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Aristotle was a Greek philosopher, and polymath during Classical Greek times. He came up with the theory that the Moon, Sun, planets, and stars all revolved around Earth. At those times Earth was considered to be the center of the Universe. Aristotle's theory believed that the stars, Moon, Sun, and other planets moved in perfect circles, never changing their speed or momentum. This theory didn't explain several things, including why planets changed brightness and retrograde motion. His model was geocentric.

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Claudius Ptolemy was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, and geographer. He supported Aristotle's theory, making a model for it. Ptolemy also added on to Aristotle's theory, saying that the reason why the planets changed colors depending on the daytime was that the planets epicycles and in their orbit the planets rotated. In his model, he placed the Moon closest to the Earth, followed by Mercury, Venus, then the Sun. This model is geocentric.

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Aryabhata was an Indian mathematician and astronomer of the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. He gives the radius of the planetary orbits in terms of the radius of the Earth/Sun orbit as essentially their periods of rotation around the Sun Aryabhata believed that the Moon and planets shined from reflected sunlight. In addition, he believed that the orbits of planets were eclipses  His model is heliocentric.

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Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance polymath, mathematician, and astronomer. Copernicus believed in the heliocentric model. Placing the Sun in the center of the Universe. His idea was that Earth and its fellow planets all revolved around the Sun, while the Earth rotated on its own daily axis. Ptolemy placed Venus closest to the Sun and Mercury to the Moon.

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Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, and natural philosopher. Kepler supported the Heliocentric Universe. His most supported and popular discovery was the belief that instead of a perfect circle, planets moved in an elliptical orbit. He believed that the closer a planet was to the Sun, the faster it moved. His predictions for the ratios of the planetary system didn't add up for all planets, though.

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Galileo was an astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa, in modern-day Italy. Galileo supported the heliocentric model. He was able to make his discoveries with the support of a telescope. He was able to find four moons of Jupiter, and that Venus went through different phases, similar to the moon. His new findings helped support the heliocentric model. Despite his findings being accurate Galileo thought the Earth had different tides, which it doesn't.

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Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and alchemist. He is considered one of the greatest mathematicians and phsicists ever. Newton helped prove that the heliocentric model was the most accurate, and showed proof that the Universe was infinite. His theories introduce the idea of gravity, which helped explain the orbits in the solar system. Even with the idea of gravity, planterary movement remained unexplained. Newton also presented "Newton's Laws of Gravity."

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johannes-Kepler
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus/Copernicuss-astronomical-work
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata