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In the middle of The Cold War, there was a conflict between The United States and The Soviet Union to increase their influence around the world. Both countries started an Arms Race with early rocket technology that led to The Space Race, which forced the two most powerful countries of that time to innovate in the technological and spatial fields. In the early 60s The Soviet Union had been leading the Space Race, and The United States started the Apollo Program, a NASAs space program whose purpose was the moon landing.

After some space missions with the Apollo Program, the mission called Apollo 11 began on July 13, 1969 with the preparation for the launch. On July 16 the astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins were transferred to the spaceship to proceed with the launch. At 13:32 hours (UTC) the spaceship took off with the view of around a million people. The trip to The Moon lasted from July 16 to July 20.

On July 20, at 12:52 , Aldrin and Armstrong entered the Lunar Module “Eagle” to start the final preparations for the Moon Landing. At 17:44 , Eagle separated from the Command Module “Columbia”, which was managed by Collins. At 20:17 hours, Eagle landed on the moon successfully, after some errors with computer landing calculations that put the mission at risk. At 23:43, Armstrong and Aldrin began the preparations to walk on the moon. At 02:39, the Eagle’s hatch was opened. At 02:56, Armstrong described The Moon’s surface like “very fine-grained” and “almost like powder”and then, he pronounced one of the famous quote of human history “That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind” and with the gaze of more than 600 million people, the first man stepped on the moon.

The extravehicular activities lasted around 2 hours: collecting samples from the surface, recognizing the place, giving their respect to those astronauts who died in the Space Race, and placing and doing some important experiments that NASA entrusted to them. They came back to Eagle and around at 21:24, on July 21, Eagle met with Columbia and at 06:35, on July 22, they started their engines to come back to Earth. They splashed down on the Pacific Ocean, near Hawaii, and they were picked up by an aircraft carrier. The crew of Apollo 11 marked a very important part of human history.

Marco Jesus Macalupu

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Chernobyl- The biggest nuclear disaster 

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Chernobyl- The biggest nuclear disaster 

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The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on Saturday 26 April 1986, at the No. 4 reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR in the Soviet Union. It happened 14 years after its construction, and 9 after the Nuclear plant began to work.

On Saturday 26, workers and scientists at the Nuclear Plant of Chernobyl began a test to check how the reactor would react to an electrical problem and how much energy it would consume and generate to check if it could use its own energy to power the coolers and avoid an explosion. Guess what? It didn’t.

Right after the beginning of this electrical stress test on the nuclear plant, it began to overheat a lot and very fast, but the scientist there didn’t want to stop the experiment. Then, a nuclear chain reaction started and the problem became uncontrollable: even triggering all the safety stops the reactor didn’t stop its heating. This generated two explosions, one of superheated cooling water and another one that was like a mini nuclear explosion. This released a lot of energy, heat, and airborne radioactive contamination that made a lot of countries of Europe, and of course, the URSS, register super elevated amounts of radiation.

The URSS had to evacuate 116 thousand people and make an “Alienation Zone” of 30 Km around the core that exploded. Even after this explosion, the problem didn’t end, because it caused a lot of health problems, not only for people but also for plants and animals.  There were deaths, mutations, and radiation sickness in general. The city near the core was completely uninhabited.

- Haziel B. Naya

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After the World War II, the world was divided into two: capitalism and communism. The countries had to decide which side they were on, but Germany and Korea were divided into two  to distribute the WWII reward between the United State and the Soviet Union. The problem with that was, these two countries had different ideologies, which led to  an internal conflict.

In Korea, there was a war between the Republic of Korean (South Korea) and Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). Before the war, they suggested a reunification of Korea but the tension between these two parts had made that impossible. In  addition, in 1950, the conflicts on the Korea Peninsula started.

The war broke out when North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950. The Republic of Korea was supported by the United State and they could repel the attack and took a counteroffensive to Yalu River. However, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union, who helped to force South Korea to return to the other side of the 38th Parallel.

Finally, they wrote an armistice to stop the war and created a Korean Demilitarized Zone in the Parallel. However, the tension has not ended  and continues to this day.

Irina Tsuru

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In Disney’s 1961 animated movie 101 Dalmatians there’s something different about the style of the movie. There’s a kind of sketchy quality of the animators’ lines, something like a funky vibe; it is very different from anything that had come before from Disney.

In 1950, Disney released “Cinderella” , a movie with a very careful and clear animation, with an estimated budget of $2,900,000. It was a huge success, grossing more than twice the money spent at the box office. With this success, in 1959, Disney released Sleeping Beauty. It was the most expensive production in Disney´s history, costing at least twice as much as the previous films. With very detailed backgrounds that animators worked on giant paper, drew, painted and inked the images one by one by hand. It was gorgeous, but a total failure. A large amount of money was lost, and with this a lot of workers. Walt started thinking to quit animation and focus instead on TV production and Disneyland.

Up until that moment, the work of animators would be transferred and inked, both meticulously and expensively, onto animation cells by hand. But in 1961 the studio announced a shift to the Xerox method, a cheaper and faster way of animation.

Xerography, or dry photocopying, was a technology still in its early stages, that took the original drawings of the animators to be transferred directly to a cell, and be photocopied. Since that line is made up of a pencil and they are not inked, they are going to look messy and not quite as clean as an inked line. Disney disliked what he saw at the end product. The black lines of the animator's pencils would pop straight into the finished film, no longer cleaned from the final picture.

But this movie was amazing and took Disney out of his crisis. It brought the work of the animators closer to the screen and the audience. The animators were seeing their pencil lines appear on the screen. This process would be used on Mary Poppins, The Jungle Book, Oliver & Company, The Sword in the Stone, The Aristocats and Robin Hood. The xerography process was the move for Disney to change to digital.

Sol Stambuk.

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The Malvinas War was a war between Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain during 1982. The conflict began on April 2 of that year, when Argentine troops landed on the islands, taking the garrison of Port Stanley by surprise. The Argentine troops dislodged the British authorities and established a military governorship.

Although the invasion was an attempt by the last Argentine military dictatorship to perpetuate itself in power, it was based on the desire of a large part of the Argentine people to recover islands usurped by Great Britain in 1833.

On May 1, the British began bombing Argentine positions on the islands. The following day, an Argentine cruiser was sunk by a British submarine, causing the death of 323 sailors.

From then on, a war began that lasted a month and a half, during which the British landed in the bay of San Carlos and from there advanced towards the capital of the Malvinas, Puerto Argentino.

The war ended on June 14, after the surrender of Puerto Argentino and the signing of a truce between the two sides.

Although Great Britain still occupies the islands and exploits them economically, Argentina maintains its claim for the recognition of its sovereignty over the South Atlantic archipelagos.

Eugenia Villani

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From 1976 until 1983, Argentina was going through a civic-military dictatorship after Maria Estela Martinez de Peron had been overthrown from power by force. People (especially teenagers) were suffering a really bad situation and they couldn’t leave their houses without being afraid of the new regime.

In those times, the military junta established clandestine detention centers to kidnap, torture and kill thousands of people, only on suspicion of being civil activists. On September 16, 1976 the students who belonged to the high school students union decided to go out and claim for the student bus ticket.

That night, ten teenagers belonging to the union of secondary students were kidnapped and tortured. Six of them were murdered by the military junta and the other four of them were able to escape death. This had happened because the military junta thought that the claim they had made was an act of subversion and it was going to modify the order of the school.

With the course of time, this event shook the world because at first, the Argentine government didn’t want to make everything that had happened public.

Agostina Rubbini

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Discovery of America in a European perspective

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Discovery of America in a European perspective

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The Middle Ages were a difficult period in human history. A lot of people lived without water, food or education, but with war and destruction. However, more or less in the 15th century a period of change started. The silk road was cut after Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine empire had fallen. In addition, People were thinking about their style of life and how the state and religion controlled everything. I mean, a period of secularization started, both for people and the state.

Some years later, different kingdoms were starting to unify and were looking for a new form of trade with India. So the catholic kings, Isabel de Castilla and Fernando de Aragón asked Cristóbal Colón to find a new road between them and India. On August 3, 1492, Colón started to travel to India for the Ocean Atlantic but he never imagined that some time later he would see a new continent.

On October 12, 1492, two months and nine days later, Colón arrived in America. He took a long time to arrive because in those days and ages, travel was very dangerous, difficult and slow, especially if you travelled in a small wooden boat. He thought it was India and did other three trips but with different intentions. They conquered and invaded, but this did not finish then because all the following trips to America did the same for a long time and in different countries. Nowadays, maybe a lot of people know what happened, but don't know the consequences. When they were forced to follow new religions, speak new languages and live a completely different way of life. They lost their culture, languages, texts, art, religions, temples and cities.

Cesar Augusto Basso

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The attack on the World Trade Center 1 and 2

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The attack on the World Trade Center 1 and 2

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Twenty years ago, on September 11, 2001, an event that everyone still talks about occurred. A complex of seven towers in the United States was inaugurated in 1973; the first two were the Twin Towers.  Some years before 2000, there had been other terrorist attacks by the terrorist group Al-Qaeda in the United States and the world, but none of them had as much impact as the attack on the Twin Towers.

It all started on the morning of September 11 when four planes were hijacked by people who belonged to the terrorist group with the aim of crashing into the most important buildings. Two of those planes crashed with towers 1 and 2 (The Twin Towers); some hours later, both towers collapsed, producing a large number of injuries and deaths.

The attacks, which were condemned as "Horrendous Terrorist Attacks" by the United Nations Security Council, were characterized by the use of commercial aircraft as armament, generating a reaction of fear to the world and particularly in Western countries, which have, since then, altered international aviation security policies. With this situation, the world came to a standstill, but years later, a memorial was built at that site with the names of the victims of the attack.

Micaela Ronit Konig

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When Sherlock Holmes came back from the dead

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When Sherlock Holmes came back from the dead

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Sherlock Holmes is one of the most well-known and beloved detectives of the world. This character, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, appeared for the first time in the novel A Study in Scarlet, published in 1887. But his popularity grew with short stories that were published in The Strand Magazine. Beginning with “A Scandal in Bohemia”, in 1891.

Besides his most famous work, Conan Doyle also wrote science-fiction, fantasy, poetry, plays and historical novels. After years of writing the many adventures of Sherlock Holmes and his friend Dr. John Watson, he wanted to be more focused on his historical novels. So, in 1893, he decided to publish the last story of Sherlock Holmes. It was named “The Final Problem”, and it ended with the detective and his archnemesis, Moriarty, falling from a cliff. With this tragic event he gave his character an ending.

He wouldn’t have imagined that fans were going to react as crazy as they did. Few days after the story was published, about 20,000 people suspended their subscriptions to The Strand Magazine. Thousands of letters were sent to Conan Doyle and to the magazine, asking to revive Sherlock Holmes, and even clubs to keep Holmes “alive”  were formed. It is also rumored that some fans walked around wearing black mourning armbands.  At one point, the author started to feel the pressure. So he decided to publish another novel in 1901, The Hound of the Baskervilles, a case set before Holmes’ official death. And in 1903, he published “The Adventure of the Empty House”, a story where Holmes explains his own faked death. Then, Conan Doyle continued to write new stories, until 1927 when he published The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes, the last batch of stories from the detective.

Martina Risculese

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This illness started during the First World War in 1918, an event in which all the big industrial and military powers of that time participated. However, it was called: “The Spanish flu”, because the press paid more attention to Spain than to the rest of Europe, because Spain wasn't involved in the World War and the information about the flu wasn't hidden. The geographic origin of the flu is unknown.

Some of the symptoms of this flu were high fever, body fatigue, diarrhea, vomits and sometimes breathing difficulties, among others. On March 4 in 1918, Albert Gitchell, a cook at Camp Funston in Kansas (USA), was the first to get sick. Then the virus reached Queens, New York. In the case of Spain, as it wasn’t participating in the war, it's believed that the virus arrived through temporary workers from France. This was the first wave of early 1918.

The flu spread along the world, to the point of becoming a pandemic. Therefore, public health authorities decided to put some measures to stop the virus. Some of them were social distancing, the closure of schools and theaters, the limitation of public transport, the prohibition of meetings with many people and  the use of  masks that covered their noses and mouths. Also, some countries carried out quarantines.

Despite the safety measures , there was a second wave in late 1918, then a third wave in 1919, and the fourth and final wave in 1920. Finally, in April 1920 the infections stopped, ending the pandemic.

In conclusion, It was a horrible time for all the world. Around 500 million  people were infected and approximately 50 million people died.

- Clara Leopardi Arena

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“The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki”

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“The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki”

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It was August of 1945, and World War II was coming to an end after the surrender of Italy and German. The Allies were now focused on ending the Pacific War against the Empire of Japan, the last ally standing of the Axis powers. They had received an ultimatum in July from The Allies (that they declined)and it said they had to surrender, otherwise the alternative was "prompt and utter destruction”.

The first attack was in Hiroshima, after the Japan warning radar received many alerts of the approach of US aircraft between the 5th and 6th of August. The Morning of the 6th, people saw a bright light and then they heard a loud sound: it was the bomb exploding. The second attack was meant for the city Kokura, but due to bad weather they aimed for their second target, Nagasaki. The bomb struck at midday on the 9th. These cities were chosen because they were large urban areas with military facilities of great importance, so the impact of destroying these cities was going to be enormous.

In Hiroshima, the bomb called “little boy” killed around 140000 people and destroyed almost the whole city. Also, the bombing started intense fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes, burning everything in a radius of 2 kilometers .

In Nagasaki, the bomb “Fat Man” was supposed to be more powerful but  its effects were confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley. It killed 80000 people. Both bombs killed around 129000 and 226000 people.

The people that didn’t die immediately those days were killed later by the radiation caused by the bombs and most of the survivors experienced illnesses caused by radiation.

Shortly after the bombings, the Empire of Japan surrender to the Allies.

Dolores Landa

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This week, our school magazine will focus on important historical events that had great impact on the world! Let's share some of them: