stay hydrated and nourished ( proper nutrition and hydration are crucial during pregnancy and labor. Eating well and staying hydrated will provide you with the necessary energy for childbirth)
- Postpartum care ( postpartum is crucial because it addresses the well-being of both the mother and the newborn after childbirth. Seek support from friends, family, or postpartum doulas, and prioritize self-care as you recover.)

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No Matric :

1. 84489

2. 83749

3. 86011

4. 85948

5. 83032

*Question 1*

The three stages of prenatal development are:

Germinal stage (weeks 1-2): This is the stage from conception to implantation. The sperm and egg unite to form a zygote, which then divides rapidly to form a blastocyst. The blastocyst implants in the lining of the uterus, and the placenta begins to form.

Embryonic stage (weeks 3-8): During this stage, the major organs and body systems of the embryo develop. The embryo also takes on a more human-like appearance.

Fetal stage (weeks 9-birth): During the fetal stage, the fetus continues to grow and develop, and its organs and body systems mature. The fetus also gains weight and develops fat stores.

At 38 weeks pregnant, the woman is in the final week of the fetal stage. Her baby is fully developed and ready for birth.

Question 2

Genetics plays a fundamental role in human development. Genes are the basic units of heredity, and they are responsible for all of the physical and psychological characteristics that make us individuals. Genes are passed down from parents to children, and they determine everything from our eye color to our height to our susceptibility to certain diseases. The role of genetics in human development is complex and multifaceted Genes influence our development in a number of ways, for example Determining our physical characteristics ,

Influencing our cognitive development and affecting our risk of developing diseases

Question 3

The effects of environmental hazards on pregnancy can be severe and include disruptions in fetal growth, congenital anomalies, stillbirth, and pregnancy loss. Furthermore, environmental hazards early in pregnancy can disrupt the development of the fetal immune system

Question 4

Prenatal substance abuse can have significant and detrimental effects on fetal development. Here are some key impacts:

Low Birth Weight: Substance abuse during pregnancy, especially with drugs like cocaine or methamphetamine, can lead to low birth weight, which is associated with various health problems for the baby.

Preterm Birth: Prenatal substance abuse increases the risk of preterm birth, which can result in complications and health issues for the newborn.

Neurological and Cognitive Deficits: Many substances, including alcohol and certain drugs, can harm the developing brain of the fetus, potentially leading to long-term cognitive and behavioral problems.

Physical Abnormalities: Exposure to substances like alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome) or tobacco (causing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) can lead to physical abnormalities in the baby.

Developmental Delays: Substance abuse during pregnancy can cause developmental delays, affecting motor skills, language development, and social interaction.

Behavioral and Emotional Issues: Children exposed to substances in utero may be at higher risk for behavioral and emotional issues, including attention deficits and hyperactivity.

Addiction Risk: There may be a heightened risk of the child developing addiction or substance abuse issues later in life due to prenatal exposure.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Problems: Some substances, such as tobacco, can result in cardiovascular and respiratory problems in the fetus.

Impaired Immune System: The fetal immune system can be compromised, making the baby more susceptible to infections and illnesses.

Long-Term Health Consequences: Many of these effects can have long-term health consequences, impacting the child's quality of life and healthcare needs.

It's crucial for pregnant individuals to avoid substance abuse and seek medical assistance if they have substance use disorders. Early intervention and support can help mitigate some of these negative impacts on fetal development

Question 5

(a) natural childbirth

1. Benefit

• labor may be faster

• Faster recovering for mother

• Safer fo baby

• Lower risk of medical interventions

2. Risk

• Failure to progress

• Irregular fetal heart rate

• Bleeding after giving birth

(b) c-section childbirth

1. Benefit

• Lower risk of incontinence and sexual dysfunction after the birth of the baby.

• Lower risk of the baby being deprived of oxygen during delivery.

• Lower risk of the baby experiencing trauma while passing through the birth canal.

