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The Kadazan-Dusun is the largest ethnic group in Sabah make up 17.8% of the population in Sabah.

Kadazan-Dusun is the term used to unify the classification of two indigenous tribes in Sabah. They are also the largest ethnic group, making up about 1/3 of the population

Traditionally, they are mainly traditional farmers who grow paddy and upland rice as well as hunt and fish in gorges.

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Peranakkan or Baba Nyonya in Malaysia are people of mixed Chinese and Malay where their Chinese traders ancestors married with local women back in 5th century.

Baba refers to Peranakan males while Nyonya refers to Peranakan females.

The Peranakans also addressed themselves as Straits-born to distinguish them from those who born in China

Peranakans usually work as entrepreneur traders and shopkeepers. Some of them involved in the real estate, shipping sectors.

Most of the Peranakans received English education and fluent in English language.

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The term Kadazan, in the Kadazan language, means, “the people”.

The Kadazan language is spoken about 750,000 speakers with different dialects depending on their locations

Language shift in the Kadazandusun community has occurred gradually in the late 1980's.

Most of the Kadazandusun children either bilingual or fluent in other language such as Malay and English.

A memorandum between The Kadazan Cultural Association and the United Sabah Dusun Association was established in 1995. They agreed a few aspects in the memorandum. first, the reference language shall be called the Kadazandusun Language. second, the Bundu-Liwan dialect was chosen as Kadazan Language. Lastly, the Kadazandusun language is to be enriched by the other dialects of the Dusunic family language.

To revive the Kadazandusun language, they proposed to the Federal Government that the Kadazandusun language be taught in schools in Sabah.

The Curriculum Development Centre initiated the planning and development of the Kadazandusun language syllabus to preserve and continue the Kadazandusun heritage.

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The massive migration of Minangkabau people to Malay Peninsula are well received by the locals in 15th century

Minangkabau words are a combination of two words namely, minang which means "win" and kabau for "buffalo".

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The Semai belong to the Senoi group, and are one of the largest indigenious ethnic group in the Peninsula and the largest of the Senoi group

The Semai can be found in southeastern Perak and northwestern Pahang states of West Malaysia

They usually cultivating grain crops, hunting, and fishing.

The Semai are  known as the non-violent people and they practice total sharing with each other.

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Introduction

Table of contents

Kadazandusun

Peranakkan/Baba Nyonya

Javanese

Minangkabau

Semai

Reflections

References

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Talaala is an oral tradition in the form of poetry treasure of the Kadazandusun people who have a very high value in this community

To convey a moral message of the values ​​of religion, culture and social norms

Poem like a rhyme that has two parts which is the imaginary and the intent.

Talaala usually contains four lines in one stanza

Used words that seem to be the same rhyme words or similar meanings.

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Riddles are the oral culture of the Kadazan Dusun community in Sabah.

Riddles in Kadazandusun community are known as sundait.

Sundait is combined from the syllables sunudai and karait. Sunudai means to ask to be told sundait. Karait means to say or guess a given riddle.

The creation of sundait is associated with animals, the environment, plants, and their daily activities.

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Rinait  a Kadazandusun mantra poem that is used by during shamans (Bobolian) during rituals such as to cure diseases, calm nature after disasters and during Tadau Kaamatan ceremony

Bobolian is a Kadazandusun high priestess, a ritual specialist and a spirit medium with mostly from women who are said to have expertise in calling spirit

Rinait is a form of oral poetry whether it is expressed through a song or in a normal speech tone

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the language is used in religion ritual, ceremonial events such as the Kadazandusun’s Harvest Festival and other cultural events.

The local newspapers have a section publication for Kadazandusun language

The Kadazandusun radio station channels airing everyday

There are many popular Kadazandusun songs and short dramas in the local entertainment

Various literary works in Kadazandusun language can be found in the library, bookstores and online shopping websites

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Minangkabau language is an Austronesian spoken by the Minangkabau of west Sumatera and also in several cities throughout Indonesia by migrated Minangkabau

The language is called as Aneuk Jamee in Aceh

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Semai Language is an Austroasiatic language closely related to Temiar, spoken by Temiars.

About 44,000 Semai people spoken Austroasiatic language in western Malaysia

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The Peranakan in Malaysia use Baba Malay as their language

Baba Malay is a creole dialect of Malay language that mixed with many of the words from Chinese Hokkien dialect.

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Dondang sayang is a traditional poetic art exchange between two or more singers in the Peranakan form of Baba Malay consists both Hokkien and Malay words.

The number of singer came in pairs and they usually sing by exchanging four verses with each other

The Peranakkan community also dance to dondang sayang with items such as handkerchief, Chinese umbrella or embroidery frames to present their culture.

Dondang sayang normally accompanied by violinist,drum,gong ,flutes or any other music instruments.

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Chrita-Chrita Baba by Kenneth Y.K. Chan is a collection of Peranakkan short stories written in both Baba Malay and English 

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Peranakan community have a lot collection of short stories, written in both Baba Malay and English

The collection of short stories focused on the unique and the colourful cultures of Peranakkan Community

The short stories usually featuring adaptations of fairytales and elements from local customs, traditions, and beliefs.

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 “A Tapestry of Baba Poetry” by  Johny Chee Boon Heng

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The poetry of Peranakkan community usually consists of poetic songs of praise, friendship, love, romance, sorrow and joy

The variety of themes and the beauty of the Baba Malay language made Peranakan poems among the most highly valued pieces of literary work.

There are three process that emphasis the making of Peranakan poetry. First, the formula of lines and phrases. Second, the structures that show the specific relations between the lines. Third, the rhythm.

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Now the Peranakkan community is still using their Baba language in daily lives especially old generation.

Both Baba and Malay languages act as their main conversation languages.

They casually use the Baba language when communicating with their family members, neighbours,  and people around them.

The usage level of this language depends on the existence of old generations in their family.

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Javanese people in Malaysia are people of full or partial Javanese descents who were born in or immigrated to Malaysia.

Most of them work as force labor in different region when they immigrated to Malaysia.

Most Malaysians Javanese descent have assimilated into the local Malay culture and raised speaking in their native tongue interchangeably with modern Malay language.

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Wayang Kulit is a form of traditional theater that uses the principles of light and shadow.

Wayang kulit is a traditional art originated from the land of Java, Indonesia. Wayang is a Javanese term which means 'shadow'.

Wayang kulit performances are always accompanied by the sound of a brass instrument (serunai) or stringed instrument (fiddle)

Wayang Kulit is a form of traditional theater. The story is presented in Javanese and inserted with the local Malay language dialect.

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Cempuling is one of the traditional forms of entertainment whose origin is said to come from Java, more specifically from Central Java, Indonesia.

Apart from the stories of the prophets, there are also songs that show the appreciation and the meaning of life

Most of the song lyrics are related to the appreciation of religion.

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Kaba is a type of traditional Minangkabau written literature and there is tukang kaba (story teller)

In terms of content, the kaba story is similar story in Malay literature.

Kaba rhymes accompanied by expressions of proverbs-petitih, mamangan, proverbs and figures of speech.

Kaba serves to convey a story or message. Usually the characters in the kaba are not clear and their names tend to be symbolic.

Usually the contains of Kaba about power struggle between insiders and outsiders

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Randai is one of the arts and cultures of the Minangkabau people from Negeri Sembilan

Randai is a folk theater tradition that combine various elements including dance, martial arts, music and literature. based on Minangkabau legends and folktales.

Randai performances are performed in ceremonies such as weddings and cultural ceremonies.

The lyrics usually tell a summary or synopsis of the theatrical scenes that are performed

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Folklores is a traditional art, literature, knowledge, and practice that is disseminated largely through oral communication

folklores which was told orally was a medium used in educating and entertaining the tribes of the concerned culture

For example, Semai people telling and showing one another how to do things, they pass down the skills for survival such as hunting, building houses, making clothes, tools, medicine and religious practice through the folklores

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Assalamualaikum! My name is Zawanah Bt Zakaria, a student of Bachelor Degree in Applied Language Studies (Hons) English For Intercultural Communication. I am currently studying in UITM Shah Alam, Selangor

Here I presented you my piece of work regarding on the how ethnic's literature contribute to the growth of their language. I will covering on five different communities which are Kadazandusun, Peranakkan, Javanese, Minangkabau and Semai. I hope you will learn useful knowledge from my research.

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Semai tribal writer Akiya wrote Tuntut, the first literary work (short stories) by Malaysia’s indigenous people.

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short stories of Semai people would include myths and fictional stories about their point of view of the world

Their themes, rhythms and narrative structures are unique as their purpose or function of the oral tradition is to entertain and educate the younger generation.

Semai short stories usually focusing on their spiritual culture.

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Now the Javanese community in Malaysia is still using Java language especially in Johor and Selangor.

They use both of Javanese and Malay Languages as their main conversation languages.

They also use the Javanese language when communicating with their family members.

Javanese language also used in cultural heritage such as kuda kepang and wayang kulit.

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The Minang community especially in Negeri Sembilan speak the Malay language with Minangkabau dialect.

This dialect is spoken among older generations

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Semai language is still used in religion rituals, ceremonial events and other cultural events.

Various literary works such as short story and folklores in Semai language can be found in the library, bookstores and online shopping websites