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Karley K. Adney claims  Portia is a Roman woman who often broke the standard of a Roman housewife and is well-reputed and knows what she is deserving of...

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"Besides, it were a mock
Apt to be render'd, for some one to say
'Break up the senate till another time,
When Caesar's wife shall meet with better dreams.'
If Caesar hide himself, shall they not whisper
'Lo, Caesar is afraid'?"

LEAD IN: COME UP WITH LATER

QUOTE:"Besides, it were a mock
Apt to be render'd, for some one to say
'Break up the senate till another time,
When Caesar's wife shall meet with better dreams.'
If Caesar hide himself, shall they not whisper
'Lo, Caesar is afraid'?"
EXPLANATION: When Decius Brutus comes forth to Caesar, he lets him know that whatever Calpurnia had told him and is resulting in him hesitating, is not true. He lets him know that if he wouldn't show he will tell the people that he is weak for listening to his wife.
CONNECTION: Not once did Decius Brutus go to Calpurnia herself and ask why she believed that something bad was going to happen to Caesar. Instead, like every other man during this time, he discredited her and her statement just because it came from a woman's mouth. On top of that, Decius makes it know that he will embarrass Caesar by telling the people that he made a cowardly act by listening to his wife; As if that were even something to be embarrassed about, considering the fact that if that said wife was trying to protect her husband. However, Caesar did fall into the hole of not listening to a woman solely because she is a woman.

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LEAD IN: Showing strength like a man shows "strength" sometimes involves the sight of blood; to show you are a human and you are not weak. Credibility is not something that came easy to woman during the Cesarean era. Sometimes you have to earn that opportunity for a man to trust the words that come out of a woman's mouth.

QUOTE:"Dwell I but in the suburbs, Of your good pleasures? If it be no more, Portia is Brutus' harlot, not his wife. (ln 307-310) Giving myself a voluntary wound-Here in the thigh."

EXPLANATION:Portia is so devoted to her marriage she even wounds herself purposely in order for her husband to confide in her and trust her.

CONNECTION: Portia knew she was a woman who was valuable. She was not someone who men could treat like just another breathing being because she had a special name. Portia felt as if her husband was being unfair to her and treating her like she didn't need to be involved in "manly business." Like almost every woman during this time, her job was to be seen, especially on his arm, but most definitely not heard.

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LEAD IN: Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a play solely based around men. How strong they are, their reputations, and their egos. Only once did we hear about the women that the 2 men came home too at the end of the day; as if the women were not even there. Thy were never valued for what they had to say and were always doubted for what they did and said.

QUOTE"How foolish do your fears seem now, Calpurnia! I am ashamed I did yield to them."

EXPLANATION: Caesar decided to listen to his wife at first but once a man with a more credible name and title than wife/woman told him otherwise, he was quick to discredit her and her worries. This is an accurate example of what happened a lot in the homes in ancient Rome within couples.
CONNECTION: Women were seen as people of course; but nor seen as people who matter. As seen with the way Caesar had spoken to Calpurnia, you could tell there was no ounce of respect. As soon as a man had discredited his wife's words he was quick to side with him.

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LEAD IN:  COME UP WITH LATER (DON'T BE REPETITIVE)

QUOTE: "Women were not granted as many rights as men—they were not allowed to vote, for example—but some women did own property."

EXPLANATION: In Ancient Rome, women were only specifically allowed to own SOME property, be the woman/maid of the house they live in (daughter or wife); and sometimes but not very likely if they were not the daughter to a wealthy family, they would receive very minimal basic education.
CONNECTION: This small paragraph from Anne Marie Hacht solidifies the acts of Julius Caesar belittling his wife and Portia having to wound herself to show to her husband that she is worthy. William Shakespeare's depiction on how women were treated during this time were accurately displayed in his play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar.

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LEAD IN: Karley K. Adney claims  Portia is a Roman woman who often broke the standard of a Roman housewife and is well-reputed and knows what she is deserving of...
QUOTE:"Portia furthers her thread of logic by reminding Brutus that she is a "woman well-reputed" (2.1.307): She is Cato's daughter and Brutus's wife and, as such, is known for her morality and nobleness and worthy of being made privy to her husband's troubles. When Brutus still does not concede to inform her of his problems, she wounds herself in the thigh..."
EXPLANATION: Just like Calpurnia, cares deeply for her husband. She says what is necessary to protect him; that is one of her roles as a wife. Brutus was snot letting his wife into his head and allowing her to know what was irritating him. Portia did not like that he was suffering in silence. Unlike Calpurnia, Portia goes beyond just using her voice. She went as far as slitting her thigh to show her husband Brutus that she is a strong woman on the same level with him and she deserves respect.
CONNECTION: Portia is slightly different from the woman of Rome during this time; she actually cared for her husband and fought for her higher role being his wife. Portia is a smart woman and she went from one noble family to another with Brutus being a senator. She is intelligent and will not let Brutus' excuses deter their path to connecting to each other as husband and wife.

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"Portia furthers her thread of logic by reminding Brutus that she is a "woman well-reputed" (2.1.307): She is Cato's daughter and Brutus's wife and, as such, is known for her morality and nobleness and worthy of being made privy to her husband's troubles. When Brutus still does not concede to inform her of his problems, she wounds herself in the thigh..."

Portia is so devoted to her marriage she even wounds herself purposely in order for her husband to confide in her and trust her. Portia also states her status and how valuable she knows she is because she knows her worth in her marriage and what she is allowed in that said marriage.

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LEAD IN: According to scholar Karley K. Adney,  Calpurnia is a woman who knows her place but can also stand up for herself if need be ,slightly breaking the role of what a Roman wife was supposed to be...

QUOTE: "When Caesar tells his wife that he was born in the same litter as a lion, but that he is "the elder and more terrible" (2.2.47), Calpurnia, without hesitation, tells her husband that his "wisdom is consumed in confidence", illustrating again that she is unafraid of making her opinion about her husband known to him."

EXPLANATION: Ancient Roman women tended to be submissive and not at all involved in the decisions within their marriages. Calpurnia however did decide to use her voice if need be. At times she would be the classic only cook, clean, wife/mother but if needed, like in this quote where Caesar attempts to once again use his ego as power, she decides to speak up and let her husband know her opinion.
CONNECTION: Calpurnia is a great example of what the  roles of a woman were while Caesar was ruler. She was pretty submissive to her husband Caesar; As is every other Roman wife. Calpurnia differs a bit from the bunch because when something important comes to her mind that she wants Caesar needs to know, she will tell him;especially if it concerns the safety of his life.

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Women were not granted as many rights as men—they were not allowed to vote, for example—but some women did own property.

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Quote from Research   "A method of childbirth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus through an incision made in the abdomen. Cesarean deliveries were practiced as early as 3000 B.C. in Egypt, and the name of the procedure is taken from a set of Roman laws, the Lex Caesare, dating to 715 B.C., which mandated the surgical removal of a FETUS following maternal death. (Julius Caesar was also said to have been delivered this way"

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Quote from Research   "A method of childbirth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus through an incision made in the abdomen. Cesarean deliveries were practiced as early as 3000 B.C. in Egypt, and the name of the procedure is taken from a set of Roman laws, the Lex Caesare, dating to 715 B.C., which mandated the surgical removal of a FETUS following maternal death. (Julius Caesar was also said to have been delivered this way"

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Adney, Karley K. “Portia.” The Facts On File Companion to Shakespeare, Facts On File, 2020. Bloom's Literature, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=17258&itemid=WE54&articleId=472917. Accessed 24 Apr. 2021.

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"When Caesar tells his wife that he was born in the same litter as a lion, but that he is "the elder and more terrible" (2.2.47), Calpurnia, without hesitation, tells her husband that his "wisdom is consumed in confidence", illustrating again that she is unafraid of making her opinion about her husband known to him."

Calpurnia is able to stand her ground within her marriage, and she is not afraid to tell him what needs to be said.

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Adney, Karley K. “Calpurnia.” The Facts On File Companion to Shakespeare, Facts On File, 2020. Bloom's Literature, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=17258&itemid=WE54&articleId=472916. Accessed 24 Apr. 2021.

