# data[].attributes.body
Second generation of oleochemicals feedstock is actually all non-edible oils and one of it is from Jatropha curcas. Based on the most significant fuel characteristics considered for biodiesel which also are the properties of the Jatropha oil shows that it has a cetane number of 57 where the cetane number is the principal indicator of fuel quality, particularly ignition and combustion in diesel engines. Besides, Jatropha oil has lower flash point compared to palm oil which is 135c and 181c respectively, where the flash point value shows the temperature at which a fuel begins to burn after interaction with fire. Next, it has a medium viscosity which is 4.8 mm2/s and a density of 862 kg/m3. Most of fatty acids contain in Jatropha oil are palmitate acid, linoleum acid, oleochemicals acid and stearic acid. It can also be converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) by transesterification by using a methanol in the presence of an alkali catalyst. The application of Jatropha oil used in the industry such as biodiesel, cosmetic products, pesticides, and biokerosene. Moreover, from the residue of oil pressing which also called as the Jatropha seed meal can be processed into other industrial products such as packaging foils.

The third generation of oleochemicals feedstock is mainly from algae. One example that I will use is Anabaena Cylindrica. Anabaena is a genus of filamentous cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. They are known for nitrogen-fixing abilities, and they form symbiotic relationships with certain plants, such as the mosquito fern. They are one of four genera of cyanobacteria that produce neurotoxins, which are harmful to local wildlife, as well as farm animals and pets. Production of these neurotoxins is assumed to be an input into its symbiotic relationships, protecting the plant from grazing pressure. Strains were identified as Anab. cylindrica
Predominant cellular FAMEs in lipids of the six strains were palmitic (16:0), oleic (18:1ω9) and α-linolenic (18:3ω3). Additionally, myristic
(14:0), palmitoleic (16:1), stearic (18:0) and linoleic (18:2ω6) acids were present.  The application used in industry of this algae is as hydrogen production. This is because anabaena cylindrica produced hydrogen and oxygen for 7 to 19 days by process called nitrogen-starves cultures of the Anabaena cylindrica where hydrogen production attained a maximum level after 1 to 2 days of starvation and was followed by a slow decline. Moreover, hydrogen production by filamentous, heterocystous blue-green algae also could be used for development of a biophotolysis system.

# data[].attributes.body
In 2nd generation, the non-edible byproduct of food crops. One of it is switchgrass or called as Panicum virgatum. hardy, deep-rooted, perennialrhizomatousgrass that begins growth in late spring. It can grow up to 2.7m in height. Switchgrass uses C₄, giving it an advantage in conditions of drought and high temperature. Its flowers have a well-developed panicle, often up to 60 cm long, and it bears a good crop of seeds. The seeds are 3–6 mm long and up to 1.5 mm wide, and are developed from a single-flowered spikelet. When ripe, the seeds sometimes take on a pink or dull-purple tinge, and turn golden brown with the foliage of the plant in the fall. Switchgrass is both a perennial and self-seeding crop, which means farmers do not have to plant and reseed after annual harvesting. These plant can survive for more than 10 years. As it is use C4 system to survive, it is efficient in capture solar energy. Considerable effort is being expended in developing switchgrass as a cellulosic ethanol crop in the USA. In George W. Bush's 2006 State of the Union Address, he proposed using switchgrass for ethanol. As switchgrass cellulosic ethanol give a higher yield of ethanol per hectare at lower cost. Can be substituted as coal in power generation.

In 3rd generation, we can use algae as feedstock. Algae have a higher yield or efficiency than 1st and 2nd generation feedstock. Algae do not need fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides or land to survive. Diversity of algae is extremely high. It can be unicellular and multicellular. Some of the algae species can survive on other external material food. Algae mostly can be found in marine water and freshwater as it was found in deep and shallow waters. Among eukaryotes, α-linolenic acid (18 : 3α) and certain related polyunsaturated fatty acids occur as major fatty acids only in photosynthetic organisms, where they are concentrated in chloroplasts as components of the acyl lipids. Photosynthetic bacteria, by contrast contain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids exclusively, a character which they share with nearly all non-photosynthetic bacteria. Blue–green algae are the only prokaryotes which photosynthesize as do green plants, and their fatty acid composition is thus of particular interest from the evolutionary standpoint. Many filamentous blueαgreen algae have been shown to contain polyunsaturated fatty acids, but these compounds are absent from three unicellular blue–green algae so far examined: Anacystis nidulans, Anacystis marina and Synechococcus cedrorum. Saturated and olefinic hydrocarbons were determined in 24 species of green, brown and red benthic marine algae from the Cape Cod area (Massachusetts, USA). It is promising source due to its' high biomass productivity, rapid growth rate, large amount of lipid content, capability of high CO₂ capture and sequestration as well as suitable geographical location to be harvested. So it is suitable for biodiesel in diesel engine.

# data[].attributes.body
Second Generation (Non-edible oils): Yellow Grease

-        Yellow grease is used cooking oil whose quality has degraded due to oxidation, polymerization or hydrolysis process

-        Yellow grease produced from adsorption the processed using ultrafiltration membrane that is PES membrane with concentration by 15 wt% with transmembrane pressure.

-        The fatty acids in yellow grease were predominant of C16:0, C18;1 and C18;2.

-        The polysaturated fatty acids yellow grease was lower (52.83 g/100 g) but higher in saturated (15.75 g/100 g) and monosaturated (21.8 g/100 g) fatty acids compared to soybean oil.

Third Generation (Algae): Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

-        C. reinhardtii can be grown either photoautotrophically or heterophically.

-        Photosynthetic function in C. reinhardtii is dispensable, feature that originally been used to isolate mutants defected in photosynthetic apparatus.

-        The fatty acids were palmitic (C16;0), oleic (C18;1), linoleic (C18;2), α-linolenic (C18;3n3) and Υ-linolenic (C18;3n6)

# data[].attributes.body
Second generation -Neem

Neem is a natural herb that come from the neem tree. Neem known for its pesticidal and insecticidal properties but people use it in hair and dental product.

Neem is a strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic.

Type of fatty acids in neem is palmitic acid ranged from 16 to 34%, stearic acid from 6 to 24%, oleic acid from 25 to 58% and linoleic acid from 6 to 17%.

The application neem used in industries is pesticides and pharmaceuticals but in oil extracted from the seeds goes into soap, waxes, lubricants and fuel for lighting and heating. Neem suitable for use in pharmaceuticals because its antimicrobial.

Third generation - Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorella vulgaris is a green unicellular microalga that widely used as a food supplement and biological and pharmacological properties important for human health. Chlorella vulgaris has good antioxidant and therapeutic properties.

Type of fatty acid in Chlorella vulgaris is cis-10-pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acids and arachidic acid.

Besides that, Chlorella vulgaris has long been considered as a source of protein and is now industrially produced for human food and animal feed. Furthermore, Chlorella vulgaris contains lipids and fatty acids that can be used as biofuel raw materials because of its ability to fix carbon dioxide and remove nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, allowing for greenhouse gas mitigation and wastewater bioremediation.

# data[].attributes.body
Second generation oleochemical feedstock is non edible oils. There are a lot of examples for second generation of oleochemical feedstock but I choose to talk about yellow grease. Yellow grease is used cooking oil whose quality has degraded due to the oxidation, polymerization, or hydrolysis process. Rendered fat provides concentrated sources of energy for use in feed for poultry, aquaculture and pets. The fatty acids in yellow grease were C16:0, C18:1, and C18:2. The low FFA yellow grease had lower concentrations of polyunsaturated (22.70g /100g) and monounsaturated (36.69g/100g) fatty acids but was higher in saturated (29.46g/100g) fatty acids compared with the other 2 yellow greases. Yellow grease, also termed used cooking oil (UCO), used vegetable oil (UVO), recycled vegetable oil, or waste vegetable oil (WVO), is recovered from businesses and industry that use the oil for cooking. It is used to feed livestock, and manufacture soap, make-up, clothes, rubber, and detergents.

Next, the example for the third generation is Spirogyra sp. Spirogyra sp. is a green algae. Spirogyra sp. has a cell wall, nucleus, pyrenoid and spiral chloroplasts. Type of fatty acid in Spirogyra sp. are palmic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:4), erucic acid (C22:1), and docosadienoic acid (C22:2). Spirogyra sp. is an economical choice for biodiesel production because of its availability and low cost. Spirogyra sp. also include in the production of food ingredients such as natural food colorants and dyes, food, fertilizer and so on.

# data[].attributes.body
Crops and plants that are not suited for human use (food) or animal consumption could be classified as second generation feedstock .  It could be either non-food crops (cellulosic feedstock) or waste materials from first generation feedstock (e.g. waste vegetable oil) . One of the examples in this discussion are acacia mangium (wood) and corn cobs.

