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Speaking&Listening: Translanguaging Guide, pp. 87-91; pp. 147-157; Wright, Ch. 7, Listening and Speaking: pp. 156-166; pp. 186-188

-listening is use the most frequently out of the four main language skills
-listening requires a much higher demand cognitively than just listening to someone speak; you must be able to know the context its been used in, mannerisms (used when talking),  their tone of voice, and prepping for your own response that fits well into the conversation
-this obviously makes speaking/understanding English much harder for ELL students in comparison to normal American speaking students
-Many Americans don't use proper grammar, grammatical sentence structures, etc. and replace with slang or terms used from where they grew up or the people that molded them
-Listening and speaking in a normal convo gives ELL students very few time to analyze, interpret, and react accordingly with the corrects words in response thus taking more time for ELL students to understand English proficiency
-Many tests fail projecting the aspect of struggles beyond just trying to understand how to speak and listen in English for ELL students; they forget a huge part of this stems to nonverbal communication as well

Reading: Wright, Ch. 8; (Optional: Translanguaging Guide, pp. 100-121

-ELL are not only expected to read the material, but also interpret what the academic content their reading means
-its a disadvantage in the work force to not be able to read and write proficiently, so jobs for ELL in America can become a lot more limited
-no aways reading is one of the most controversial and political out of the four language skills
-language structure, vocabulary, and dialogue are keys to getting down proper reading skills
-Reading Self Assessments:  many teachers use this to track the progress of their students to ensure they are progressing weekly
-When I was younger I remember using Reading Logs and having to read a certain amount of time and then get one of my parents to sign off on it
-the first stage of reading is also the hardest for ELL students because they typically don't understand the context of the material so they start by decoding certain key words and putting it all together piece by piece

Writing: Wright, Ch. 9, pp. 230-240; (Optional: Translanguaging Guide (pages pp. 122-146))

-huge struggle for ELL students is learning to write before they are even fluently proficient in English
-unlike the other three language skills, the writing is very similar to English proficient speakers
-ELL home language is a major factor/ predictor of how easy/ difficult the process may be for English proficient speakers
-developmental stages spanning from introduction to English to almost mastery level is divided up into 6 stages: Scribble writing/ drawing, strings of letters, letter repping whole word thoughts, stylized sentences, emerging standardized writing, and then lastly standardized writing

Content-Area Instruction: Wright, Ch. 10, pp. 272-278

-talking about the different strategies/ instruction that might work best for certain categories of ELL students
-able to understand tables, charts, and organizational strategies in textbooks

Assessment: Wright, Ch. 6 pp. 125-134

-testing can be stressful for ELL students because a lot of them are determinants on where they are going to be placed in the classrooms
-on the teacher side, its very important teachers take their own assessments of student's to track their growth and progress
-negative aspects of assessments are biasness, validity, and observation
-rubrics are how tests for ELL are graded and assessed

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Affordances of Technology
~Multimodality is similar to multiliteracies..it means
Programs and Polices for Educating Emergent Bilinguals
~ELL students lack access to digital technologies due to their inability to be functionally digital competent. This means that they could have the proper technology right in front of them, but don't know how to use it since they are unable  to communicate.
-Once ELL students learn how to use technology in everyday life it can benefit them in countless ways..
1.   Help communicate their messages through visuals
2.  Help with understanding other peoples body movements/ gestures (Bodily Memory)
3. 4 Affordances: accessibility, retrievability, interactivity, and creativity
Accessibility: Ex-  having access to limitless information to consume and produce knowledge
Retrievability Example: being able to go back to the same info to examine for a deeper understanding
Interactivity: interactions between technical tools and interactions with students
Creativity: way to demonstrate a deeper message or come up with a new way while adapting to change\

Programs and Policies for Educating Emergent Bilinguals
~Categories:
1. nonrecognition: "sink-or swim programs" Schools/educators don't put extra effort in providing more educational services for ELL students
2. ESL: "English as a Second Language" : provide some support for students in special session outside of the regular educational programs that all students get
3. "Bilingual Approach" : using students home language to teach subject matter for a variety of reasons; to support transitions between English and then bilingualism/ bilteracy