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"Julius Caesar." Shakespeare for Students: Critical Interpretations of Shakespeare's Plays and Poetry, edited by Anne Marie Hacht, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2007, pp. 333-367. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2896100022/GVRL?u=vja&sid=GVRL&xid=95872f41. Accessed 27 Apr. 2021.

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This fundamental ambiguity in the play is further complicated by the different political motivations of the play's main characters. Cassius assassinates Caesar seemingly because he believes Caesar is an alleged tyrant. However, throughout the play are scattered hints that Cassius might have acted out of personal envy.

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Cesarean Delivery
Wynbrandt, James, and Mark D. Ludman. "Cesarean Delivery (Cesarean Section; C Section)." The Encyclopedia of Genetic Disorders and Birth Defects, 3rd ed., Facts on File, 2008, p. 72. Facts on File Library of Health and Living. Gale eBooks, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX4058400131/GVRL?u=vja&sid=GVRL&xid=2b7d66ed. Accessed 21 Apr. 2021.

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A method of childbirth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus through an incision made in the abdomen. Cesarean deliveries were practiced as early as 3000 B.C. in Egypt, and the name of the procedure is taken from a set of Roman laws, the Lex Caesare, dating to 715 B.C., which mandated the surgical removal of a FETUS following maternal death. (Julius Caesar was also said to have been delivered this way, as was Macduff in Shakespeare's Macbeth.)

Historically, cesarean deliveries have been a high risk to both mother and infant, due to the likelihood of infection and the primitive surgical techniques employed. However, as these risks have dropped, the rates of cesarean childbirth have climbed dramatically. From 5.5% of births in 1970, the percentage of cesarean to vaginal deliveries grew to 24.5%in 1988, and, in 2005, reached 27.5% of the more than 4 million births in the United States, making C sections the most common major surgery performed in the country. Nineteen percent of women giving birth for the first time have their babies delivered via C section. (The rate of vaginal deliveries among women who have previously had C sections is 11 per 100 births.) The Centers for Disease Control advocates a rate of no more than 15%.

Despite improved medical techniques, C sections are still associated with increased risks to both maternal and infant health. Maternal mortality is approximately one in 2,500 for cesarean deliveries, as compared with one in 10,000 for vaginal deliveries. A 2006 study of almost six million births found the neonatal mortality rate for cesarean delivery among low-risk women was 1.77 deaths per 1,000 live births, while the rate for vaginal delivery among this group was 0.62 deaths. Infants delivered by cesarean section are at increased risk for respiratory ailments and fetal distress caused by the anesthesia administered to the mother. Moreover, labor releases hormones in babies that are beneficial to healthy breathing, and the physical compression of vaginal deliveries helps remove fluid from the neonatal's lungs.

The continued high rates of cesarean deliveries are due to several factors: Since the procedure is safer than it once was, many infants who would be difficult to deliver vaginally due to complications of labor, termed dystocia, are instead delivered via C section. (Dystocia refers to a broad range of labor complications, including a mismatch between the size of the baby and that of the mother's pelvis or the position of the fetus.) The accepted notion that once a woman has had a cesarean she will always deliver by that method has also made it more common. (More than 98% of U.S. women who have had a cesarean delivery continue to deliver this way in subsequent childbirths.) Cesarean deliveries also allow more control over when an infant will be delivered.

The current consensus among maternal and childcare authorities is that the rates of cesarean deliveries should be reduced and that, where possible, vaginal delivery should be the method of choice. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, noting both the additional risks and costs of surgical delivery, has recommended that most women who have had a cesarean delivery try to have vaginal deliveries in subsequent births.

Disclaimer: This information is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a substitute for professional care.

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Cesarean Delivery (Cesarean Section; C Section)

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A method of childbirth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus through an incision made in the abdomen. Cesarean deliveries were practiced as early as 3000 B.C. in Egypt, and the name of the procedure is taken from a set of Roman laws, the Lex Caesare, dating to 715 B.C., which mandated the surgical removal of a FETUS following maternal death.

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What was the role of women during the Caesarean era? Compare and contrast the personalities of Portia and Calpurnia.