# data[].attributes.body
http://newzealandwars.co.nz/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Past from the Paepae - New Zealand Wars

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The paepae is the place on the marae where elders stand to deliver their speeches and, as it so happens, to present their versions of history. The paepae can be said to be the controlling site of all Māori knowledge, including knowledge of the past. Speeches are an oral process of course, delivered…

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.embed_code
The Past from the Paepae

# data[].attributes.body
What caused the War?
Mei

# data[].attributes.body
The War was between the Māori and the British
Pulamei

# data[].attributes.headline
Toufiz.Where was the maori war happening?

# data[].attributes.subject
Toufiz.Where was the maori war happening?

# data[].attributes.body
http://newzealandwars.co.nz/land-wars/wars/

- Whaea Simone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
By 1872, the wars against Māori were over.

The last shots were fired by the Armed Constabulary at Mangaone, south of Waikaremoana, on 14 February 1872.

Thereafter, Te Kooti Rikiranga and his few remaining followers crossed over into the King Country, accepting King Tawhaio's offer of safe refuge on the condition that Te Kooti, who had fought against the Crown since 1869, lay down his weapons, which he did.

1872, then, saw the final exchanges of gunfire between settlers and Māori which had started 29 years earlier, at Wairau on 17 June 1843. This section discusses five important consequences of these sustained military actions, especially on Māori.

Elsewhere on this site, however, we argue that, though the gunfire went silent in 1872, the wars against Māori effectively continued - the land wars were 'wars without end'. The consequences below are discussed in their own right, showing how each one arose. Elsewhere, however, these consequences and others are presented a little differently, as a part of the notion that the wars against Māori were never over, and did indeed continue.
Consequences
The wars impacted upon Māori in five important ways.

1 Māori Land Loss When the wars were over, or even before the fighting had ended, the government embarked upon its vigorous programme of Māori land acquisition. To read more, click here - # Māori Land Loss.

2 Māori Population Decline Māori population numbers went into a steep decline from 1840. An estimated population of 90,000 had fallen to approximately 60,000 by 1860. Thereafter, the population would fall by another 20,000 to its lowest point of 39,000 in 1896. To read more, click here - # Māori population.

3 Māori Awarded the Vote In 1867, Māori were awarded four special seats in Parliament, having waited for 27 years since the signing of the Treaty to acquire participation in Government. And the tribes did not see this granting of the vote entirely in positive terms. To read more, click here - # Awarding the Māori Vote.

4 The Māori Economy Prior to the wars, Māori had generally made a successful transition from the subsistence economies of the pre-contact era to the market economy introduced by Pākehā. Evidence exists to show that tribes in some parts of the country were faring with relative success. However, the wars changed all this, devastating most Māori economies and leaving only ruin behind. To read more, click here - # the Māori Economy.

5 The Search for Māori Political Autonomy Some historians, like James Belich, have argued that the New Zealand Wars were, in the end, a contest over the sovereignty of New Zealand; who ever won the war, won the country. This view emphasizes how, as a consequence of the war and legislation that followed, Māori were significantly disempowered and would spend the next decades struggling to acquire their lost political autonomy. To read more, click here # Māori Political Autonomy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The End of the Wars By 1872, the wars against Māori were over. The last shots were fired by the Armed Constabulary at Mangaone, south of Waikaremoana, on 14 February 1872.

# data[].attributes.body
By 1872, the wars against Māori were over. The last shots were fired by the Armed Constabulary at Mangaone, south of Waikaremoana, on 14 February 1872.

# data[].attributes.body
Where was the marae located?
is a paepae a carved bar? (sorry, I saw an image of a carving with it named paepae)

# data[].attributes.headline
The NZ war started on 1845 and ended on 1872.

# data[].attributes.subject
The NZ war started on 1845 and ended on 1872.

# data[].attributes.body
phoenix

# data[].attributes.body
https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/new-zealands-internal-wars
Whaea Simone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New Zealand's Internal Wars | NZHistory, New Zealand history online

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All text is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 New Zealand Licence. Commercial re-use may be allowed on request. All non-text content is subject to specific conditions. This site is produced by the Research and Publishing Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.nzdf.mil.nz/news/the-battle-of-ruapekapeka/

Te Ruapekapeka, was the last battle of the Northern War of 1845-1846, which was the first major conflict between the British Crown and iwi to follow the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi in 1840.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Photo credit: Storming of the Pa at Ruapekapeka, 11th January 1846, 1846, New Zealand, by John Williams. Purchased 2000 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (2000-0008-1).

Te Ruapekapeka, was the last battle of the Northern War of 1845-1846, which was the first major conflict between the British Crown and iwi to follow the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi in 1840.

Hōne Heke Pōkai (Ngāpuhi) and Te Ruki Kawiti (Ngāti Hine) led the resistance to the Crown because of its disregard for tino rangatiratanga, but iwi leaders were not united. Other Ngāpuhi chiefs, led by Tāmati Wāka Nene, sided with the Crown.

In the early battles, Heke and Kawiti fought largely defensively from behind the walls of stoutly-built 'anti-artillery' pā, exacting a heavy toll from assaulting British infantry.

Kawiti's pā at Te Ruapekapeka, constructed over several months, was the mostly strongly-built of all. Defended by a double palisade of heavy Puriri logs, the pā was named Te Ruapekapeka because its trenches, underground tunnels and deep, bomb-proof shelters made it resemble a 'Bats' Nest'.

It took a month for the British forces and their allies, consisting of 1300 British commanded by Colonel Henry Despard and 400 Māori led by Nene, to drag heavy artillery over 20km of rugged country to reach Te Ruapekapeka.

The artillery included three massive 32 pounders and a range of other cannon, mortars and rockets. Kawiti and Heke's forces numbered no more than 500 warriors, armed only with muskets and two light cannon.

After weeks of harassing fire against the pā, Despard ordered a massive general bombardment on 10 January 1846, which breached the wall in two places. The following morning Nene's scouts reported that Ruapekapeka appeared to be empty, for reasons that remain contested. Kawiti and around a dozen of his men, however, were still inside when the British launched their assault.

After heavy fighting, Kawiti withdrew into the nearby bush and an intense firefight broke out among the trees. Twelve of the British and an unknown number of Māori were killed before the firing eventually fizzled out.

Peace between the iwi leaders, and between iwi and the Crown, soon followed. All sides wished to bring an end to a war which had expended enormous resources and cost many lives.

Now, 175 years on, Te Ruapekapeka is in a remarkable state of preservation. But over the years many of the features on the battlefield, including the grave of 12 British troops who died in the battle, have faded from view.

Beginning in 2012, with the support of Te Ruapekapeka Trust and the Department of Conservation, investigations of the site led by archaeologist Jonathan Carpenter have rediscovered many of these features.

Much of this work focused on the area of the former British camp, which for many years was least understood or protected part of the battlefield. It was here, according to the diary of Alexander Whisker, a soldier who fought at the battle, that the British troops were buried.

Early efforts concentrated on locating the camp's defensive ditch and breastwork, and it was in the course of this work that the first hints of a rectangular gravel-like feature were discovered.

In December 2017, a further excavation confirmed that this feature was the long-lost gravesite of the 12 men. Among the finds was a clay pipe, as well as items of uniform and personal equipment All these items were lift exactly where they were found when the gravesite was reclosed.

A memorial to the twelve British soldiers, sailors and Royal Marines who died in the battle will be unveiled on 3 February 2021, as a lasting symbol of remembrance, courage, determination and sacrifice for all those who fought at Te Ruapekapeka.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Photo credit: Storming of the Pa at Ruapekapeka, 11th January 1846, 1846, New Zealand, by John Williams. Purchased 2000 with New Zealand Lottery Grants Board funds. Te Papa (2000-0008-1). Te Ruapekapeka, was the last battle of the Northern War of 1845-1846, which was the first major conflict between the British Crown and iwi to follow the signing of Te Tiriti o Waitangi in 1840.

# data[].attributes.body
https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/New-Zealand-Wars/633345

Whaea Simone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The New Zealand Wars were a series of conflicts that took place on the North Island of New Zealand during the mid-19th century. The wars pitted British and colonial forces (with some Māori allies) against Māori tribes ( iwi). The conflicts arose over the land. The British wanted to open the land to European settlers, but Māori wanted it left alone. By the end of the New Zealand Wars in 1872, a couple thousand Māori had died, and the government had confiscated vast amounts of land.

Māori arrived in New Zealand from Polynesia in the central South Pacific Ocean about 1300. Their first contact with Europeans did not occur until the mid-1600s. At first Māori welcomed the early explorers and other Europeans looking for adventure and profit in a new land. However, the Europeans brought guns and disease, which harmed Māori. Soon missionaries arrived and began converting Māori to Christianity. As a result of these changes Māori culture started to disintegrate. By 1830 European settlers began arriving in large numbers.

