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- Cook poultry meat and eggs thoroughly in which do not eat raw or undercooked eggs as ingredients.
- Avoid contaminating cooked or ready-to-eat foods with raw meat (e.g do not handle both raw and cooked poultry without washing your hands in between).
- After handling poultry products or eggs, wash hands and food-contact surfaces thoroughly.
- As a general rule, eggs need to be washed. However, if eggs are soiled with faecal matter, they can be washed (with household detergent if required). Washed eggs should be used immediately.

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- Low pathogenic Avian influenza
- Less serious in birds
- eg: H13 and H16 subtypes
- Does not infect humans directly but can infect other mammals such as swine.

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- Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza
- Fatal in birds
- eg: H5N1
- Can cause severe illness in people.

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- Avian influenza A virus infection usually diagnosed by collecting a swab from the upper respiratory tract (nose or throat) of the sick person within 4 to 5 days of illness.

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- Doesn't easily transmit between humans
- But can jump from species to species & frequently undergo genetic changes
- It allows them to adapt
- Mutated virus become transmissible in humans

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-Intimate contact with sick birds during slaughtering and destruction of sick birds

Example of cases for H5N1
-First outbreak in 1997 during a poultry outbreak in Hong Kong.
-From January 2003 to 27 May 2021, 862 cases  of human infection reported from 17 countries. 455 were fatal.
-Last case was reported in Laos on 31 October 2020

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- Cough
- Sore throat
- Muscle ace
- Fever
- Headaches
- Nausea and vomiting
- other than that, may also cause an eye infection and can quickly progress to pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.

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By antiviral medicine
- Tamiflu (oseltamivir)
- Relenze (zanamivir)
- Rapivab (peramivir)
Antiviral medicine help reduce the severity of the condition, prevent complications and improve the chances of survival

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2) For ordinary people
- Avoid wild birds and observe them only from a distance.
- Avoid direct or indirect contact with domestic birds (poultry) that was ill or have died.
- Practice hygiene and cleanliness.
- Avoid contact with surfaces that has been contaminated with feces from wild or domestic birds.
- Avoid open-air markets or contact with live bird and poultry.
- Do not eat undercooked or raw poultry products.

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1) For workers that has potential exposure to AIVs
- Workers need to understand their risk of exposure to AIVs based on the jobs they perform.
- Get the seasonal influenza (flu) vaccine.
- Avoid all direct contact with wild birds or poultry, even if appearing healthy and especially if dead or appearing sick.
- Wash hands thoroughly and frequently for at least 15 seconds with soap and water or using hand sanitizer containing at least 60 percent alcohol if soap and water are not available.
- Workers need to use PPE and know how to take off PPE properly, as well as how to clean, maintain and dispose of PPE and any limitations of the PPE.

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There are many subtypes of avian influenza but only some strains of 5 subtypes have been known to infect humans.

eg: H5N1, H7N3, H7N7, H7N9 and H9N2

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- shortness of breath
- pneumonia
- lung collapse
- abdominal pain
- seizures
- organ system failure
- death

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-Can be passed through saliva or droppings
-Surfaces contaminated by feather, mucous
and respiratory secretion

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-Avian Influenza Virus
- Transmitted via contact with an infected bird's feces
-Eggs and birds sold in crowded and unsanitary conditions
-Undercooked poultry meat or eggs from infected bird's