*Look on page 32-33 for lists of educational programs for ELL students*

"Precious Knowledge"
-showed important aspects of intimidation and "threat-like" behavior to  American citizens when they feel as if non-native Americans are extremely intellectual and well educated
-Americans feel in-superior to these non- Americans (as they should), but will of course try to do anything in their power to demean these ELL students so they stay on top socially, economically, and politically
-in this movie it shows that Americans feel a since of entitlement because they are true Americans and don't look at Mexican-Americans as true Americans even though they are

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Topics Touched: Family/Community Engagement
-important to have proper parental/family engagement in their kids' schooling to successful prepare them for their future
-using term "school, family, and community partnerships" instead of "parental involvement"
-3 categories of parental support for children's education:
1. Physical environment- the economic & resources available around them
2. Emotional & Motivational Climates- encourage kids to do their homework and study
3. Interpersonal Interactions- parents dedication to their kids educational success drives kids to do better because it shows they care rather than sitting back and never asking children how they are doing in school

Funds of Knowledge: "construct refers to different strategies and ways of knowing needed for a household to function effectively" (pg 132)
-parents already feeling marginalized after moving to united states, but their children can be too by not feeling wanted or included in extracurricular activities

Mainstream Approach: develop "parent education" or "family literacy" programs to help set up their kids in the best possible way so they can communicate and understand better in school. It's the parents jobs as well to put even more effort than their children ensuring them on the right path and providing them with the best tools they can

3 Principles of Family Engagement:
1. shared responsibilities that shows support from the community/ schools to the families
2.enduring commitment that must maintain consistent, yet change positively as they grow and mature
3. reinforce learning in multiple settings not just in school..like home PreK programs, faith based institutions

Overall this chapter prioritizes on of the main components in linear growth between a bilingual child and learning in a totally different environment. It all starts at the based with the parents who must put in effort on their end to build relationships between the school, other kids' parents, and the community around to acclimate themselves as a whole in feeling comfortable.

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Topics Touched: Bilingualism & Achievement
Key Issues:
*Getting teachers familiarized with different teaching strategies/ going the extra mile to ensure their bilingual students understand what'a going on in the classroom as well as retaining that information
*The Cognitive benefits of being a bilingual student: "It has been found that bilinguals' constant use of their different language practices strengthens the control mechanisms of the brain (the inhibitory control) and changes the associated brain regions." (51).
*Advantages:
-academic proficiency
-linguistic interdependence-both languages help bolster each other acquisition of language and knowledge
-common underlying proficiency- home language increasing the opportunities of academic achievement
-basic interpersonal communication- contiextiled language such has gestures and cues help further their understanding of language
*Dynamic Bilingualism
-"all bilinguals are complex and interrelated; they don't merge in a linear way" (57)
-differs from subtractive/ additive bilingualism
Recursive Dynamic bilingualism- attending school of different language on purpose to help pick up on it easier
-Muliticompetence: contends that second language users are different than monolingual speakers because their minds are different so therefore their knowledge is of the same mind in one
Wrap Up: I think its very important that this chapter reflects positive aspect of bilingualism students' and their education because what we have read thus far shows a negative connotation of becoming more educated in more than one language. Learning multiple languages should be celebrated and not painted as impossible because the future benefits of being culturally diverse help in everyday life no matter the situation.

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Key issues: Students whose main language isn't English receiving the same/ fair education and benefits
Interesting/ Important Point: By my own personal experience I only was required two years of foreign language so I could graduate high school. For me I took Spanish for those two years and I found it extremely difficult even though the teacher taught in English and then translated what we were learning to Spanish. To this day I couldn't remember but a few i words from taking Spanish. I can't imagine how difficult it is for students whose main language is Spanish and trying to get an education in English without any translations or people helping on the side; they learn solely by themselves and figuring it out on the way. To me and I'm sure anyone else it seems so unfair which it is, I believe that our school systems need to implement a wider diverse teaching staff to help guide non English speaking students to ensure their proper educational growth as a whole.