McDonald, James Ingram 1865-1935:[Captain William Hobson] 1913. Ref: G-826-1. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

Great Britain and a number of New Zealand Māori tribes signed the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840. According to the English version, Māori who signed the treaty accepted the British queen's sovereignty (or supreme power) over their lands. It also placed Māori possessions under the crown's protection, with the exclusive right of the queen to purchase Māori land. However, the wording of the Māori version was slightly different. For example, Māori chiefs believed that they were giving up governance of their land rather than sovereignty over it.

In May 1840 Britain annexed the North Island on the basis of the Waitangi treaty and the South Island by the right of discovery. The land-selling article of the treaty was designed to protect Māori from large-scale private land purchases that might have cheated them and disrupted their society. However, Māori were dissatisfied because the colonial government could not afford to buy much land. The land the colonial government did buy it resold to Europeans at a substantial profit. British immigrants were angered by government land profits and by the scarcity of land.

Ref: 1/2-037353-F. Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand.

In 1841 Governor William Hobson established Auckland as capital of the colonial government in New Zealand. Some Māori of the Ngāpuhi iwi -especially factions led by Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti-were displeased. They believed that the Māori economy declined when the British government abandoned the former capital at Old Russell (Okiato) on the Bay of Islands. At the same time the government began tightening its control over Māori land, acquiring large portions for little money.

In protest, Heke organized a rebellion that focused on the British flag displayed in the town of Russell (Kororāreka) on the Bay of Islands. Māori had provided a flagstaff to the town to display New Zealand's national flag, called the United Tribes flag. However, the British government replaced that flag with the United Kingdom flag. Heke believed that the removal of the United Tribes flag was one more sign of British domination. Beginning in 1844 Māori protested British authority by repeatedly cutting down the flagstaff.

Tensions continued to grow between Māori and settlers in Russell. In early 1845 Governor Robert FitzRoy (who had replaced Hobson) requested military aid for the town. The government sent more than 100 soldiers and sailors to help keep order. In March a group of Māori returned to Russell and destroyed the flagstaff. The British soldiers were alerted, and a skirmish broke out. The women and children living in town were evacuated during the fighting. After a powder keg at the stockade exploded and fire enveloped several buildings, the rest of the town's residents and the soldiers evacuated. In retaliation, the British sent more soldiers to the Bay of Islands area. The soldiers attacked a series of Māori pā (fortified villages), leading to fierce fighting. In the end, however, the two sides ended the battle with no clear winner.

Courtesy of The Mitchell Library, Sydney

In June 1845 infighting within the Ngāpuhi Māori tribes boiled into open conflict. Heke and Kawiti's followers wanted to fight for freedom from British control. The other side-under Tāmati Wāka Nene-aligned themselves with the British, believing that diplomacy would settle their disagreements. This internal fighting weakened Heke and Kawiti's forces, but they were still able to resist a major British onslaught. FitzRoy began renegotiations with the Māori chiefs, but George Grey replaced him as governor before an agreement was reached.

In December Grey sent a force of 1,300 soldiers and 400 Māori allies against Heke and Kawiti. In January 1846 the British bombarded Ruapekapeka pā with cannon fire. Māori retreated into the bush, where they fought the British before abandoning the area. Losses were minimal on both sides, but the British claimed a tactical victory. In the following weeks the British and Māori began negotiating for peace, which was achieved with Kawiti in 1846 and with Heke in 1848.

European settlement increased in New Zealand during the 1850s. The settlers demanded that the government obtain more land, especially in rural areas suitable for agriculture. Many Māori, fearing for their future, became reluctant to sell more land. Relations between the Europeans and Māori worsened.

Māori initiated the King Movement in response to the increasing threat to their land. In 1857 several tribes of the Waikato area-where settlers coveted good land-created a loose federation. They were all opposed to further land sales to settlers. They elected as king Te Wherowhero, who reigned as Pōtatau I. In addition, they established a council of state, a judicial system, and a police organization. These developments were intended to support the Māori resolve to retain their land and to stop the intertribal warfare over the issue.

In 1859 Te Teira, a Māori subchief of the Taranaki area, offered to sell land at the mouth of the Waitara River to the government. However, a more powerful chief named Wiremu Kīngi opposed the sale. Early in 1860 British troops attempted to dislodge Kīngi from the land in question. Fighting broke out that March. Kīngi aligned himself with Pōtatau I and the King Movement. During the next few months skirmishes between the British army and Māori (mostly members of the King Movement) occurred regularly.

The yearlong war consisted of a series of generally successful sieges of Māori pā by British troops and militia. The British were defeated in June during an attack on Puketakauere pā when Māori executed a surprise counterattack. However, Māori were defeated at Ōrongomai in October and at Mahoetahi in November. The war ended in a truce after the surrender of the Te Ārei pā in late March 1861. Māori remained in possession of the European-owned Tātaraimaka block of land.

Although the First Taranaki War ended in a truce, the land issues still remained. The fighting resumed in the Second Taranaki War in April 1863. Governor Grey built an attack road into the Waikato area and drove the Taranaki Māori from the Tātaraimaka block. While fighting raged in Taranaki once again, the Waikato War began in the Waikato River region. That area had become the center of the King Movement tribes.

In July Grey ordered Māori chiefs living in the interior Waikato region-who had all refused to sell more land-to swear allegiance to the queen. He warned that those who disobeyed would have their land confiscated. (This threat was solidified in the New Zealand Settlements Act of 1863, which made it legally possible to confiscate land from rebelling Māori tribes.) Grey then ordered British troops from the north to sweep southward into the region and crush the King Movement. The British troops were reinforced with colonial militias and Māori allies. Several skirmishes as well as some full-fledged battles occurred over the next few months, as the government forces pushed into Māori land.

In November some 850 British troops attacked the Rangiriri pā east of the Waikato River. Some 500 Māori in trenches guarded the settlement. After several assaults Māori retained control of the settlement. However, they were cut off from reinforcements and eventually surrendered to the British. The British kept advancing and reached Pāterangi pā in January 1864. Māori had strengthened the fortifications around the settlement to block the British from reaching the important food-producing villages behind it. Instead of engaging the warriors at Pāterangi, however, the British circumvented the area with help from Māori allies. They headed to the village of Rangiaowhia and attacked it in February, thus threatening the Māori supply line.

The British continued to push into Māori land. By March 1864 they reached Ōrākau pā. Māori troops repulsed the first few British attacks. Within a few days, however, the British held the advantage. They offered terms for surrender or the safe passage of the women and children, but Māori leaders refused. Instead, in early April the last Māori defenders tried to escape through the British lines into swamps. The fall of the settlement essentially brought the Waikato War to an end. Some 160 Māori died at Ōrākau, making the battle the deadliest during the New Zealand Wars.

The British government wanted to conclude peace in 1864. However, the colonial government still wished to acquire more land. As the conflict continued the colonial government assumed an increasing share of the fighting.

Beginning in 1864 various religious movements took root among Māori tribes. Their prophets urged supporters to renew the struggle against European domination. However, many Māori were Christian, so they resisted these movements. Some opposed the prophets so much that they pledged to fight alongside the British and colonial forces.

Te Ua Haumēne of Oakura founded one of the major religions from this time. He called it Pai Mārire ("Good and Peaceful"), and it was a combination of Jewish, Christian, and native beliefs. The followers were called Hauhau. Hauhau used guerrilla tactics to attack the British in April 1864. The next month a group of Māori allied with the British stopped the Hauhau from destroying the town of Whanganui. By 1865 the religious movement had spread to the tribes on the east coast. There in March Hauhau hanged Lutheran missionary Carl Völkner of Opōtiki for being a spy. In September colonial troops forced the Hauhau out of Opōtiki. A battle the next month resulted in the death of some 100 Hauhau. Unrest and fighting continued throughout much of the North Island for the next few years.

In the late 1860s an influx of settlers and subsequent land confiscations by the British began in South Taranaki. Riwha Tītokowaru rose to power in opposition. He was a leader of the Ngā Ruahine iwi and a Methodist who became a Pai Mārire prophet. From July 1868 through January 1869 he won several victories against the British. In February, however, a disagreement among Tītokowaru and his warriors led to the group fleeing the British and disbanding.

From 1868 to 1872 members of a new religious movement called Ringatū supplemented the Hauhau. Guerrilla leader Te Kooti founded Ringatū and led its followers. The group won several battles in 1868 against the colonial forces and their Māori allies. The Māori allies were adept at pursuing Te Kooti's followers, and the two sides spent the next few years engaged in frequent battles. The gradual loss of warriors weakened Te Kooti's resistance. In 1872 Te Kooti sought refuge among the King Movement supporters in the interior of the North Island. After he and his followers stopped fighting, the New Zealand Wars came to an end.

Both sides of the New Zealand Wars suffered many casualties. Although exact numbers are unknown, most historians agree that Māori lost more than 2,000 fighters. The combined British and colonial governments and their Māori allies most likely lost less than half that number. Although the main fighting was over in 1872, pockets of Māori resistance continued through the end of the 1800s.

After the passage of the New Zealand Settlements Act of 1863, the British and colonial governments confiscated more than 2.5 million acres (1 million hectares) of land from Māori tribes. Most of the land was taken in the north, including in Taranaki, Waikato, and South Auckland. Some of the land was eventually returned to Māori control. However, the damage to Māori society, culture, and economy lasted for decades.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The New Zealand Wars were a series of conflicts that took place on the North Island of New Zealand during the mid-19th century. The wars pitted British and colonial forces (with some Māori allies) against Māori tribes ( iwi). The conflicts arose over the land.

# data[].attributes.body
who won the NZ wars

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/the-aotearoa-history-show/story/2018717836/5-new-zealand-wars-part-1
Whaea Simone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In part five, Governor George Grey send troops south from Auckland, invading the Waikato. But Kingitanga fight back and a new phase of warfare begins in New Zealand that would see thousands of lives lost.

Topics covered

The relationship between Waikato Māori and Pākehā colonists.

The foundation of the Kiingitanga Movement.

The Hutt War and the First Taranaki War.

The Waikato War, including the Battle of Rangiaowhia and the siege of Ōrākau.

Gate Pā and the Tauranga War.

Frustrations of the British Authorities with Governor Grey's actions in NZ.

To embed this content on your own webpage, cut and paste the following:

See terms of use.

Recent stories from The Aotearoa History Show

Subscribe to The Aotearoa History Show

Podcast (MP3) Oggcast (Vorbis)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Hunger for land and the rise of Kingitanga prompted Governor George Grey to invade Waikato in 1863. Fighting spread over years and into the Bay of Plenty, devastating Maori. But it was not as one-sided as the British had expected.

# data[].attributes.body
how many war have new zealand been in

# data[].attributes.body
Who or what started the NZ wars?

-Lykaya

# data[].attributes.body
https://teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-wars
Whaea Simone

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
New Zealand wars - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the 1840s and 1860s conflict over sovereignty and land led to battles between government forces and some Māori tribes. The largest campaign was the clash between the Māori king and the Crown. Land confiscations to punish tribes that fought against the Crown have left a long legacy of grievances.

# data[].attributes.body
The most obvious cause of the New Zealand Wars was land — “Māori had it, and the British wanted it”. But it wasn't that simple, as Vincent O'Malley explains in this extract from his latest book, The New Zealand Wars/ Ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa

# data[].attributes.body
How many battles took place?

# data[].attributes.headline
was the New Zealand wars apart of ww1?  

# data[].attributes.subject
was the New Zealand wars apart of ww1?  

# data[].attributes.body
The New Zealand Wars took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand Colonial government and allied Māori on one side and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other. They were previously commonly referred to as the Land Wars or the Māori Wars[2] while Māori language names for the conflicts included Ngā pakanga o Aotearoa ("the great New Zealand wars") and Te riri Pākehā ("the white man's anger").[2] Historian James Belich popularised the name "New Zealand Wars" in the 1980s,[3] although the term was first used by historian James Cowan in the 1920s.[4]

Though the wars were initially localised conflicts triggered by tensions over disputed land purchases, they escalated dramatically from 1860 as the government became convinced it was facing united Māori resistance to further land sales and a refusal to acknowledge Crown sovereignty. The colonial government summoned thousands of British troops to mount major campaigns to overpower the Kīngitanga (Māori King) movement and also acquire farming and residential land for British settlers.[5][6] Later campaigns were aimed at quashing the so-called Hauhau movement, an extremist part of the Pai Mārire religion, which was strongly opposed to the alienation of Māori land and eager to strengthen Māori identity.[7]

# data[].attributes.headline
Toufiz. Tens of thousands of Māori may have died in the intertribal Musket Wars 

# data[].attributes.subject
Toufiz. Tens of thousands of Māori may have died in the intertribal Musket Wars 

# data[].attributes.headline
Toufiz. Why did they fight for war l,ll?

# data[].attributes.subject
Toufiz. Why did they fight for war l,ll?