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The design of Chinese garden represented a total expression of painting, calligraphy, poetry, philosophy, botany and knowledge of Feng Shui.

Chinese landscape had tune the main objectives in mind.

1.The sitting objects
: the hall, water and stones
2.Arranging of enclosure space, the ground plan of the walled areas in the garden establishment.
3.Organizing the walkway path throughout the garden.

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China had assimilative attitude to religion.Confucianism geometry was joined, through Buddhism and Taoism to a mystical appreciation of nature in garden design.Buddhist monasteries (a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows) began making idealized landscapes (imaginary painting).Ahead of that, the royal family follow their leads.The combination between geometrical and nature can be seen in the drawings.

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The Chinese term for "landscape" is made up of two characters meaning "mountains and water." It is linked with the philosophy of Taoism, which emphasizes harmony with the natural world.Their concept is "Nature as Muse" which means nature as a source of inspiration to imagine, design and create their work.

Chinese artists do not usually paint real places but imaginary, idealized landscapes. The Chinese phrase woyou expresses this idea of "wandering while lying down." In China, mountains are associated with religion because they reach up towards the heavens. People therefore believe that looking at paintings of mountains is good for the soul.

Chinese painting in general is seen as an extension of calligraphy and uses the same brushstrokes. The colors are restrained and subtle and the paintings are usually created in ink on paper, with a small amount of watercolor. They are not framed or glazed but mounted on silk in different formats such as hanging scrolls, handscrolls, album leaves and fan paintings.

In China, the earliest landscapes were portrayed in three-dimensional form. Examples include mountain-shaped incense burners made of bronze or ceramic, produced as early as the Han Dynasty.In the period following the Han dynasty, Buddhism spread across China. Artists began to illustrate stories of the life of the Buddha on earth and to create paradise paintings. In the background of some of these brightly colored Buddhist paintings, it is possible to see examples of early landscape painting.

This scene is one of a series of three representing the life of the historical Buddha, Prince Sakyamuni, when he lived on earth. The mountains are simple triangles and their ridges are painted with short brush strokes to create texture. The water in the river is portrayed in a bold, diagrammatic way, conveying a sense of movement.

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Chinese gardens are distinctive in their symbolic use of water, plants, stone and architecture to create a calm and beautiful place with the universal energy, qi.These four elements manifest the opposing principles of yin (earth-receptive-dark) and yang (heaven-creative-bright).The philosophers see yin and yang as cycling forces that drive the rhythms of life.

In chinese garden, we see the garden as inspiring convergence of nature and culture.It is confusing and dense place, with huge stone-piles and number of buildings all squeezed into innumerable, a small spaces.Chinese gardens are cosmic diagrams, revealing a profound and ancient view of the world.

Chinese three types of garden

1.Chinese Landscape Parks
The scenery of parks when Shang Dynasty was not valued.It were not a garden but more to natural park.Lake Tai, near Suzhou, a feature of scholar gardens with an essential components of chinese garden, the stones.

2.Chinese Domestic Courtyards
A rectangular domestic courtyard with the sense of enclosure outdoor space, using a design principles of strict geometry (south and north axis).

3.Sacred Chinese Gardens
A kind of chinese garden that was a product of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.Scholars used these thoughts to make private gardens attached to their dwellings.

:Confucianism
Associated with the geometrical order of chinese domestic and town planning.It grew out of China's ancient religion (ancestor worship).It also known as the Way of Heaven.Confucius believe that study can improve man, by learning arts, rites, music, writing, mathematics, chariot driving and archery.This become the basis to educate 'the good man', create a harmony between man and nature.

:Taoism
Linked to Lao Tzu but it stop developed after his death.His principle underlies the natural world.'The good man' was seen as one whose life rested on naturalness, not by the wealth or the status.

Associated with natural approach to the design of the gardens.

:Buddhism
Buddhists was adopted by emperor and transformed through contact with Chinese civilization and brought a monastic tradition to China.Laymen could hope for nirvana (a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth) if they lived as Buddhists or they they have to deny the old religions.Two strands developed, to emphasize rebirth and emphasize meditation.From here, the stones used to form Chinese garden for the purpose of meditation.

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1.Temple
The architectural layouts of Buddhist and Taoist temples have largely been similar in China, as the buildings of both religions have been under strong influence from the traditional culture, according to architects.

"To me, the only tangible difference is that the building in the main courtyard of a Buddhist temple is a pagoda, while the building in that of a Taoist temple is an altar," said Tao Jin, an architect who has specialized in the designing of religious buildings.

Taoist architecture includes temples, palaces, nunneries, altars and huts where religious activities are performed.

:Similar to Buddhist architecture, it can be divided into holy halls for sacrifice, altars to pray at, houses to live in and rooms to chant scriptures in accordance with their use, according to the website of the Taoist Association of China.

2.Mosque
Mosque design worldwide is uniform in its functional requirements and main parts, but reflects local design and building traditions. A mosque is essentially a community center with a prayer hall oriented toward the qibla, or direction of Mecca, which in China lies approximately to the west.The minaret tower of some sort is traditional, both to call the community to prayer and to mark the mosque in the urban landscape. A dome is also commonly used to dignify the prayer hall or its mihrab but is not required and is lacking in most early Chinese mosques, as well as some recent ones. Traditional an iconic decoration includes Qur’anic passages in Arabic calligraphy, floral arabesques, geometric interlace, and intricate muqarnas moldings in the vaults.

The lack of figura decoration is an important point of identity with Chinese Muslims, a major distinction between themselves and local Buddhists, who were never considered “people of the book” and who have been labeled as “idolators” at various points in Islamic history.
Virtually all Chinese mosques contain these functional features and decoration. But the architecture displays enormous variation over time and by region.

The oldest remaining mosque in China is the Huaisheng Mosque, also known as the Lighthouse Mosque, in Guangzhou, with its tall minaret, traditionally said to have been founded by the Prophet’s uncle in 627 and still used by the Hui community of Guangzhou.

3.Church
The production, development and evolution of modern Christian Landscape in Nanjing interacted deeply with the social processes and space development of the city. It is necessary to study these interactions to gain a profound understanding of the characteristics and value of Nanjing ‘s modern Christian landscape. The Christian landscapes are important elements that construct the special place in Nanjing. A strong sense-of-place is formed through three components: vision and structure,funstion and modernization, and mempry and identity. The protections of the Christian landscapes should include the activation of material form, local functions and historical meanings in order to achieve sustainability.

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1. Royal Garden in the north and

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1.Confucianism
A system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China. The major Confucian concepts include ren (humanity or humaneness), zhengming (similar to the concept of the Mandate of Heaven), zhong (loyalty), xiao (filial piety), and li (ritual). It introduced the Golden Rule (essentially, treat others as you would like to be treated), the concept of Yin and Yang (two opposing forces that are permanently in conflict with each other, leading to perpetual contradiction and change), the idea of meritocracy, and of reconciling opposites in order to arrive at some middle ground combining the best of both.

2.Taoism
A philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (way,path,route,road,principle,
holistic beliefs).It was later developed into religion.Taoism differs from Confucianism by not emphasizing rigid rituals and social order, but is similar in the sense that it is a teaching about the various disciplines for achieving "perfection" by becoming one with the unplanned rhythms of the universe called "the way".

3.Legalism
A philosophy, whose main motto is "set clear strict laws, or deliver harsh punishment", and its essential principle is one of jurisprudence. According to Legalism, a ruler should govern his subjects according to Fa (law or principle), Shu (method, tactic, art, or statecraft) and Shi (legitimacy, power, or charisma).

4.Buddhism
A religion, a practical philosophy and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), who lived in India from the mid-6th to the early 5th Century B.C. It was introduced to China from India.Chinese tradition focuses on ethics rather than metaphysics.

5.Mohism
A school of Chinese philosophy founded by Mozi in the 5th century BCE. This philosophy challenged the dominant Confucian ideology until about the 3rd century BCE. Mozi taught the necessity for individual piety and submission to the will of heaven, or Shangdi (the Lord on High), and deplored the confucian emphasis on rites and ceremonies as a waste of government funds.He was strongly against by confucian.Many Mohist texts were destroyed in Qin Dynasty after been popular in Zhou Dynasty and finally supplanted completely by Confucianism during the Han Dynasty.

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2. Private Garden in the south

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Classical Gardens of Suzhou, China in 4K Ultra HD

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Confucianist symbol

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History Of Ancient China | Dynasties, Confucius, And The First Emperor

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About 3 million years ago - 10,000 years ago

:Human beings during this period produced mainly simple stone implements.

:In the early period, humans lived as hunter gatherers. As for the implements, coarsely-made stone ones were widely used. Fire was used to keep warm and cook food.

:Humans in the middle period were more advanced than those living in the early period. The implements at that time were more diverse and more finely crafted.

:Humans in the late period was almost as the same as that of modern humans. They belonged to the latter Homo sapiens. Tools were more advanced than before. Beating, polishing and drilling were used extensively. Implements looked symmetrical and clearly reflect their different purposes. Bow and arrow, rock spear, drill, awls, carving implements and some utensils for daily use made from bone appeared at that time. In addition, decorations created with rocks, bones, animal teeth and ostrich eggshells appeared, among which some were even dyed with colors. As for the marriage system, because of the establishment of the clan, no person in a clan was allowed to marry a person of a different clan.

:scattered, unearthed relic sites of primitive societies.

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1. Buddhism
Buddhism spread from India to  China some 2,000 years ago.Mahayana Buddhism was originally founded during the Kushan Empire and spread to China where various school sects were developed.The majority of Buddhist believers are Han Chinese.They are typically from the Tibetan, Mongolian, Lhoba, Moinba and Tujia nationalities. Buddhists make up the largest religious communities in China.

2. Taoism
Taoism is native to China and has a history of more than 1,700 years. Its founder was Lao Tzu. Taoism is centered on the "three treasures" which are: Humility, Compassion, and Frugality. The famous Yin and Yang symbol is a foundational illustration of Taoist beliefs. In it, we can see the importance of harmony in the Taoist tradition.

3. Islam
Islam spread from the Arab Countries to China more than 1,300 years ago. It now has more than 14 million believers among the Hui, Uyghur, Kazak, Ozbek, Tajik, Tatar, Kirgiz, Dongxiang Sala and Banan ethnic groups.The Islamic followers mainly live in Provinces of Xinjiang, Ningxia, Ganxu and Qinghai in northwest China .There are also Islamic communities scattered in almost every city.

4. Christianity
In 635, a missionary of the Nestorian sect came to China from Persia.The religion was slow in gaining a strong foothold in China but is now well established.It was after the Sino-British Opium War in 1840 that christianity developed rapidly in China.Now there are more than 3.3 million catholics and nearly 5 million protestants in the country.

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About 6000 B.C-2000 B.C

:Humans  grew up along the main river systems,Yellow River (central and northern China) and the Yangzi River (southern and eastern China).

:the first group of artifacts was the painted pottery found along Yellow River, while second group were the jade carving and pottery.

:cultivating corn, rice and pig, and wide utilizing of the wooden building, fishing, hunting.

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China was one of the four early civilizations found around the world.The powerful families that controlled land became leaders of family-controlled governments called dynasties.

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(2070 B.C.E-1600 B.C.E)

The first dynasty in Chinese history
and lasted for 471 years with the reigns of 17 emperors (king).This dynasty is the descendants of King Huang Di.The Xia people were a farmer, with bronze weapons and clay pottery.One of the artifact is "bi", the jade is a burial artifact.Outside the kingdom, there were other states that most were mentioned in the Classic of Mountains and Seas.

Yu the Great was assigned to lead people to defend the Great Flood
(a major flood event in ancient China which resulted in great population displacements among other disasters such as storms).He gained most people's love and respect and then he accepted the throne from King Shun, the last of the Five Emperors.He turned his clan into the Xia Dynasty.

In the following decades, the relationship among Xia's royal family became deteriorated.In the year 1600 B.C.E, the Lord of the State Shang initiated wars against King Si Jie, and after a series of intense battle, they won over the king.

Some of Xia's people surrendered to King of Shang Dynasty and stayed in the middle of the kingdom and the rest were separated and migrated.

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(1600 B.C.E-1046 B.C.E)

The first kingdom in Chinese history that directly documented in words.The dynasty lasted for 554 years with the reigns of 31 emperors.Bronze were widely used in people's daily lives.

Divination was an important belief for Shang's peoples as most of the oracle bone inscriptions were about the  noble's diving activities.The dominant ideology during that period were witchcraft, ghost and supernatural worship, which prisoners were the human sacrifices.

The Shang Dynasty was established after the final success of defeating King Si Jie, the Xia dynasty.