1. Risk

• You’re more likely to need a repeat cesarean delivery with future pregnancies.

• There’s a higher risk of complications with cesarean deliveries.

• You’ll have a longer hospital stay (up to five days) and a longer recovery period.

Question 6

Provide recommendations and advice to couple based on their specific situation

Recomendation

-Consult health care Professional

-Attend childbirth clasess

enroll in childbirth education clases where they can learn about natural childbirth technique,relaxation method and pain management

-Stay healthy

encourage the woman to maintain a healthy lifestyle, including regular prenatal check up and a proper nutrition

- Learn infant CPR to make sure you are ready for

emergency Once your baby arrive

*Risk*

* Braxton Hicks contraction

* Backaches

* Shortness of breath

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Benefits
- added freedom during labor
- laber may be faster
- lower risk of medical interventions

Risk
- pain and exhaustion
- hemorrhoids and bowel issues
- pelvic trauma
- negative reactions to epidural

Recommendation
- exercise regularly
- get enough sleep
-built a support system

Advice
- try position that may help with labour
- keep active to help your baby's position
- learn ways to help deal with labour pain

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1. Identify and describe the three stages of prenatal development

1. Tahap Germinal (germinal stage)

Tahap germinal atau yang sering disebut dengan periode zigot, ovum atau periode nutfah adalah periode awal kejadian manusia. Periode ini kira-kira berlangsung 2 minggu pertama sejak pertemuan antara sel 🤬 laki-laki dan sel telur perempuan yang dinamakan pembuahan. Saat itu sel 🤬 bergabung dengan sel telur yang kemudian menghasilkan satu bentuk sel baru yang disebut zigot.

2. Tahap Embrionik (embrionik stage)

Tahap kedua yaitu thap embrio yang dalam psikologi Islam disebut ‘alaqoh yaitu segumpalan darah yang semakin membeku. Tahap ini dimulai dri 2 minggu sampai 8 minggu yang ditandai dengan perubahan organ utama dan system fisiologis.

3. Tahap Janin (fetus stage)

Tahap ketiga dari perkembangan masa prenatal adalah tahap janin yang dalam psikologi Islam disebut mudhghah. Tahap ini dimuli sejak usia 9 minggu sampai lahir.

2. Explain the role of genetics in human development :

* Inherited Traits
- the baby inherits genetic info from both parents
- determine the child’s basic characteristics :- eye colour, hair type and health condition

* Birth defects
- Some genetic mutations or variations can increase the risk of birth defects when combined with environmental exposures
- Smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy can raise the likelihood of certain birth defects, especially when genetic factors are involved.

* Long-Term Health
- genetics also plays a role in determining an individual's long-term health and susceptibility to diseases.
- smoking and alcohol exposure during pregnancy can have lasting health effects on the child, particularly when combined with genetic predispositions.

3.Discuss the impact of environmental factors during pregnancy

smoking can reduce amount of oxygen and nutrients.

Alcohol is a tentagon. It can increase the risk of birt deffect.

4. Menganalisis kesan penyalahgunaan bahan pranatal terhadap perkembangan janin

Amalan Merokok
- Kehamilan luar rahim
- Plasenta previa (uri janin di bawah)
- Kelahiran bayi pramatang
- Kelahiran bayi kurang berat badan
- Kecacatan janin

Pengambilan Minuman Beralkohol
- kelahiran bayi pramatang
- Kerosakan pada otak dan organ janin
- Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin terbantut
- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASds)

5.  Identify the different methods of childbirth and their risks and benefits

i)Beranak secara normal
-Persalinan normal adalah cara alami melahirkan bayi melalui 🤬 tanpa pembedahan. Metode ini dianggap sebagai cara paling aman dan paling disarankan untuk kondisi kehamilan yang sehat.

