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Early Medieval Landscapes : Lindisfarne : A Case Study

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Early Medieval Landscapes : Lindisfarne : A Case Study

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1993

Walsh, Kevin. "Early medieval landscapes: Lindisfarne: a case study". Diss. University of Leicester, 1993.

This article emphasizes the importance of geography with site; archaeologists must take the geography of the site into consideration to understand the history they dig up. This article uses Lindisfarne as a case study of this fact and looks to be one of the earliest modern scholarly articles investigating Lindisfarne after thorough archaeological excavation.

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Medieval Land Use, Agriculture and Environmental Change on Lindisfarne (Holy Island), Northumbria

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Medieval Land Use, Agriculture and Environmental Change on Lindisfarne (Holy Island), Northumbria

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1995

Walsh, K., et al. "Medieval land use, agriculture and environmental change on Lindisfarne (Holy Island), Northumbria." Ecological relations in historical times: human impact and adaptation (1995): 101-21.

This textbook chapter highlights how the medieval residents of Holy Island used the land to create settlement, how future settlers adapted, and how the geography changed over time. Cited by Petts 2017 in reference to Lindisfarne's significant place in English history.

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Space, Silence and Shortage on Lindisfarne: The Archaeology of Asceticism

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Space, Silence and Shortage on Lindisfarne: The Archaeology of Asceticism

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2001

O'Sullivan, Deirdre. "Space, Silence and Shortage on Lindisfarne: The Archaeology of Asceticism". Image and Power in the Archaeology of Early Medieval Britain: Essays in Honour of Rosemary Cramp. Oxbow Books, 2001.

Asceticism and lack of material wealth was an important monastic tradition, but this chapter highlights the difficulty archaeologists encounter when trying to decipher the history of a site without material culture, with Lindisfarne as a case study. Cited by Petts 2013 in reference to finding the monastery, but facing the difficulty of deciphering the artifacts found due to the extreme asceticism.

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Normanising the North: The Evidence of Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian Sculpture

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Normanising the North: The Evidence of Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian Sculpture

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2011

O’Sullivan, Deirdre. “Normanising the North: The Evidence of Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian Sculpture.” Medieval Archaeology, vol. 55, no. 1, Nov. 2011, pp. 163–191.

Study of evidence excavated from Lindisfarne illuminates how the destruction by Vikings helped provide an easy path for the Normans to achieve political power in England. O'Sullivan seems to be a premier archaeologist on Lindisfarne whose works are cited multiple times in future publications.

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Expanding the Archaeology of Lindisfarne (Holy Island)

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Expanding the Archaeology of Lindisfarne (Holy Island)

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2013

Petts, David. "Expanding the archaeology of Holy Island (Lindisfarne)." Medieval Archaeology 57 (2013): 302-307.

This scholarly article explains the discoveries of a recent archaeological dig on Holy Island. This dig seems to have found the early remnants of the original Lindisfarne monastery, giving an idea to future digs on where to continue excavations. Cited by Petts 2017 and 2019, this dig was one of the first to yield really significant signs of geographic location of the original site to expand the archaeological knowledge of the site.

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Danish Ferocity and Abandoned Monasteries: The Twelfth-Century View

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Danish Ferocity and Abandoned Monasteries: The Twelfth-Century View

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2015

Barrow, Julia. "Danish Ferocity and Abandoned Monasteries: The Twelfth-Century View". The long twelfth-century view of the Anglo-Saxon past. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015, pp 79-95.

This chapter in this book mentions Lindisfarne as a site of intense Viking raiding and describes how this raid has changed the course of English history by bringing Scandinavian rule into England, which expanded on the understanding of Norse rule in English history for future publications and studies.

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Archaeologists to Excavate Lindisfarne in Search of the Elusive Original Monastery

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Archaeologists to Excavate Lindisfarne in Search of the Elusive Original Monastery

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4 March 2016

Moss, Richard. "Archaeologists to Excavate Lindisfarne in Search of the Elusive Original Monastery". Culture 24. 4 March 2016. https://www.culture24.org.uk/history-and-heritage/archaeology/art548200-Archaeologists-to-excavate-Lindisfarne-in-search-of-the-elusive-original-monastery. Accessed 30 July 2020.

While there is plenty of anecdotal, archaeological, and historical evidence that the original, Viking-raided monastery of Lindisfarne happened on Holy Island, the exact site has not yet been fully excavated. Possibly using Petts' 2013 writing, this article explains to the public how a new archaeological team will begin excavations on the old site to find even more evidence of the early monastery that will hopefully yield material finds.

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Archaeologists are returning to the Holy Island of Lindisfarne for a major excavation that will try and discover the location of the elusive first monastery founded by King Oswald in 635.

The Anglo-Saxon monastery is of great importance in the history of Christianity in the UK, and at it's height it was the heart of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and the wellspring of England's Christianity.

It was also the site where the world-famous Lindisfarne Gospels were created and home the shrine of Saint Cuthbert, the patron saint of Northern England, who died in 687.

In AD 793 it fell victim to the Viking's first major raid on the British Isles, marking the start of one the most turbulent periods in British history and the beginning of the Viking Age.

Despite its importance, the location has remained a mystery. It is thought the monastery could have been a dispersed complex of buildings with a main church and cemetery at the centre surrounded by outer enclosures, which would have contained the monks' homes, a guest house and other churches and cemeteries.

The standing remains of a Priory at Lindisfarne date to Norman times around 1093 and were not built on the original monastery site.

Archaeologists excavating the site on previous occasions have found fragments of Anglo Saxon stone carving and other small artefacts, but physical remains of the monastery and its location have eluded them.

The new excavation, which is being backed by DigVentures, the crowdfunding archaeological social enterprise, will take place in June 2016 and follows new research by Dr David Petts, Lecturer in the Archaeology of Northern England at Durham University.

A world-leading expert on the archaeology of Lindisfarne, Dr Petts has carried out extensive geophysical surveys with funding from National Geographic.

"The centrality of the first Lindisfarne monastery in the history of history of early medieval Britain and its - until now - elusive nature gives this dig the potential to be one of the most important archaeological discoveries in the UK in recent years," he said.

"Working with DigVentures allows us to open up the process of research and scientific excavation - it's the future of discovering the past."

The project has been launched for crowdfunding on the DigVentures website, allowing anyone interested in discovering the past to pledge support.

In return, supporters become part of the dig team - through exclusive digital access to project data, and receiving the training and tools needed to participate in the expedition this summer, which takes place 13-26 June.

Find out more about the project and how to get involved on the Dig Ventures website http://digventures.com/lindisfarne
What do you think? Leave a comment below.
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Archaeologists to excavate Lindisfarne in search of the elusive original monastery

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Archaeologists are returning to the Holy Island of Lindisfarne for a major excavation that will try and discover the location of the elusive first monastery founded by King Oswald in 635. The Anglo-Saxon monastery is of great importance in the history of Christianity in the UK, and at it's height it was the heart of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, and the wellspring of England's Christianity.

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Lindisfarne monastery evidence found by amateur archaeologist

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Lindisfarne monastery evidence found by amateur archaeologist

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5 July 2016

"Lindisfarne monastery evidence found by amateur archaeologist". BBC News. 5 July 2016. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-tyne-36712209. Accessed 30 July 2020.

A volunteer archaeologist found a grave marker that dates back to when the monastery was first built, giving proof that the archaeological team was getting closer to the beginnings of the Lindisfarne settlement. This BBC article brings public awareness to the unveiling of this significant part of English history.

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An amateur archaeologist has unearthed what is believed to be evidence of one of England's earliest Christian monasteries in a dig on Lindisfarne.

The rare grave marker, thought to be from the mid 7th-8th Century, has been described as a "stunning find".

A £25,000 project off the north-east coast was crowd-funded by 200 donors, including 60 who took part in the dig.

Project leader Lisa Westcott Wilkins said the name stone was "absolutely fantastic diagnostic evidence".

"It was a spectacular moment and, even better for us, is that...it wasn't found by one of the team leaders or experts, it was found by a member of the public who had helped to fund and make the project possible," she said.

The team has made a 3D interactive image of the find.

The name on the stone, ending in the common Anglo-Saxon "frith", is half visible and the team is waiting for experts to decipher the rest.

Project co-director Dr David Petts, of Durham University, said it was a "stunning find, of exactly the period we're looking for".

"It's unimpeachable evidence for Anglo-Saxon activity and confirms we're hot on the trail of the very earliest monastery here in Lindisfarne," he said.

The name stone is believed to date from around the time the monastery was built in 635AD.

Its location has, "surprisingly", never been properly established, Dr Petts said.

