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Media and the Social World

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Mass Media is for delivering messages or information to mass audiences by various type of media.

Eg: Television, Magazines, Radio, Newspaper, Cinema and etc.

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Different Between Mass Media & Present Media

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Different Between Mass Media & Present Media

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Mass Media
Mass media focuses on delivering messages to a large number of people without considering the interests of the mass audience

Present Media (New Media)
a. Customize/Roles of User:
- We can customize about anything we want and search it.
- We have the power to decide what we want to watch compare to mass media.
b. User-generated content:
- We as users are free to develop content
Eg: Facebook, Instagram

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1. Digital Form

Now all content change to digital form. In past years all is hardcopy but now all is going online.

Eg: Newspaper vs. online news, CD vs. Youtube, Letter vs. Facebook

2. Changes Media Production

In past years, is making film by using Film Reels but now is using phone and more convenience, just edit and upload.

3. Global Content

The information is global scale wise like the information is shared to everyone.

Eg: Unnecessary to bring dictionary, now can search information in Google such as the definition.

4. Better Interactivity

There's two ways communication among people.

Eg: Sharing, Discussing, Commenting, Feedback and etc.

5. More Mobility

Present media makes people become more convenience because nowadays people just bring small gadgets anywhere.

Eg: E-wallet

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Active:
- Audiences who will think with question.
- Give feedback and opinion
- Won't just direct believe

Passive:
- Audience who are not thinking about the messages.
- Believe without questions.
- Adsorb all the questions directly.

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Social Institution

- Parents/Culture/Education

Fear & Moral Panic
- Just belives the information that given.
Eg: For passive audiences, they will just believe and follow the information that given.

Self Identity
- Choose to display their own information. The one that can let people know about their idendity.

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Structure and Agency is kind of Yin & Yang. These are two elements that play roles in anything that existent.

Structure
- The elements that can't be change
Eg: Law, Rules

Agency
- The elements that can be change
Eg: Political/ Social/ Economic

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The Economics Of The Media Industry

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1. GE
2. News-Corp
3. Disney
4. Viacom
5. Time Warner
6. CBS

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1. Media Prima (8TV, NTV7)
2. ASTRO (MyFM)
3. RTM

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1. ZheJiang TV
2. Hunan TV

Application:
1. Wechat
2. Weibo
3. Douyin (TIKTOK)

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Conglomeration: Merging of companies. Media companies become bigger companies by owning a collection of other companies such as there are different industries under a parent company.

Eg:
Facebook - Instagram, Whatsapp
Google - Youtube
Alibaba - Taobao

Integration: There are two types of intergration.

Vertical Integration
- A group that all produces different product but share with a common owner.
- Vertical Integration companies have a well-planned and a clear goal.
Eg: BBC

Horizontal Integration
- Didn't plan and just promote to the subsidiaries no matter related or not related.

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Reason:
- They want to reach to the audiences subconciously without them realizing it.

1. The Power Of Cross-Media Strategy
- They have power to control the mind of audiences according to what they want audiences to think, react and others,without realizing it.
Eg: Product placement in media such as movie, TV.
- The product will come out without audiences realizing it but one day when audiences saw the product they will have and impression of it.

2. Attention Economy
-  Creating trends by capturing audiences' attention. The more audiences talk about it, the more they generating profit from it.
Eg: Youtube (View rate decided the profit), Any song challenge, Kiki Dance and etc.

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Consequences Of Conglomeration & Integration

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Consequences Of Conglomeration & Integration

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1. Self-promotion
- Marketing own brand very well, minimization the cost & maximization profit.

2. Undermined Quality of Content
- The quality content that audiences will be getting are very biased, limited amount of information.

3. Media Control By Political Power
- Politics combine with economics, power with control media
- When the media dare not offend politicians (media owners), viewers will receive very biased news.

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Media Organizations & Professionals

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Media professionals make their own products, but they do not make them just as they please; They do not make them under circumstances chosen by themselves but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.
------ Karl Marx

- The media creates content based on what they see in specific methods that they used to work, and it continues to use it today.

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1. Advertising

- Advertise movies or product through media.

- People will see the advertisement while using social media

Eg: Facebook, Instagram, Youtube and others.

2. Live stream

- Live stream is that a people who do a live to earn money. Live host will communication with audiences such as singing, chit chatting and others.

- In live stream, there will have a lot of audiences, these audiences will send out the present (flowers, rocket, angel and etc.) to the live host that they like.

- Live host have to hit target of live timing and also the target of the present so that they will have basic and commision that pay by the live stream company.

Eg: Elelive, Appsme live, Bigo live and etc.

2. YouTube ( Views, Subscribers, Followers)

- Normally a youtuber will make a short film or video and upload to YouTube then attract people to watch it.

- When the views have reach to the target then YouTube will pay money to that content creator.

Eg: CodyHong, famous Youtuber in Malaysia. He has 1.06 million subscribers and one of his video has 5.9 million views.

High cost of producing media.

- If want to produce a good quality video or movie, it will cost very expensive.
- It need to have good equipments to produce a video or movie.
Eg: Camera, Tripod, Stabilizer

Unpredictable audience taste.
- We can predict what audiences like to watch because different person have different interests.
- We can't make sure that our video is confrimly suit to everyone.

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3 Elements To Minimize The Risk Of Unpredictable Audience Tastes

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3 Elements To Minimize The Risk Of Unpredictable Audience Tastes

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A. Imitation
- An attempt to replicate the concept of success and use it to create media.
Eg: Super Junior - EXO - BTS
- The concepts are same which are dancing, singing.

B. Hits and Stars
1. More screen time - visibility

- It is about the famous actor who want promote movie, they usually participate in talk shows to promote it. Even singer comes out a new song, they will go also.

Eg: Happy Camp - a China’s show which at Hunan.

- This show always invite a lot of actor or singer to the show to interact with audience and also promote their new movie or song to the audiences.

2. A-Listers

This is about find a famous actor to act in the movie to attract people to watch.

Eg: Jackie Chan is the most famous actor around world

C. Influencers and content creators
- Creating hits & Producing stars.

- Citizen journalist & critics.
- Everyone can create the content.

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Semiotics Analysis

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- It is an understanding of sign and sign system.
- A sign can substitute for something else. We can change it if we want to.

Eg:
a. No smoking sign
b. No parking sign
c. Lift sign

- We can create symbol streams and change the symbology.
- Symbols can evolve over time. It does not fix and it can be everyone agree to it.

Eg: The number '1' can be other meaning such as become number '4' if everyone agree it as that number.

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- The one who came out a formula:
Signifier + signified = sign

Signifier
- The form that the sign takes (Physical, Verbal or Written words).
Eg: tree (Decribe through words)

Signified
- Something we think about and this will lead to sign.
(Mental idea or thought)
Eg: The imagination of signifier word which is tree. For example, green colour leaves, wood and others. (The image that come in mind)

*Usually used in linguistic sign*

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- He more focus on physical form.

- There are 3 elements:
i. Representamen - The form that sign takes
ii. Interpretant - Idea & Thought
iii. Object - The referred sign

Eg: When I saw Angelina Jolie,  I will say Brad Pitt, Maleficient and strong women.

- 3 classes of signs:
i. Iconic - A sign that was drawn to directly represent what you want to indicate.
Eg: Toilet sign (For boy is wear pant and for girl is waer skirt), Landslide sign

ii. Indexical - Leaving some sign to indicate something happen or near somewhere.
Eg: Footprint ( Indicate someone walk pass here)

iii. Symbolic - The sign does not represent the real items but usually people look at these signs they know what's that means.
Eg: No entry sign is a red circles and inside have a white dash, it means no entry. It doesn't represent the real items but people recognise what's the meaning.

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Denotation
- The meaning is according to the dictionary
Eg: Watch - A device to check time. A small timepiece worn typically on a strap on one's wrist.

Connotation
- It based on our understanding of the meaning.
There are 2 parts:
Indidvidual connotation - What an individual thinks or explains based on individual own experience.
Eg: I believe that watch is mean time.

Cultural connotation -  In within cultural context or a group of people that have certain cultural and influence each other.
Eg: Wedding gown. If wear black wedding gown is bad. For Chinese, we can't wear black wedding gown because it means that unlucky or bad things.

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Intertextuality - The inside meaning of what's the text means. Normally is we want to convey a certain meaning and borrowing from other texts.
Eg: Bruce Lee. He is good in fighting or kungfu. So when somebody wear the same color which are yellow and black that's mean that person is strong.
Eg: Joker. When someone plays a joker, it means that they are trying to become a psychopath or sadism.

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- Videos convey meaning by using the same codes and conventions.

We analyse through:
- Costume, make up
- Environment, lighting, camera angles, venues
- facial expressions, body gestures and etc.

Eg: 《The Best For You》- Nana Ouyang
- She is a China famous cellist. Through this song, from the environment, facial expressions we can feel the sadness.

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歐陽娜娜 THE BEST FOR YOU (Official Music Video) | Nana Ouyang

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Media & Ideology

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- Ideology is a set of social values, belief, feelings and representations that everyone collectively agreed to it.
- Someone makes us believe in one thing, put the belief into our mind but we didn't realize it and think that it is normal.
Eg: In primary schools and secondary schools, students need to bow and greet the teacher when they see the teacher.

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- We do something unconsciously with a conscious mind.

- In reality, unconscious consciousness is constructed at different stages and levels but many people define it as normal common sense pattern

Eg: If we don't want listen to online lecture we can just switch it off but now we listen to it is because we know that need to sit for attendance so we must listen it.

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Masking & Displacing
- It is censorship to protect people's mind.
- Limited informations ( Just the information that they think that yiou allow to see.)
- Control people's mind.

Eg: Some of the song lyrics banned by Malaysia's censorship board such as 《Hot Girl Bummer》by Blackbear. The lyrics has censor words which is "F**k".

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Incorporating and Containing
- Allows you to check any information but it has been screened and will bring you back in the end.

- At the end we still didn't get to know all the information because the information have already been scanned, and the information that we get is what the person want us to know, the things that we can know it.

Eg: Wonder Woman. Media show  people that wonder woman is a strong woman but when asking how she become a real wonder woman and the reason is because of a man.

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Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

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Text That Are Pleasurable
- If we enjoy what we watch, no one will care about implementing ideology in our mind.
- If people don’t care and ask no questions, then the media’s success in achieving its goals will blind people.

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- How one social group maintains its ultimate power over subordinate groups.

- There have two ways to control:
i. Force (Punishment)
Eg: If not follow SOP will fine RM1000

ii. Volunteer (Giving rewards or benefit)
Eg: If people download MySejahtera app so that can get e-penjana of RM50

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- A mode of resistance to the norms and conventions of ideologies.
* Counter - hegemony is the opposite of hegemony *

a. Create awarness
- Finding what is the truth out there
- People feel that the louder the noice means the more attention than the government would take notice of the situation.
Eg: Protest

b. Culture-Jamming
- It is similar concept with counter-hegemony because we are stopping a culture.
- It is more appear on comercial awareness.
Eg: Nike put a child in the poster and write "Just Do It", it seem like child labour. (Check the photo)

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Symbols, Stereotypes & Mass Media

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- Stereotypes have been firmly embedded in the media.
- The symbols and stereotypes are often used by media as a shortcut to communicate with the audience.
Eg: Ethnicity, gender, social status.
These have been affected by stereotypes.

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- The media portrays stereotypes to influence audiences’ perceptions of specific groups of people. So we think that some people with stereotypes should be like this.

Eg:
1. The White Americans: blonde hair, blue eyes
2. American Family: 4-5 people, rich, mum should have curly hair
3. African American (Female): Brown hair, big eyes, white teeth, sexy lips
4. Asians:
- Chinese: small eyes, black hair, kung fu, dumpling

- Indian: Dancing, Shake head when talking

- Muslim: Wear hijabs

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1. African American
- Color cast, other than whites
- They do not have chance to act in movie, they just paint black on the whites if there has the role in movie.
- In the past, African Americans have always played a negative role. For example, dumb, uncivilized.
Eg: Birth of a Nation. This film show that what will happen if the black person played the American role.
(Kill his family)

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2. LATINO
- The stereotype of Latino is expected to emerge between 1910 and 1914, using the term "greaser"
- Latino are a portrayal of the impression of illegal immigrants.
- After that, the "Greaser" role has been transferred to the "Latin Lover" role.
* Only Latino can become Latin Lover. *

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3. Asian
- Asian = Chinese, Japanese
- Movie roles played by whites

Eg:
1. Lady
- Mysterious Lover, Exotic Lover, Dragon lady
2. Men
- Villians, Secret Lover

Yellow peril:

- Hollywood has produced many movies that portray Asian characters as villains, forbidden lovers or dragon girls, and most movies usually lead to bad endings.

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- Countertype actually is the opposite of stereotype which mean it is positive stereotype.
- It is to enhance the positive factors that are traditionally regarded as bad groups.

Eg:
Stereotype: Men is power
Countertype: Women can be power

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Gender Representation In Media

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1. Sex
- Biological Essentialist
- Born with certain productive system in our body and we are been determined by this certain sex.
- Don't have choices of it.

2. Gender
- Social Constructionist
- It constructed based on society perception.
- We can determine by choice
Eg: LGBTQ, Transgender

- External social forces (media, family, education, religion) that shape our expectations of behavior

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- In the past, there are female roles but it is limited based on certain categories.
- Female can act in thie movie but just either one of these roles.
Eg: Femme Fatale, Trophy Wife/Mom,  Sex Kitten & Gold Digger

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1. Femme Fatale
- A beautiful woman playing the villain will destroy the plan, anti-hero, and cause all problems.
Eg: Spy. Main character fall in love in this women but she is a spy to destroy a plan.

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2. Trophy Wife/Mom
- All American dream female character role.
- Be a perfect wife of her husband or perfect mom of her children.

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3. Sex Kitten
- The role inside movie is just to give viewing pleasure for male audiences.
- Not really play a important role inside movie.
- It is just to look nice beside the main character.

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4. Gold Digger
- Basically is a young innoncent girl who is attracted is just tobe with wealthy guy.

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- Certain female characters such as sex kitten and others are still fixed in certain ways.
-The target of women in the media like showing their sexy body, face and more.

Eg: Rosie Huntington in "Transformers 3" (not contributing to the story, her role is just to show her sexy)

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In the past, men roles will be either one of these:
- Suave, handsome, rich, smart, strong in physical, those who have happy family and others.

- Perfect in everything (American dream male roles)

- Every decision they made should be right decision.

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- In fact, from the media's portrayal of reality, men have also been stereotyped.
- In movie, media portray all men to be perfect
- In reality, the men are expected to be perfect (Must be good looking, smart, rich and others)
- Women also dream their prince charming perfect.

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Fluid masculinity
-Asian characters such as men in Korea drama are more beautiful than women
Eg: Big eyes, white skin and etc.

-These men are even used to advertising cosmetics

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- Today, women are given the main role, the hero.
Eg: Captain Marvel

- Compare to men, women roles still rigid.
- Opportunities are given to women, but not equal, it's still mainly to men.
Eg. Queer Eyes. There's only men are showed and represented in interior design

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Political Influence On Media

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Differences Of Media Between America And Malaysia

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Differences Of Media Between America And Malaysia

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America
- Have many TV channel.
Eg: HBO, CBS and etc.
- More freedom for express.
- America is the No.1 Country that has the Most Democratic System.

Malaysia
- Less TV channel
Eg: Astro, RTM and etc.
- More censorship and restrict. It also limited messages.
- Malaysia is a semi-democratic country which is monarchial democratic because Malaysia still have parliament and King or Agong (Monarchy).

*All of this is cause by political system of country*

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- First fundamental rules and law of media is referring to the first amendent.

' Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; of the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress or grievances.'

- It's about in America there's not much control of media unlike Malaysia is filtered all the messages before showcased.

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- Independent U.S. government agency
- It is composed of 5 members appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for a term of 5 years.
- It controlled by the government indirect way.

*FCC also known as Police of Media

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Malaysia's Media And Government Relationship

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Malaysia's Media And Government Relationship

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- The Ministry of Communications and Multimedia is responsible for:
a. communications
b. multimedia
c. broadcasting
d. information
e. personal data protection
f. mobile service
g. broadband
h. content

- As the media is fully controlled by government so the content will more towards to help the government.

* Malaysian Communications And Multimedia Commission (MCMC)
- The regulator for the converging communications and multimedia industry in Malaysia.

- There are some act and law that can be found to control the media such as Communications & Multimedia Act 1998 (CMA) and Anti-Fake News Bill 2018.

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- A scandal about data leak of millions of Facebook users' personal data and was harvested without consent by Cambridge Analytica and used for political advertising.

- The social media get to target what we like because they have our information such as feeling, status and etc. They also can target through our history of searching and others.

- They can determine who they want before the date Facebook leaks the news, especially those who don’t know who to vote for.

Eg: Donald Trump pay for Facebook to advertise message like persuade people to vote.

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Some speeches are not protected by the First Amendment:
i. Defamation
ii. Obscenity
iii. Plagiarism
iv. Invasion of privacy
v. Inciting insurrection.

Defamation
- It is an untrue statement and unprivileged statement of fact that is harmful to someone’s reputation and image.

2 types of defamation:
a. Libel - Defamatory statements (words) in written form.
b. Slander - Defamatory statements in oral form (spoken)

-Defamation usually occurs on celebrities, politicians and public figures.

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- Material where the dominant theme taken as a whole appeals to prurient, or sexually arousing, interest.

- Nowadays, there have a lot of parents let their children play phone to avoid them for crying or annoying. So that, there's more young teenagers or child have their own social media. Due to they are still young, they don't even know how to filtered the messages so this is dangerous for them.

Eg: Momo
Very famous as they hacked into Youtube kids channel or they call young teenager and ask them to follow their instruction and lead them to suicide.

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- Clear privacy protection to prevent government surveillance.
- No legal system or law can completely protect our privacy and confidential information

*Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (PDPA) (Malaysia)*
- It is to protect our privacy, make sure that our information won't given to third party.
-Our information is confidential to the company, and the information/personal data is not allowed to sell/spread to third party.

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-  Copyright / trademarks
- A creative work of art, film or software that belongs to a legally protected owner.

- It is to protect the original ideas of individuals and institutions through patents, copyrights and trademarks.

Eg：Instagram copyright. If our insta story/post has the background music that has copyright, it will mute our video.

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- The use and passing along as one’s own original work someone else’s created material, which may or may not be copyrighted.

- Credit and citations are very important to the original owner, no matter how we change the design.

*If don't have credit and citations, it is considered as STEALING*

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Media Influence and the Political World

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Media is an important platform for politics or government to utilize for their benefits.

- The media plays content so that everyone can watch it like a TV/phone owned by everyone. The media has a huge impact on the political world. It can influence people's thinking and decision-making methods.

Eg: Presidential debate
- The media is used as a tool to show their views and how their capabilities make voters confident in them. Media can strongly influence the people’s mind。

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- Importance of appearance.
- Appearance plays an important role in affecting appearance and image, as well as candidates' chances of success.
- A good appearance can increase a candidate's chances of success.
- The appearance of politicians is under the guidance of their public relations team to ensure and improve their presence in the media. It also helps them establish a good image
Eg: Our Prime Minister will wear formal shirt for conferences.

* Being comfortable in the media spotlight *

Eg: Arnold Schwarzenegger
- He is an actor and famous with his film which is 《The Terminator》
- Before he joined politics, he was satisfied with the camera angle because it made him look confident in the spotlight
- People know him is because his film and in his film he is strong, so people think the same character in reality.
- People think that he is trustworthy same like terminator so will vote for him.

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- Mainly prepared by PR team.

The following three events usually occur:
I) Campaigns
II) Speeches
III) Conferences

- Setting the stage, the brand image and reputation of politicians

Hyperreality= Stage reality
- People always think that what they see is the same as reality.
Eg: Candidate embraces baby
People believe that babies can perceive good and bad people
Eg: In year 2010, there's serious fire in Paloh, a row of shops (10 shops) burned down, at that time our Minister of Interior of Malaysia, Dato Hishammuddin personally came to Paloh and greeted the residents and shopkeepers kindly no matter young/old/poor/rich.
- So that people think that Hishammuddin is a good person.

- If  baby like you, he will kiss, hug or touch you.
- If baby don't like, the baby will cry

- Obama is a good example, he attract  baby to like him so when people saw baby like him, they willl believe that he is a good person.
- This is the way how he show his appearance.

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Pros:

Speed: Reply messages immediately
Eg: The politician can immediately respond and defend himself on social media when someone says bad to a politician

Data Analytics: Politicians can use data to understand the target audience, and will have a better understanding of the needs of the target audience, and understand and track current trends through hashtags(#).

Costs: Politicians can save money by online campaigns ( cheaper) instead of physical campaign.

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Cons:

Speed: If the speed to fast, messages cannot be filtered and will cause many messages destroy the reputation of politicians.

Data Analytics: Understand the trend, but will give back to users in the end which people who like you or against you.

Authenticity: People do not know whther the messages is real or not.

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The Active Audience

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- A media message can understand by different audiences, but will respond differently to it.

- They must choose, accept or reject. Some people will believe and accept the information, while others may reject and use their knowledge or experience to criticize the content of the information.

- It is even better if the audience is an active audience rather than a passive audience.

- Active audiences participate in, interpret and respond to media texts in different ways, and are able to challenge the ideas encoded therein.

- We can hear feedback from active audiences instead of just focusing on what the media shows.

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4 Basic Ways In Which media Audiences Seen As Active

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4 Basic Ways In Which media Audiences Seen As Active

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1. Interpretation
- The meaning of media messages is not fixed.
- Different people, Different interpretation

Audiences react to a video
- In the video, they showed their opinions on certain things

- Their perception of media news

- There’s different kind of review such as movie, food, video and etc. It is about a person watch the video and share their opinion. Different people (Different country) have different perception.

Eg: Uncle Roger react a Fried Rice video
- Uncle Roger criticized and commented fried rice video through an Asian perspective.

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Uncle Roger DISGUSTED by this Egg Fried Rice Video (BBC Food)

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2. The Social Context of Interpretation
- People share the interesting things with their friends through social media. (Something like interaction)

-An active audience will interact with the media

Eg: Share, Like, Comment and etc.

-These are an interactive way to show their response to media messages

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3. Collective Action
- It can be many ways

Eg: Online petition, Sign for a course, organize campaign, protest

- This usually happens in fan clubs, which shows their support for their favorite idols or celebrities. They will gather or notify each other to vote for their idols to win the game.

* Vote also considered as a collection action *
- Collective vote, comment, view, retweet

Eg: BTS Fan Clubs (Army)
- When BTS nominated as the Best Kpop Group, the people will be asked to vote for BTS in order to let them get the award

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4. Audience as Media Producers
- Content creators are active audiences. Audiences create their own content in media

Eg: Cody Hong, Lizz Chloe and etc.

-Since social media is based on user generation, it allows audiences to contribute their own media online. They can criticize the main media, and they can also provide other opinions, which are rarely available from the national media.

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Narrative Structure & Binary Opposition

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Narrative Structure / Pattern (SEQUENCING)

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Narrative Structure / Pattern (SEQUENCING)

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* Sequence of narrative structure (Timeline of a story)

-It is important when developing a story, all stories or movies we can watch are based on that story.

There have 3 parts:

I) Beginning

II) Middle

III) Ending

* Stable Situation 1 ( No any problem) > Disruption (Questions, Enigma, Desire, Goal) > Stable Situation 2 (Resolutions)

I) Introduction

- “Once upon a time” / Introduce the character

II) Middle (Conflict / Climax)

- Attract the audience's attention to the movie.

III) Ending

- Happy Ending

- Solution

Stable Situation 1 VS Stable Situation 2

- The ending is different from the introduction. In the introduction, the audience usually does not know the ending from the beginning.

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Flawed Character

- Normal Character

Problem

- The character must face some problem

Series Of Tests/Character Growth

- The characters will face challenges when solving problem.

Better Character

- After going through all the challenges, the character solved the problem and became more experienced and stronger than before.

Eg: The Secret Life of Walton Mitty

- In the beginning, Walter Mitty which is the main character is a normal staff. When comes to rising plot which he needs to be responsible for processing the image development process, but he can’t find it.

- This is his journey/process to find the last photo.

Series test: He must go through a series of tests to find the image

- In the end, he will become a better character because he has gone through all the trials and challenges

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- Camera angles (How to show the scene)

The Importance of Point Of View:

I) Identification between main characters

- The main character will have a lot of scenes. Let audiences know who is main character

II) Generates Connectivity with audiences

-Makes the audiences to be one of the part of the story (involving in the movie)

Voyeurism

- Play the role of a stalker, spying on and kicking people’s secret lives

Eg: There are scenes peeping at someone through the window

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- There are 3 types of ending:

I) Closed/Circular Ending

- Stable Situation 2 is that the character will return like Stable Situation 1

II) Closed/Progress Ending

- Stable Situation 1 > Disruption > Stable Situation 2 (Narrative Structure)

- The character will eventually return to a stable situation, but a new and different stable state

III) Open/Unresolved Ending (Cliff-Hangers)

- No proper ending

- Let audiences to imagine

* Always shown in horror movie.

- Want to build audience’s fear while leaving cinema / the producers have series 2 of the movie

Eg: The Conjuring

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The Conjuring - Official Main Trailer [HD]

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Binary = Split into two/against two things, which are the same but opposite to each other.

Eg: Yin and Yang

There are 2 types of Binary Opposition:

A. Dynamic of Narrative

- If there is a good situation, there is also trouble.

B. Character Developments

- Justification of differences

- When there is a hero, there will be a villain.

- Ambiguous Binary

- 2 things are embody in 1 person ( 2 personalities in 1 character)

- This person’s personality is distorted

(one part of him is good, another part is bad, and the personality in his head conflict)

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Alternative Media – Social Media

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Digital Immigrants

- People who born before the internet exist which is before 1980s

- They learn themselves in how to use technology

Eg: Gen X

- Our parents are born in Generation X

- They always ask us about how to use electronic gadgets or internet or social media

- They didn’t grow in technology so they are very strange about it.

Digital Native

- People who born in the era of digital which is after 1980s

- They interact with technology from childhood.

Eg: Gen Z

- Parents take care of their baby by using internet and electronic gadgets especially when parents busy on work but their children are crying.

- As people grow in technology, we are used to it.

- Children are smart nowadays, they can easily adapt in internet and electronic gadgets

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Social Media/Internet

- Nowadays, we can saw people use social media and internet everywhere and anytime.

- People use it for calling, texting, posting daily life and others.

Eg: Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and others.

- Social is a new digital that allow people to create their own content and also interact with people.

- Social media for now is not only for “read” but also for “write”.

- Social media is a many-to-many model

Eg: Allows users to share text, sound, images, and creatively edited music such as remix, mashups and so on.

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- Online journal or informational website displaying information that allows people to share their view based on personal interest.

- There are some types of blogs:

A) Travel Blog

- Blogger will write about the tourist attraction and introduce the food, hotel, place that must go and others.

- People who want to go for a trip will read the blog so they know where should they visit.

B) Beauty Blog

- About skincare products, cosmetics.

- Blogger will write their experience about using that skincare products so people will review first before they buying.

And also: Food blogs, Fashion blogs, baby care blogs and others.

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- It allows people to edit the content in website.

Eg: Wikipedia

- Wikipedia is a well known website that allow people to edit the content inside.

- Student are not encourage to use and follow the information from Wikipedia because the information are not reliable.

- The volunteers might wrote the wrong information.

Eg: Kickstarter

- A funding platform.

- The entrepreneur can upload their proposal on this website to get fund from investors.

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- This sites allows people/users to create content, post and upload

- When users posting a content, people around the world will view it and the users will get the money. ( Based on followers/subscribers)

Eg: Youtube and Instagram

Youtube: Upload video that produce by creator. If the view/subscribers above the target, they will started get money.

Instagram: Posting photos and become influences.

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- Mainly to interact with people.

- Can create content, share ideas and so on by using social networking sites.

Eg: Facebook, Pinterest, LinkedIn

Facebook: Communicate with friends (old & new), upload photos, play game with friends and etc.

LinkedIn: Connect with people that professional in workplace, share your info which sometimes can get a job.

Pinterest: Share others' content.

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Virtual Game Worlds & Virtual Social Worlds

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Virtual Game Worlds & Virtual Social Worlds

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- The virtual game world and virtual social world invite users and players from all over the world to perform role-playing in a rich 3D environment in real time.

Eg: PUBG, Second Life

- These games allow people to communicate with each others will playing.

-Games such as "Second Life" enable players to use avatars in a simulated environment and even use virtual currency for transactions.

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- Nowadays, all things are going online, newspaper also. There are lesser people want to buy newspaper because they can get it online.

- Unlike the past, people need to go out and buy the newspaper just to know what had happen yesterday.

- Sometimes, even mainstream media reports on these events relatively slowly. Nowadays, people only need to take a picture and post it on the social media group to inform everyone of the case.

Eg: When there has accidents happen, people will take photo with some caption and upload to Facebook group. People who saw it will started share and make it viral.

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- Photojournalism is the process by which news photographers rely solely on their cameras as storytelling media and equipment.

- Their photos are broadcast live through the online news archive and photojournalism blog.

- The reporter will use pen and paper to tell the story, while the news photographer will use the camera to capture the visual representation of the story.

- The disadvantage is we don’t know who actually took that picture since we are not see the picture in physical form.