Acacia mangium, second generation, was planted into plantation forests in Sarawak, Malaysia, and its wood properties were investigated. This A.mangium has a lower mean basic density and strength qualities when compared to Acacia hybrids. It also has a large fibre diameter and lumen diameter. A.mangium stemwood, on the other hand, contains more than 1% hexane-soluble extractives and the same proportion of lipophilic extractives as heartwood and sapwood. A.mangium has 22 to 28 carbon atoms and is chemically bonded with long-chain saturated fatty acids, hydroxyl fatty acids, and alcohols. This constitutes the majority of the extractives in A. mangium. Acacia's major fatty acids are oleic and linoleic acids. Their relative compositions range from 10% to 42% and 23% to 68%, respectively. Linolenic acid (93) is the predominant fatty acid component in a few species, accounting for more than 70% of the relative composition. Acacia mangium is gaining popularity due to its economic and ecological relevance, as well as scientific interest.

Corncobs are a waste byproduct of maize processing. Because of its abundance and consistent availability, it is a viable biomass resource in China. Farmers used to consider corncobs to be agricultural waste, and they were utilized as fuel or for composting. This biomass resource is being underutilized by these disposal strategies. Corncob is a typical non-wood fiber material in theory, with an average mass composition of 35% to 40% hemicelluloses, 17% to 20% lignin, and 32% to 36% cellulose. Corn cobs have a high boiling point and may be gathered during corn grain harvest since they are thick and somewhat homogenous. Harvesting cobs has no potential influence on soil residue, soil carbon, or following crop nutrient requirements.

For the third generation of the oleochemical feedstock, we have algae and also chlorella vulgaris microalgae. This generation feedstock is biomass derived from algae. Chlorella vulgaris is a kind of green microalga in the Chlorophyta division. In Japan, it is mostly used as a nutritional supplement or as a protein-rich food ingredient. This green unicellular microalgae is significant for human health because of its biological and pharmacological features. The fatty acid concentration ranged between 0.7-22.8 percent and 0.9-22.6 percent, with palmitic acid being the main fatty acid in both farming systems.

The term "algae" refers to a broad and diverse collection of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. By storing carbon dioxide, this feedstock helps to keep it out of the atmosphere. Algae are also the food supply for practically all aquatic life, as well as a source of crude oil, food, and a variety of pharmaceutical and industrial goods for humans. This single cell microorganism has a rather high omega-3 concentration. Commercial synthesis of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for food and feed is highly promising. Linoleic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acid are the 18-carbon fatty acids.

# data[].attributes.body
Firstly, the second generation of the oleochemical feedstock is non-edible oils such as Jatropha curcas Oil. The physical properties of Jatropha curcas Oil are with a flash point of 150 °C, Jatropha curcas oil can prevent auto ignition and fire hazard at high temperatures during transportation and storage. The fatty acids contain of most triglyceride biomasses is palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. The application used for Jatropha curcas seed oil, its in cosmetic production through the extraction of its seed oil and potentially useful for oleochemical applications, such as surface coating industries and bio-lubricant-based oil applications. Jatropha curcas oil can also be safely used in place of the conventional transformer oil  because  it  is environment-friendly and is easily biodegradable due to its low acid content.

Secondly, the third generation oleochemical feedstock is yeast based biorefineries. The physical properties of yeast based biorefineries it has high tolerance towards oleochemicals. The fatty acids produces saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids of 16- and 18-carbon atoms and no polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with more than two double bonds. Yeast have naturally evolved high flux pathways for fatty acids in the form of neutral lipids, which can be converted into a variety of drop-in fuels.

# data[].attributes.body
Second generation: Non-edible oils.

One of the major oleochemical feedstock source is from tallow. Tallow is odourless, tasteless, waxy white fat consisting of suet (the hard fat about the kidneys and loins of cattle, sheep, and horses). Tallow is a rendered fat form of beef or mutton fat, primarily made up of triglycerides. Tallow consists mainly of triglycerides (fat), whose major constituents are derived from stearic and oleic acids. There are  many types of fatty acid present in tallow which the saturated fatty acids are as follow

Palmitic acid (C16:0): 26%

Stearic acid (C18:0): 14%

Myristic acid (C14:0): 3%

while monounsaturated fatty acids are

Oleic acid (C18-1, ω-9): 47%

Palmitoleic acid (C16:1): 3%

The rendered tallow is mainly used in soap making industry. In producing soap the name tallowate is used informally to refer to soaps made from tallow. Sodium tallowate, for example, is obtained by reacting tallow with sodium hydroxide. It consists chiefly of a variable mixture of sodium salts of fatty acids, such as oleic and palmitic. Tallow is extracted by rendering, cutting, or chopping the fatty tissue into small pieces that are boiled in vats or cooked in steam digesters, then collecting the fat by skimming or by centrifuging. The solid material remaining after rendering is called cracklings, greaves. It has been used mostly for animal food, such as dog food. Tallow is the one best stuff to be used to produce soap because it allow has a very similar composition to palm oil. It makes a hard long-lasting soap with a light creamy lather. Tallow is also similar to human fat, and so it makes a great moisturiser to the skin.