It was thought to be near the later medieval priory, the ruins of which remain, but there had been "no clear archaeological evidence to back this assumption up", he said.

"We are the first archaeological team who have gone into the field with the express aim of locating the archaeological remains of the early monastery."

Lindisfarne facts:

Connected to the mainland by a tidal causeway, and cut off twice every 24 hours

Home of the 1,300-year-old Lindisfarne Gospels

Northumberland's patron saint, St Cuthbert was an abbot of its monastery

Famous for its mead, a honey-based liqueur

Its castle featured in two films directed by Roman Polanski

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An amateur archaeologist has unearthed what is believed to be evidence of one of England's earliest Christian monasteries in a dig on Lindisfarne. The rare grave marker, thought to be from the mid 7th-8th Century, has been described as a "stunning find".

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'A Place More Venerable Than All in Britain': The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne

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'A Place More Venerable Than All in Britain': The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne

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2017

Petts, David. “‘A Place More Venerable Than All in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne.” The Lindisfarne Gospels: New Perspectives, edited by Richard Gameson, Brill Academic Publishers, 2017, pp. 1–18.

One of the most cited and referred to scholarly articles in this area. This chapter highlights the importance of Lindisfarne as a turning point in English history and helps bring awareness of the site to English citizens. Cited by Petts 2019.

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Archaeologists’ Dig Reveals Ancient Lindisfarne Church

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Archaeologists’ Dig Reveals Ancient Lindisfarne Church

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7 July 2017

Keyes, David. "Archaeologists’ dig reveals ancient Lindisfarne church". Church Times. 7 July 2017. https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/7-july/news/uk/dig-reveals-ancient-lindisfarne-church. Accessed 30 July 2020.

This newspaper article tells of the discovery of one of the oldest churches in England, found on Holy Island, dating from possibly the 700s AD. Christianity had just barely begun to spread in England by that time, so this is a significant discovery that yields more information on the subject.

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ARCHAEOLOGISTS excavating the Holy Island of Lindisfarne, off the Northumberland coast, have discovered what may be one of the oldest churches in Britain.

The archaeological evidence found so far suggests that the building may date from the second half of the seventh, or from the eighth, century (or possibly from the tenth, when the Vikings controlled the region).

The construction style is a primitive "pre-architectural" one that hints at a very early date. So far, the excavation has yielded more than 40 pieces of broken masonry, including crudely worked window surrounds, in a style that suggests that the builders were more accustomed to working in wood than stone.

Another potential indication of an early date is the placing against the east wall of the possible base of what may have been an altar. It is thought by some scholars that changes in the English church-layout tradition after the mid-seventh century meant that altars tended no longer to be located up against a church's east wall, but several metres further west.

The location of the church also suggests an early date, possibly in the seventh century. The archaeological dig has revealed that the monks selected the most difficult and challenging place to construct their church - which may have been for seventh-century politically symbolic motives.

The 16-metre-long, seven-metre-wide building stood on an exposed rocky promontory, often buffeted by storms and high winds, and yet facing directly towards Bamburgh, the great royal palace of the monks' initial patron and benefactor, the seventh-century St Oswald of Northumbria, north-east England's most significant early Christian king.

The church was constructed just three metres from the cliff edge, in a location known in the Anglo-Saxon period simply as "the precipice".

PEREGRINI LINDISFARNE PARTNERSHIP

The church was constructed of gleaming white sandstone that would have reflected sunlight, giving the impression that it was quite literally radiating the purest white light. The gleaming building, perched above its 20-metre high precipice, would have been visible from the royal palace, four miles away, as a glistening white structure surrounded by sea.

Only further investigations will open up the possibility of determining a more precise date for the newly discovered early church.

The excavation has also yielded important evidence of a probable signalling tower, some 50 metres from the church.

The eight-metre-square tower (with walls 2.5 metres thick) might have been up to 12 metres high. It would probably have been used to communicate with the King's palace at Bamburgh, and with monks living on the Farne Islands, seven miles away. It is known from historical accounts that a tower on that promontory was used, for instance, to receive a beacon signal from those monks when St Cuthbert died there in 687.

The archaeological investigation into the newly discovered church is being directed by the Newcastle University archaeologist Richard Carlton, of the Newcastle-based company the Archaeological Practice.

David Keys is Archaeology Correspondent of The Independent.

Prayer again, then back to nature. IT WAS the first service to be held within those bounds for more than a millennium.