Ada beberapa keuntungan melahirkan normal, antara lain:

Proses pemulihan dan rawat inap di rumah sakit lebih cepat
Risiko munculnya masalah kesehatan pada bayi lebih sedikit
Mempercepat proses bonding antara ibu dan bayi

Sementara risiko melakukan persalinan normal adalah:

Terjadinya komplikasi tak terduga saat persalinan, misalnya perdarahan hebat
🤬 harus dijahit jika robek atau digunting (episiotomi)
Bila ukuran bayi terlalu besar, ada kemungkinan memerlukan bantuan persalinan, seperti vakum atau forceps
Kelelahan akibat proses persalinan yang lama dan sulit

ii)Beranak secara pembedahan
-Berlaku akibatibu mempunyai penyakit darah tinggi atau kencing manis yang tidak terkawal, kedudukan uri di bawah (plasenta previa), ketinggian ibu yang terlalu rendah dan saiz tulang pinggul kecil.
-kesannya : i)sakit
ii)jangkitan kuman
iii)darah beku
iv)lekatan
v)pembiusan

6. Provide recommendations and advice to the couple based on their specific situation

-Quitting smoking

Identify your triggers and develop strategies.

Talk with doctor and ask about nicotine replacement therapy.

-Quitting drinking

Set masa dengan jadual betul betul

-cari aktiviti lain dan baruu

Elakkan diri dpd situasi yg terdedag untuk mabuk.

Makan makanan sihat

# data[].attributes.body
Machilene 84383
Sharmila 85658
Nurul Husna 85377
Elle Campbell 83725
Saiful Ikhwan 84856

1. Identify and describe the three stages of prenatal development

32 years old client with 16 weeks of pregnancy is where on the fetal period which is on 2nd trimester. It is when the growth and development for the baby continue dramatically.

2.  Discuss the impact of environmental factors during pregnancy

First factor is toxicant exposure. It is where your peer knows you are pregnant but still decide to smoke and drink alcohol with you presence. It likely increase the urge and pressure to drink and smoke with them too.

3.  Analyze the impact of prenatal substance abuse on fetal development.

First substance abuse from smoking is the contained of nicotine. Nicotine can restrict the blood flow to placenta. This will cause the oxygen supply reduce drastically to the baby which will lead to preterm birth. It also increase the risk of complications such as miscarriage.

Meanwhile, any alcohol consumption is definitely harmful, which will lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. In results it will affects the physical and intellectual for the child.

4. Provide recommendations and advice to the couple based on their specific situation

Quit smoking and alcohol. Because the clients is not a strong drinker or smoker, so she will has the chance to fully stop for the sake of her baby.

Exercise and get regular prenatal care. It is important for monitoring the health for both, the mother and baby.

# data[].attributes.body
Name
1. Nur Ain Qamareeah Binti Mohamad Isham (84969)
2. Fatin Mezatul Aqilah binti Abdul Khalid (83852)
3. Aminah bin Jaffar (83194)
4. Nur Farhanah Binti Rashdan (85069)

Question 5 and 6
Different method of childbirth:

1. Vaginal delivery
2. Assisted vaginal delivery (vacuum/forcep)
3. C-section : scheduled/ unplanned

Benefit of Natural Birth
1. Shorter recovery time compare to c-section
2. Can avoid medications side effects
3. Better bonding with newborn
4. Reduced risk of complications
5. More control - mummys may feel a sense of empowerment and control during a natural birth.

Risks of Natural Birth:
1. Pain and Discomfort: Labor pains can be intense and challenging to manage without medication.
2. Unpredictability: Labor can be unpredictable, and complications may arise unexpectedly.
3. Increased Stress: Some women find the process of unmedicated birth to be stressful, which can impact the overall experience.
4. Potential for Tear or Episiotomy: Vaginal tearing or episiotomies (surgical incisions) may occur during natural birth.
5. Limited Pain Relief: Natural birth does not provide the same level of pain relief as epidurals or other medications.