Third Generation: Algae
One of example for third generation oleochemical feedstock is

Euglena gracilis. Euglena gracilis

Euglena are characterized by an elongated cell with one nucleus, numerous chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts (cell organelles that are the site of photosynthesis), a contractile vacuole, an eyespot, and one or two flagella. Certain species appear red in sunlight because they contain a large amount of carotenoid pigments. The fatty acid profile of E. gracilis features a high content (e.g. > 50% of total lipid) of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including the highly desired α-linolenic (ALA), arachidonic (ARA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids for human and animal nutrition. Euglena gracilis, a unicellular flagellated microalga, is regarded as one of the most promising species as microalgal feedstock for biofuels. Its lipids (mainly wax esters) are suitable for biodiesel and jet fuel. The reason behind E,gracilis stand as the best in manufacturing biomass is because of it can produce large amounts of wax esters, consisting of medium-chain fatty acids and alcohols with 14:0 carbon chains.

# data[].attributes.body
2nd generation feedstock is non-edible oils. It produced from non-food crops and i choose wheat straw from wheat production. Straw is an agricultural residue of the production cereals, rapeseed or sunflowers. it includes dried stalks, leaves and empty ears and corncobs, which are separated from the grains during harvest. Straw is promising lignocellulosic feedstock with a beneficial greenhouse gas balance for the production of biofuels and chemicals. Straw is recalcitrant and requires thermochemical and enzymatic pretreatment to enable access to the three major biopolymers of straw. It is used  for commercial ethanol and biogas production. Considerable research has also been conducted to produce biobutanol, biodiesel and biochemicals from this raw material, but more research is required to enstblish them on commercial scale.

For 3rd generation, i choose Oleaginous microbes. It is environmental friendly where no conflict with and or food wage. Neutral lipids mainly contain saturated and mono unsaturated Patty acid. fatty acid that accumulates in the model algae.
Algae feedstock refers a diverse group of highly productive organism which includes
macroalgae and microalgae. higher growth rate tendencies and high cell lipid accumulations are added advantages

# data[].attributes.body
Second-generation feedstock is non - edible oil. Non-edible oils may contain toxic substances such as triterpenoids and strong odor. The non-edible oil widely used in various industries like lubrication industries, soap making, plastic, rubber bio-fuel oleochemical industries and so on. Lignocellulosic plant biomass and agricultural waste are the examples of non-edible oil.

Third generation feedstock is oleaginous microbes. Oleaginous microorganisms have ability to convert carbon substrates into triacyl glycerides (TAGs) or lipids and accumulate them intracellularly, at more than 20%, some microorganisms are reported that have capacity to accumulate lipids up to 87% dry weight. In oleaginous yeasts, the most abundantly produced fatty acids are oleic acid (C18:1, n-9), linoleic acid (C18:2, n-6), palmitic acid (C16:0), and palmitoleic acid (C16:1), as well as by C18:3 or alpha-linolenic acid that, in general, represent less than 10% of the total [106]. Depending on the fatty acid profile, the oils obtained from oleaginous microorganisms are utilized as feedstock for either biodiesel production or as nutraceuticals. Mainly microalgae, bacteria, and yeasts are involved in the production of biodiesel.

# data[].attributes.body
Second-generation feedstock is biofuels from agricultural waste.

These are produced from nonfood crops including the waste from food crops, agricultural residue, wood chips, and waste cooking oil. Second-generation biofuel feedstock is the nonedible byproduct of food crops. First example, wheat straw from wheat production and corn husks from corn cultivation are second-generation feedstock. The neutral lipids, mainly as triacylglycerol, TAGs as storage lipids are the best substrate to produce biodieseL. This biofuel is obtained by transesterification of oil or fat with a monohydric alcohol, yielding the corresponding mono-alkyl esters.It is suitable for industry because There are advantages to using the inevitable byproduct of the agricultural industry for biofuel production; no additional fertilizer, water, or land are required to grow this feedstock

Third generation feedstock is Microalgae (Scenedesmus quadricauda)

These are very small in sizes usually measured in micrometers, which normally grow in water bodies or ponds. Microalgae contain more lipids than macroalgae and have the faster growth in nature. The short harvesting cycle of algae is the key advantage for its importance, which is better than other conventional crops having harvesting cycle of once or twice in a year. The algae can be converted into various types of renewable biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, photobiologically produced biohydrogen, and further processing for bio-oil and syngas production through liquefaction and gasification, respectively. The microalgae act as feedstock for the production of liquid fuels.

# data[].attributes.body
Second generation of oleochemicals feedstock is non-edible oil feedstockwhich is renewable source and environmental friendly. An example is agricultural crop residue which includes the stalks and leaves are abundent and diverse and widely distributed across the world. High erucic acid and rapseed oil is type of fatty acid produced in agricultural crops. Fatty acid is important component of lipid in agricultural crops.

Third generation of oleochemical feedstock is oleaginous microbes which is environmental friendly where no conflict with land or feed usage. Neutral lips mainly certain saturated and mono saturated fatty acid such as C16:0, C16:1 and C18:1 and more than 50% of C18:1 and C16:1 fatty acids thats accumulate in the model algae. Algae as feedstock for bio energy refers to a diverse group of highly productive organism that’s include microalgae and macroalgae. Many uses sunlight and nutrients to create biomass.

# data[].attributes.body
Neem oil is a second-generation oleochemical feedstock. The neem tree (Azadirochta indica A. Juss) is a native Indian tree with medicinal properties. It's an evergreen tree related to mahogany that can be found in practically every state in India, as well as Southeast Asia and West Africa. It contains tens of thousands of compounds that are naturally occurring terpenoids. It can withstand drought and poor soils at temperatures as high as 44°C and as low as 4°C, thanks to its high oil content of 39.7 to 60%. Triglycerides and triterpenoid chemicals make up the majority of neem's composition. It has four major saturated fatty acids, two of which are palmitic acid and stearic acid . It do contain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acids.

Spirogyra sp. is a third-generation oleochemical feedstock. Spirogyra is a green filamentous freshwater algae with various interesting features and possible biotech applications, according to current research. Algae sorption of heavy metal ions: kinetics Spirogyra sp. was tested in the lab using both a static and dynamic technique. Metal ions were absorbed from their salts in aqueous solutions. Palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), alpha-linoleic acid (C18:3), arachidic acid (C20:4), erucic acid (C22:1), and docosadienoic acid (C22:1) are the fatty acids found in Spirogyra sp (C22:2). It is suitable for biodiesel production due to its availability and cheap cost.

# data[].attributes.body
-Second Generation (Tobacco seed).
Tobacco seed has been assessed as a feedstock for biodiesel production.  Tobacco seeds are found to be prominent source of non-edible oil. Extraction process have proved that seeds hold almost 41% of oil in its weight basis. In this work the physical as well as chemical properties of the tobacco seed oil and its methyl ester were investigated. In general, the main fatty acids of most of the tobacco seed oils extracted from tobacco seeds are linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. The tobacco seed mainly used in biodiesel industries to produced commercial gasoline and diesel fuels.
- Third Generation (Spirogyra)
Spirogyra algae have some properties which is ranging between two and ten, spiral-shaped ribbon-like chloroplasts exist inside them and each chloroplast houses several pyrenoids. Their bodies are characterized by multicellular filaments, which is present underneath a mucilaginous sheath. Spirogyra mostly exists in slow-running water bodies, such as ponds, pools, and smaller lakes. One can identify it through the silky sheen that it gives off on the water’s surface. In general, the main fatty acid in spirogyra is palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and erucic acid. Spirogyra mainly use for the treatment of wastewater in industries and biomass production for biofuel.

# data[].attributes.body
2nd Generation (Non-Edible Oils):
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)

- Rubber tree is a perennial plantation crop and cultivated as an industrial crop at South-East Asia around 1876.
- Rubber seed kernel (50-60% of seed) contains 40-50% of pale-yellow oil.
- Rubber seed oil does not contain any unusual fatty acids, but is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2) and (18:3) that make up 52% of its total fatty acid composition.
- Rubber seed oil contains 18.90% saturated fatty acid (10.20% palmitic acid, 8.70% stearic acid) and 80.50% unsaturated fatty acid (24.60% oleic acid, 39.605 linoleic acid, 16.30% linolenic acid).
- Used for all types of rubber products.