At the archaeological dig where the foundations of a seventh- or eighth-century church have been discovered, the Vicar of Holy Island, the Revd Dr Paul Collins, led prayers with a group of about 60 people, including 30 children, last month.

Northumberland County Council

"It was a wonderful experience to hold the service there," he said, "and to remember the people who worshipped in the church all those years ago. The children had spoken to the archaeologists before the service, and so had an understanding of what was going on."

The leader of the dig, Richard Carlton, director of The Archaeological Practice, Newcastle, said that the building pre-dated the Norman Conquest.

Peter Ryder, of the Newcastle diocesan advisory committee, described the discovery as "probably the most important archaeological find ever on Holy Island. . . . The pick tooling is very distinctive, and probably very early. There are early records of a wooden church around this site. It may be that this church was encased in stone, perhaps before AD 870, when the monks fled the Viking invaders.

"However, the Vikings were rapidly Christianised, and they may have built a stone church to replace the older, wooden one."

Because the church is on a Site of Special Scientific Interest, it had to be returned to its natural setting after the service.

The Bishop of Newcastle, the Rt Revd Christine Hardman, said: "I am truly delighted that Paul Collins has been able to hold a prayer service to celebrate the place as a church again. It feels like absolutely the right thing to do before the site is returned to its original state."

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Archaeologists' dig reveals ancient Lindisfarne church

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ARCHAEOLOGISTS excavating the Holy Island of Lindisfarne, off the Northumberland coast, have discov­ered what may be one of the oldest churches in Britain. The archaeological evidence found so far suggests that the build­ing may date from the second half of the seventh, or from the eighth, cen­tury (or possibly from the tenth, when the Vikings controlled the region).

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11 September 2018

@TheDigVenturers (DigVentures). "Runic inscriptions weren't just for 'pagans'! They were also very important in early medieval Christianity - especially in north east England. They used different scripts for different purposes! You can read more about it all in our Virtual Museum:". 11 September 2019, 12:55 PM. https://twitter.com/TheDigVenturers/status/1171844710228512781. Accessed 30 July 2020.

This Tweet shares information with the general public about an archaeological find that is explained more in the BBC News 2016 article. Sharing this information with the public is, by this time, often used by social media due to its effectiveness.

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Runic inscriptions weren't just for 'pagans'! They were also very important in early medieval Christianity - especially in north east England. They used different scripts for different purposes!

You can read more about it all in our Virtual Museum: https://t.co/WSQqeAjUgO
— DigVentures Archaeology (@TheDigVenturers) September 11, 2019

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To What Extent Can We Understand Why the Raid on Lindisfarne in 793 Took Place and What Happened?

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To What Extent Can We Understand Why the Raid on Lindisfarne in 793 Took Place and What Happened?

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2019

Le Rossignol, Tim Wight. "To what extent can we understand why the raid on Lindisfarne in 793 took place and what happened?." University of the Highlands and Islands. 2019.

This dissertation uses archaeological as well as other methods to decipher the historical event out of the legendary information while referring back to studies that took their information from some of the articles listed here from 1993 to 2015.

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May/June 2019

Weiss, Daniel. “Medieval England’s Power Monastery.” Archaeology, vol. 72, no. 3, May 2019, pp. 42–49.

Archaeological evidence begins to show the power and prestige the monastery held--which in turn made it attractive to later Viking raiders. Using earlier information on the Viking raid and the topography of the site helped to beef up the information presented here.

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1 July 2019

@DROdurham (DurhamResearchOnline).  "Bede is an important part of Durham and the North East's history: excited to announce that the accepted manuscript of
‘A place more venerable than all in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne by

@DavidPetts1 @ArcDurham

is available on DRO: http://dro.dur.ac.uk/22633/". 1 July 2019, 5:33 AM.

https://twitter.com/DROdurham/status/1145641489868963841. Accessed 30 July 2020.

This tweet shares information on social media about where to find David Petts' very well-cited article, "A place more venerable than all in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne". This tweet can help people interested find the article, listed in the timeline in 2017, which in turn brings more public awareness to the growing bank of knowledge in this area.

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Bede is an important part of Durham and the North East's history: excited to announce that the accepted manuscript of 
 ‘A place more venerable than all in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne by @DavidPetts1 @ArcDurham is available on DRO: https://t.co/YbqVGlj1QH

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Bede is an important part of Durham and the North East's history: excited to announce that the accepted manuscript of 
 ‘A place more venerable than all in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne by @DavidPetts1 @ArcDurham is available on DRO: https://t.co/YbqVGlj1QH

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Bede is an important part of Durham and the North East's history: excited to announce that the accepted manuscript of
‘A place more venerable than all in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne by @DavidPetts1 @ArcDurham is available on DRO: https://t.co/YbqVGlj1QH
— DurhamResearchOnline (@DROdurham) July 1, 2019

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Bede is an important part of Durham and the North East's history: excited to announce that the accepted manuscript of 
 ‘A place more venerable than all in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne by @DavidPetts1 @ArcDurham is available on DRO: https://t.co/YbqVGlj1QH

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.original_text
Bede is an important part of Durham and the North East's history: excited to announce that the accepted manuscript of 
 ‘A place more venerable than all in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne by @DavidPetts1 @ArcDurham is available on DRO: https://t.co/YbqVGlj1QH

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.metadata.attachment_props.text
Bede is an important part of Durham and the North East's history: excited to announce that the accepted manuscript of 
 ‘A place more venerable than all in Britain’: The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Lindisfarne by @DavidPetts1 @ArcDurham is available on DRO: https://t.co/YbqVGlj1QH

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Ecclesiastical Tidescapes: Exploring the Early Medieval Tidal World

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Ecclesiastical Tidescapes: Exploring the Early Medieval Tidal World

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3 July 2019

Petts, David. "Ecclesiastical Tidescapes: Exploring the Early Medieval Tidal World". Norwegian Archaeological Review. 03 July 2019, pp. 41-64.

This scholarly article, drawing on research of the Viking invasion from before, reflects a study of the tidal changes that could have led to the Vikings easily finding and invading Lindisfarne from Norway, therefore bringing great change to Anglo-Saxon Britain.

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Anglo-Saxon Discoveries Made by Archaeologists on Holy Island

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Anglo-Saxon Discoveries Made by Archaeologists on Holy Island

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2 October 2019

Smith, Ian. "Anglo-Saxon discoveries made by archaeologists on Holy Island". Northumberland Gazette. 2 October, 2019. https://www.northumberlandgazette.co.uk/news/anglo-saxon-discoveries-made-archaeologists-holy-island-642287. Accessed 1 August 2020.

This online article from a newspaper shares some important recent discoveries of artifacts on Lindisfarne, including coins from southern England. These coins show the distances merchants went to complete trades, which builds on the information presented earlier, especially since materials have been difficult to come across as expressed in O'Sullivan 2001.

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A team from Durham University and DigVentures were on Lindisfarne last month for their fourth season of archaeological excavation in Sanctuary Close.

Writing in the Island newsletter, Dr David Petts, from the Department of Archaeology at Durham University, revealed: "The area we are exploring partly comprised a cemetery associated with the early medieval monastery.

"We also discovered three more fragments of carved name stones - small grave markers of roughly 8th century date. This brings to seven the number of name stone element we have found since we started. All of the stones carried fragments of Anglo-Saxon names and we hope to decipher these over the winter.

"We also made a series of other interesting finds including increasing numbers of Anglo-Saxon coins, some minted in Northumbria, but others from southern England - a nice reminder of how important monastic sites were as places of trade and exchange.

"Elsewhere on site we continued to work our way through a layer of animal bones and seashells, probably all that remains of an early medieval midden. It may not be glamorous, but it should tell us lots about the diet of the early monks.

"We also continued to unpick our early medieval building, which has been badly damaged by having later burials inserted through it. However, if we can get radiocarbon dates from these later burials it should help us tie down the date of the building more precisely.

"Some of the most exciting discoveries came in the final day or so, as we realised the building itself seems to have been placed over a substantial industrial feature, and we started to collect increasing quantities of industrial residues, perhaps from the working of copper alloy or maybe even glass.

"Over the winter, the finds will come to Durham for analysis, and in the future we will ensure that all human remains are interred back in the churchyard, and that as many of the objects as possible will be placed on display in venues on the island. We will also come back in the new year to give a public lecture about what we have discovered."

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Anglo-Saxon discoveries made by archaeologists on Holy Island

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A team from Durham University and DigVentures were on Lindisfarne last month for their fourth season of archaeological excavation in Sanctuary Close. Writing in the Island newsletter, Dr David Petts, from the Department of Archaeology at Durham University, revealed: "The area we are exploring partly comprised a cemetery associated with the early medieval monastery.

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The Earliest Wave of Viking Activity? The Norwegian Evidence Revisited

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The Earliest Wave of Viking Activity? The Norwegian Evidence Revisited

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November 2019

Heen-Pettersen, Aina Margrethe. “The Earliest Wave of Viking Activity? The Norwegian Evidence Revisited.” European Journal of Archaeology, vol. 22, no. 4, Nov. 2019, pp. 523–541.

Discoveries of specific Scandinavian metalwork throughout Europe has led to some ideas that Vikings were raiding other parts of Europe even before the Lindisfarne raid, which expands upon the information presented in Barrow 2015. Since the Lindisfarne raid is known to be the first major Viking raid, this discovery could change history. Cited by Hillerdal 2020.

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Negotiating Narrative--An Emic Perspective on Norse Reuse of Ancient Monuments on the Northern Isles of Scotland

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Negotiating Narrative--An Emic Perspective on Norse Reuse of Ancient Monuments on the Northern Isles of Scotland

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2020

Hillerdal, Charlotta."Negotiating Narrative--An Emic Perspective on Norse Reuse of Ancient Monuments on the Northern Isles of Scotland". Re-imagining Periphery: Archaeology and Text in Northern Europe from Iron Age to Viking and Early Medieval Periods (2020): 157.

Expanding on the information presented in Walsh 1995, this study on the Viking reuse of ancient monuments in Scottish isles gives evidence that Lindisfarne could very easily have been adapted into a Norse settlement after the Viking invasion.

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2020

Story, Joanna. "The Viking Raid on Lindisfarne". English Heritage. 2020. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/lindisfarne-priory/History/viking-raid/. Accessed 3 August 2020.

This English Heritage article informs the public of how the raid of Holy Island was recorded in the Domesday Book, including fantastical depictions of the Viking incursion. This recording helps the public understand the topics presented in Barrow 2015 and Le Rossignol 2019.

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The devastating Viking attack on the church of St Cuthbert in 793 sent a shockwave through Europe. But a Christian community at Lindisfarne survived, and recorded the event on the famous 'Domesday stone'.

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The devastating Viking attack on the church of St Cuthbert in 793 sent a shockwave through Europe. But a Christian community at Lindisfarne survived, and recorded the event on the famous 'Domesday stone'.

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1,200-Year-Old Glass Gaming Piece Discovered in England

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1,200-Year-Old Glass Gaming Piece Discovered in England

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7 February 2020

"1,200-Year-Old Glass Gaming Piece Discovered in England". Archaeology Magazine. 7 February 2020. https://www.archaeology.org/news/8409-200207-lindisfarne-norse-glass. Accessed 30 July 2020.

A game piece was found in an archaeological dig on the site of Lindisfarne. Because of its location and design, researchers believe it was possibly dropped by a Viking invader during the infamous raid on Lindisfarne, or it was owned by a wealthy person with Norse connections. This very recent information helps the public understand the growing area of material objects found at the site, as written about in O'Sullivan 2001 and Petts 2013.

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Friday, February 7, 2020

DURHAM, ENGLAND-The Guardian reports that a small piece of worked glass dated to the eighth or ninth century A.D. has been discovered on the island of Lindisfarne, the home of an early monastery and site of the first major Viking raid on Britain in A.D. 793. The pebble-sized object of swirled blue and white glass, topped with five white glass droplets, is thought to be a gaming piece from the Viking board game hnefatafl, or "king's table." The artifact was found as part of an ongoing excavation led by DigVentures and Durham University. The dig's lead archaeologist, David Petts of Durham University, thinks the piece might have been dropped by a Norse raider, or may have belonged to a wealthy local person who may have been influenced by Norse customs even before the attack. "The sheer quality of this piece suggests this isn't any old gaming set," Petts said. "Someone on the island is living an elite lifestyle." To read about a female Viking warrior buried with whalebone game pieces, go to " Viking Warrioress."

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1,200-Year-Old Glass Gaming Piece Discovered in England - Archaeology Magazine

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Friday, February 7, 2020 DURHAM, ENGLAND-The Guardian reports that a small piece of worked glass dated to the eighth or ninth century A.D. has been discovered on the island of Lindisfarne, the home of an early monastery and site of the first major Viking raid on Britain in A.D. 793.