The Shang Empire kept moving their capital city due to bad weather and political conflicts among the ruling class, until King Pan Geng settled it.The kingdom reach the peak when the crown came to King Wu Ding.His wife, Lady Hao/Zi the first female marshal in Chinese history.This couple led their people and defeated invasive enemies and largely expanded their territory.

In the following decades, King Wu Yi (an Atheist who challenges the Theocracy which was unacceptable at that time), ascended to the throne.Peoples considered him crazy and rebelled against the Shang.The last king of Shang is Di Xin, was attacked by a strong state named Zhou and the king lost.He then wore all of his jewelry and clothes and burnt himself in his favorite palace.

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(1046 B.C.E-256 B.C.E)

The longest dynasty in Chinese history, divided by two
:the Western Zhou (1046 B.C.E-
771 B.C.E) AND
:the Eastern Zhou (770 B.C.E-
256 B.C.E).The dynasty lasted for 791 years with the reigns of 37 emperors.This was the period when Confucius was though highly of.All important Chinese Philosophical Schools appeared and popularized in the Zhou Dynasty and in the beginning of Atheism in Chinese culture.They recorded their important events and achievements on the bronze wares.

A lord of Zhou was wrongly sentenced to death by a king of the Shang in the intense Battle of Muye.The Zhou started a plan for defeating the Shang dynasty and they win.They establish a new dynasty under the founder of Military Strategy, minister Jiang Ziya.

The Zhou Dynasty defeated rebellions and was well developed in the next half a century.Then, King Ji Xia ascended the throne and started further his realm.Afterward, his son, King Ji Man was enthroned.

In the following decades, King Ji Gongsheng makes fun of hi armies until a real invasion happen, none of his armies showed up to protect the king and was assassinated.Later, his son resstablished their dynasty, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

In the late Zhou Dynasty, King of Zhou was only with 30,000 civilians while Qin had over a million armies.The last king of Zhou passed away in his old palace with no heir.One year later, King of Qin occupied Zhou's capital city and put an end to Zhou dynasty.

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On 8th century B.C.E, centralized leadership in China was fragmenting. Between 722 and 221 B.C.E, various city-states were at war with the Zhou. Some established themselves as independent feudal entities. It was during this period that the religious and philosophical movements of Confucianism and Taoism developed.

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(221 B.C.E-206 B.C.E)

The Warring State Period was ended after Kingdom Qin defeated other six kingdom and established the unified Qin Dynasty by King Ying Zheng(Qin Shi Huang).The dynasty only lasted for 14 years with the reigns of three emperors.

After the King Ying Zheng passed away, his 18th son snatched the throne and rebellions happen.Soon, the second emperor was forced to suicide and the third emperor ascended the throne less than a month.He then surrendered to King Liu Bang and assassinated by King Xiangyu a few days later.

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(202 B.C.E-220 A.D)

Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu and established the Han Dynasty.Seven feudatory states rebelled, however it got defeated within three months.

Confucianism was established as the dominant ideology by Liu Che, the emperor Wudi of Han under the suggestion of Dong Zhongshu.

The dynasty's name was changed to Xin by Mang as he snatched the throne.Liu Xiu defeated him and named the empire as the Han back.The rest forces were defeated and disappeared in Chinese history.Liu Xiu was forced to abdicate the throne.

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Interesting Facts about Daily Life in Ancient China

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https://prezi.com/i/1aauaejuxthm/

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1.https://www.chinafetching.com/timeline-of-chinese-dynasty
2.https://www.thoughtco.com/the-dynasties-of-ancient-china-117659
3.https://www.philosophybasics.com/general_eastern_chinese.html
4.https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/religion.htm
5.https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/chinese-religions-and-philosophies/
6.http://www.asia-art.net/chinese_brush.html
7.https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/garden_landscape_design_articles/garden_types/chinese_garden
8.https://youtu.be/tpy5BMhMYYw
9.https://youtu.be/tUhGRh4vdb8
10.https://youtu.be/dFb7Hxva5rg
11.https://youtu.be/tilBs32zN7I
12.https://youtu.be/QO8o3oYuB8I
13.https://youtu.be/YSrRxhU0qQI
14.https://classroom.google.com/w/NjQzOTQxNTIwNjZa/tc/NjQzOTYzMjU2MjZa
15.https://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/prehistoric/paleolithic_age.htm
16.https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cneo/hd_cneo.htm#:~:text=The%20Neolithic%20period%2C%20which%20began,rather%20than%20hunting%20and%20gathering.

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