3th Generation (Algae) :
Scenedesmus quadricauda

- Scenedesmus species are nonmotile and usually consist of 4, 8, 16, or 32 cells arranged in a row.
- Some species are spiny or feature bristles.
- Reproduction is by nonmotile spores called autospores.
- Scenedesmus quadricauda’s lipids contained palmitic acid (16.36%), oleic acid (15.60%), linoleic acid (11.67%). 3, 7, 11- trimethyl-2, 4-dodecadiene (9.67%) and linolenic acid (6.21%).
- Useful for for biofuel production based on its high lipid and oleic acid contents.

# data[].attributes.body
Due to the high production of palm oil in the world, Malaysia has been considered as one of the top palm-based biodiesel producers. Producing biodiesel in this country dates back to late 2005 due to the lower price of crude palm oil compared to that of crude oil. Malaysia has a promising trend only for biodiesel by 490 million liters in 2017, which is expected to reach 815 million liters in 2027, showing a 66% increase.
Producing biodiesel via transesterification includes the catalytic hydro processing of triglycerides and the thermal conversion of lignocellulose, employing gasification and pyrolysis. The esters and glycerol are produced in transesterification from the reaction of triglyceride (free fatty acid) and alcohol.
Based on the type and availability of the feedstock, biodiesel could be classified into two main groups, called edible and non-edible which is vegetable oil, algal oil, waste animal oil, waste cooking oil. Different feedstocks could be used to produce biodiesel.
The second, and third generation of biodiesel are produced from edible oil, non-edible oil feedstocks, and algae oil, respectively. Compared to edible and non-edible feedstocks, algae has a high oil content (30–70%), which made it suitable for biodiesel production.

# data[].attributes.body
Second Generation (Non-edible oils)

One of the second generation of the oleochemical feedstock is Yellow grease.Yellow grease is restaurant-quality grease or cooking oil and may be from blended sources. Rendered fat provides concentrated sources of energy for use in feed for poultry, aquaculture, and pets. Yellow grease is the leftover cooking oil from large fryers and griddles, while brown grease is the congealed fat, oil, grease, and solids that collects in a grease trap.The fatty acids in yellow grease were C16:0, C18:1, and C18:2. The low-FFA yellow grease had lower concentrations of polyunsaturated (22.70 g/100 g) and monounsaturated (36.69 g/100 g) fatty acids but was higher in saturated (29.46 g/100 g) fatty acids compared with the other 2 yellow greases.The application of yellow grease in industrial is used to feed livestock, and to manufacture soap, make-up, clothes, rubber, and detergents.

Third Generation (Algae)

One of the third generation of the oleochemical feedstock is Euglena gracilis. Euglena gracilis is a freshwater species of single-celled alga in the genus Euglena. It has secondary chloroplasts, and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis. The ability of Euglena to produce bioproducts is one which could have great commercial value. For example, we may be able to use its ability to synthesise sugars by photosynthesis and alter its metabolism to produce biofuel. Another interesting aspect of this organism is its unusual evolution. The fatty acid content in Euglena gracilis is polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including the highly desired α-linolenic (ALA), arachidonic (ARA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids for human and animal nutrition [15,16]. Euglena gracilis is a promising source of commercially important metabolites such as vitamins, wax esters, paramylon, and amino acids.  the studies and applications have been more focused on using the wild-type strain or its variants and optimizing the nutrient composition and cultivation conditions to enhance the production of biomass and valuable metabolites. In addition to producing metabolites, the E. gracilis biorefinery concept also provides means for the production of biofuels and biogas as well as residual biomass for the remediation of industrial and municipal wastewater.

# data[].attributes.body
The second generations feedstock is nonedible oils. I have chosen Tallow. Tallow is a rendered form of beef or mutton fat, primarily made up of triglycerides. In industry, tallow is not strictly defined as beef or mutton fat. In this context, tallow is animal fat that conforms to certain technical criteria, including its melting point. Commercial tallow commonly contains fat derived from other animals, such as lard from pigs, or even from plant sources. The types of the fatty acid for the Tallow are saturated .Tallow can be used as flux for soldering. Tallow can be used in moisturizer, balms and beauty products. Tallow has a long history in humanity of being used to soothe and moisturize skin. As tallow is rendered animal fat, the composition of the tallow oil similar the composition of human skin’s natural sebum. This makes it often a suitable moisturizer for individuals who have sensitivities of commercial moisturizers. Tallow contains Vitamins A, D, K, & E, & B12, conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) with natural anti-inflammatory properties, oleic acid (omega 9), palmitic acid, and stearic acid which have beneficial healing and soothing properties.

Next, I have chosen Spirulina Maxima. Spirulina is a biomass of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can be consumed by humans and animals. The three species are Arthrospira platensis, A. fusiformis, and A. maxima.Cultivated worldwide, Arthrospira is used as a dietary supplement or whole food. It is also used as a feed supplement in the aquaculture, aquarium, and poultry industries. The types of the fatty acid for the Spirulina Maxima is polyunsaturated. Spirulina contains no vitamin B₁₂ naturally (see table), and spirulina supplements are not considered to be a reliable source of vitamin B₁₂, as they contain predominantly pseudovitamin B₁₂ (Coα-[α-(7-adenyl)]-Coβ-cyanocobamide), which is biologically inactive in humans.

# data[].attributes.body
Second generation of oleochemical feedstock agricultural waste on the
residencen which renewable energy and enviromental Priendly. An example is residues which includes mieroalgae, macro algae, macro algae (Seaweed)
and@ bacteriaChermerry called.
"blue green algal. Many uses Sunglight and nutrient create bey components including lipids, proteins and carbohydraten that can be convertedand upgraded to variety of biofuels and products . Additionaly they can grow from Second use sources such as. aquaculture wastewater ,agricultural or produced water generated from all and gas.

Third generation Oleochemical
feedstock is Oleaginous mictobes is enviromental friendly where
no conflict with and or food wage.Neutral lipids mainly contain saturated and mono unsaturatad Patty acid. fatty acid that accumulates in the model algae.
Algae feedstock refers a diverse group of highly productive organism which includes
macroalgae and mierbalgae. higher growtn rate tendencies and high cell lipid accumulations are added advantages.

# data[].attributes.body
The 2nd generations of the oleochemical produced from non-edible oil. Some of the non-edible oils are acid oil, fatty acid, was, castor oil and many more. Due to the large presence of free fatty acids and water in waste vegetable oils, there are several problems. Some of the fatty acid content in non-edible oil in oleochemical are myristic, oleic acid, linoleic and lauric. This non-edible oil used in industry to produce detergent, soap, paintings, and biofuels. 2 examples of non-edible oil are jatropha and jojoba. Non-edible oil is suitable to be used in industry because production of biodiesel from non-edible oils is an effective way to overcome all the associated problems with edible oils.

The third generation of feed stock is algae like chlorella vulgaris and Dunaliella salina. The products that can be extracted from microalgae, such as, polyunsaturated fatty acids and pigments. Triacylglycerols (TAG) are converted into fatty acid alkyl esters called biodiesel. The biodiesel produced from microalgae oil has been used industrial due to the high capacity of some species to store lipids in their cells, the high productivity of biomass per hectare of cultivation and the high absorption of CO2.  Algal biodiesel fuels have oxidative stability properties due to the relatively high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in algal oils, although there are some exceptions.

# data[].attributes.body
Second generation (Neem oil)

The example that I have chosen for second generation is neem oil. Neem (Azadirochta indica A. Juss) is a native Indian tree well known for its medicinal features. It is an evergreen tree related to mahogany, growing in almost every state of India, South East Asian countries and West Africa. It  contains  several  thousands  of  chemicals  which  are terpenoids  in  nature. It has  the  ability to survive  on drought and poor soils at a very hot temperature of 44°C and a low temperature of up to 4°C, and its high oil content of 39.7 to 60% Neem comprises mainly of triglycerides and large amounts of triterpenoid compounds. It contains four significant saturated fatty acids, of which two are palmitic acid and two are stearic acid. It also contains polyunsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid and linoleic acids. There are many uses of the Neem tree. The wood is strong and durable, the tree is related to the mahagony family, so furniture and other durable good can be made from the wood.  The leaves are dried and used in cupboards as an insect deterrent to prevent insects from eating clothes and rice. The trees oil and products can be found in shampoos, soaps creams, toothpastes and mouthwashes. The young twigs are even used as toothbrushes in rural areas. (Source) .The oil extracted from the seeds are used as a natural insecticide, repellent and fungicide. The oil is also used as a lubricant, lamp fuel and can be turned into biodiesel

Third Generation (Chrolrella vulgaris)

Next, for third generation is Chrolrella vulgaris .Chrolrella vulgaris, a green alga that is widely used as a food supplement, has good antioxidant and therapeutic properties. C. vulgaris contains a variety of compounds, including antioxidants and a glycoprotein. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae produced a highly complex bio-oil composition, including fatty acids, phenolics, ethers, ketones, etc., as well as aromatics, alkanes, and nitrogen compounds (pyrroles and amides), originating from the lipid, protein, and carbohydrate fractions of the microalgae. The type of fatty acid for chlorella is polyusaturated.

# data[].attributes.body
One of the examples of the second generation oleochemical feedstock is tobacco seed. Tobacco seed is a tiny object the size of a candle sprinkle, from which a tobacco plant will grow. A bottle cap worth of seeds can plant an entire cantero, or seed bed, measuring 90 feet long by three feet wide. This oil seed was evaluated in the present study as a renewable and potential source of energy. Successive tobacco seed oil extraction indicated that almost 38% of the seed was oil. The physical, chemical and fuel related properties of tobacco seed oil was investigated in this work. The study suggest that this non edible oil may be an appropriate substitute for diesel fuel. Fatty acid composition of tobacco seed oil shows a main presence of palmitic acid (8.83-12.3%), stearic acid (2.1-3.3%), oleic acid (9.97-11.69%), and linoleic acid (64.38-75.9%).
Besides that, an example for the third generation oleochemical feedstock is Spirogyra sp. Spirogyra is a green filamentous freshwater algae on which recent studies reveal several promising properties ad potential application possibilities in biotechnology. Kinetics of heavy-metal ions sorption by alga Spirogyra sp. was evaluated experimentally in the laboratory, using both the static and the dynamic approach. The metal ions were sorbed form aqueous solutions of their salts. The static experiments showed that the sorption equilibria were attained in 30 min, with 90-95% of metal ions sorbed in first 10 min of each process. Type of fatty acid in Spirogyra sp. are palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), alpha- linoleic acid (C18:3), arachidic acid( C20:4), erucic acid (C22:1) and docosadienoic acid (C22:2). Spirogyra sp. is an economical choice for biodiesel production because of its availability and low cost.

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the feedstock organization, I have chosen tobacco seed. Tobacco seed is very small and it has an ability to germinate and grow at any state. Tobacco seed has higher densities where to shift the emphasis from leaf to seed development by cultural practices. Tobacco seeds are high in cellulose, proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. The types of the fatty acid for the tobacco seeds are saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated. They can be used in the health food processing industry to encourage healthy eating among regular customers as well as cancer patients because it is a best choice of cancer prevention.

Next is chlorella vulgaris. Chlorella is a genus of roughly thirteen species of single-celled green algae in the Chlorophyta division. The cells are spherical in form, 2 to 10 μm in diameter and lack flagella. The types of fatty acid for chlorella is polyunsaturated. Technologically and practically found that the uses of chlorella are by producing human food and animal feed. It is also rich in oil and ideally a good feedstock for biofuels.

# data[].attributes.body
SECOND GENERATION (Neem oil (Azadirachta indica A.Juss)

Neem oil is known as scalp savior for its immense healing (anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral) properties. It also regulates the secretion of sebum and normalizes dryness or oiliness of the scalp. It further has a cooling and soothing effect which helps in relaxation.

The palmitic acid ranged from 16 to 34%, stearic acid from 6 to 24%, oleic acid from 25 to 58% and linoleic acid from 6 to 17%

Neem cake a by-product of neem oil industry is used as livestock feed, fertilizer and natural pesticide. Neem oil is commonly used in soap production. Medicated neem soaps are gaining popularity. Neem based toothpaste is widely used in India and European countries.

Neem cakes double as a good fertilizer and an effective pesticide. A neem cake is made from organic manure, a byproduct of cold-pressed neem fruit and kernels. They fertilize the soil by extending the availability of nitrogen and help control nematodes, white ants, and grubs.

Third generation (Spirogyra sp. (Green algae)

The filamentous masses come to the surface and become visible as slimy green mats. Spirogyra has a cell wall, nucleus, pyrenoid and spiral chloroplasts.

The most abundant fatty acids were arachidic acid, erucic acid, and docosadienoic acid which determined by HPLC –Technique

Commercial and industrial algae cultivation has numerous uses, including production of food ingredients such as omega-3 fatty acids or natural food colorants and dyes, food, fertilizer, bioplastics, chemical feedstock (raw material), pharmaceuticals, and algal fuel, and can also be used as a means of pollution control.