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The soluble gas transmitters were discovered more recently than most of the other neurotransmitters. They include carbon monoxide and nitric oxide. These neurotransmitters exist for a very short period of time, because they are rapidly broken down and produce other chemicals or second messengers.

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Adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are both purine transmitters. Adenosine acts to inhibit the release of several neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and serotonin. ATP is a neurotransmitter that is used to deliver energy to various parts of the body.

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Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter in its class. It is found at numerous synapses within the nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Acetylcholine is the most important chemical messenger for motor neurons in the peripheral nervous system, including the autonomic nervous system. Within the central nervous system, it excites skeletal muscles and inhibits cardiac muscles. In addition acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory.

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There are four monoamine neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, adrenaline, and noradrenaline. Dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter primarily in the midbrain. In contrast, adrenaline and noradrenaline function as neurotransmitters mainly in the peripheral nervous system, and serotonin acts mainly close to the mid-line of the brainstem. Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons in the substantia nigra plays apart in causing Parkinson's disease. Serotonin is involved in regulation of arousal, sleep, and mood. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are involved in emotion and stress in the workings of the endocrine system.

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Two of the most commonly found amino acids in the central nervous system of mammals are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, whereas glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter.

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Ropeptides are large-molecule transmitters. Some neuropeptides are neuromodulators, meaning they affect the sensitivity of neurons to signals but do not themselves send signals to other neurons. Endorphins are among the most important neuropeptides. They play a significant role in activating the systems involved in pleasure and pain suppression. Drugs such as heroin, morphine, and opium affect the same receptors as the endorphins.