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Jethro Tull, and agriculturist and inventor in Britain, invented the seed drill in the year 1700 (Wikipedia). The seed drill is a horse drawn carriage that automatically plants the seeds and sows the soil for you. Instead of sowing the soil and planting seeds by hand, this made it much easier to plant seeds in a much larger area much faster (Britannica). His invention was adopted by almost all farmers and proved to be very helpful for a lot of landowners .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(agriculturist)
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jethro-Tull

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Pottery Factories - Josiah Wedgwood (1759)

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Pottery Factories - Josiah Wedgwood (1759)

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Josiah Wedgwood industrialized pottery by inventing mass-produced pottery factories. These factories used efficient division of labor to produce high quality pottery at a relatively low cost. This made pottery affordable and accessible to the growing middle class. His works were patronized by royalty, which further progressed his business. To ensure the consistent quality of his pottery, Wedgwood also invented the pyrometer, which was a way of measuring the temperature inside a kiln, and included a unique temperature scale.

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The spinning jenny was created by James Hargreaves to increase the number of cotton threads that could be spun at one time. Each machine had eight spindles and could therefore create eight times the threads of a basic spinning wheel. Though it took more skill to handle, the spinning jenny allowed manufacturers to reduce the number of spinners involved while also increasing production.

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Thomas Newcomen developed an inefficient steam engine with a piston that separated the condensing steam from the water around 1712.

In around 1765, James Watt was given a model Newcomen engine to repair. He realized that it was hopelessly inefficient and began to work to improve the design. He designed a separate condensing chamber for the steam engine that prevented enormous losses of steam.

Watt’s contributions were significant during the industrial revolution mainly because steam power was the energy source for many machines and even vehicles, making large-scale production cheaper and easier.

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In 1770, Eleanor Coade invented the Coade stone (Lithodipyra), an artificial stone which was both extremely durable and weatherproof. Throughout the following centuries, the Coade stone had a large effect on architecture, becoming the standard material for building extremely complex and durable sculptures in Britain and beyond, and many of the original sculptures using it that were built in the 1800s still stand today with minimal damage.

Because of this invention, Eleanor Coade was one of the few women to be recognized in being an integral part of eighteenth-century architecture as well as for being an extremely successful businesswoman; as a result, she served as a pioneer for other women going forwards.

(https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/histories/women-in-history/eleanor-coade/, https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/what-is-coade-stone)

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Invented in 1779 by Samuel Crompton, the spinning mule is a machine that spins fibers such as cotton. It was important because it greatly increased the quality and decreased the production time of yarn by allowing one person to spin more than 1000 spindles at once, which increased the yarn's availability.

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The cotton gin is a machine that is made to separate cotton fibers from cotton seeds. Early versions of cotton gins were already made in India in the 5th century, but they weren't the best and could only process less common long-fiber cotton. Eli Whitney (who was white) developed his own version which could process the more common short-fiber cotton and applied for a patent on it in 1793. The cotton gin had a huge impact on the American South specifically, as before, it took a ton of time and effort to separate the seeds of cotton from the fibers, making it unpractical to grow cotton despite it's advantages as a cash crop. With it though, cotton suddenly became hugely profitable to grow, and plantations bought tons of slaves to grow cotton, resulting in the American South to develop completely differently from the North.

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The steamboat was first invented in 1807 by Robert Fulton, an American Inventor (National Geographic). The introduction of the steamboat made sea travel a far more appealing option for both human transportation and shipping as the steamboats did not require currents or sails to move and could reach higher speeds than conventional ships (US Army). Steamboats also tended to be more economically efficient and were quickly adopted as the main method of transporting goods in the United States, playing a key role in Westward Expansion until they were mostly replaced by steam-powered railroads in the 1870's (National Geographic). Steamboats were also critical in warfare, as they allowed for the quick movement of men and supplies (Encyclopedia of Arkansas).

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Macadam, or "metalled" roads, is a type of road construction created by John Loudon McAdam. The method involves placing single-sized crushed stone layers in lifts and compacted. This was much more efficient than the previous method, which had been considered "state-of-the-art" before. This initial invention also sparked inspiration for other similar inventions, such as water-bound macadam, made by engineer Richard Edgeworth who used stone dust and water to make a smoother surface. There was also tar macadam (1902), made by Swiss doctor Ernest Guglielminetti who sprayed tar on the surface to counteract the dust issue at the time (Wikipedia).

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George Stephenson, a British engineer, invented a locomotive to be used by people in 1825. It was to be used to transport people to and from a coal mine, and carried 450 people for a little over 10 miles in about an hour. He had been working on this idea for 12 years making it more viable for human transportation, ever since seeing an early steam train used in another mine. Railroads quickly spread throughout England, and later through the rest of the world. (Britannica) (Image from History Today)

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1830's- Improved Telegraph and Morse Code

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1830's- Improved Telegraph and Morse Code

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In the 1830's Samuel FB Morse improved the telegraph by developing an electric telegraph, enabling long distance communication. In addition, he invented Morse Code, a code that sets an arrangement of dots to every letter in the English alphabet. The invention allowed signals to be transmitted across electric telegraph lines with less complexity.

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The mechanical reaper was a two-wheeled machine that had a vibrating blade that would cut grain. Then it would be reeled in and fall onto a metal surface that collected the grain. This machine was pulled by horses. While the machine had some drawbacks, like being extremely loud, the ability to harvest with technology instead of enslaved labor made owning this invention a priority for landowners. The sale of the reaper saw exponential growth throughout the 1840s. It grew even more in the 1850s, becoming a necessity for farmers. Over 4,000 machines were being bought per year

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Isaac Singer - Home Sewing Machine - 1851

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Isaac Singer - Home Sewing Machine - 1851

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Singer was working in a machine shop in 1851 when he was asked to repair a Lerow and Blodgett sewing machine. He instead designed and built a better model that employed use of an overhanging arm holding the needle. His design allowed continuous and curved stitching, and his basic work has been followed in almost every subsequent machine.

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1856: Henry Bessemer - Bessemer Process for steel

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1856: Henry Bessemer - Bessemer Process for steel

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The Bessemer Process for steel was a new method of producing steel invented by Sir Henry Bessemer in 1856. The process involved a giant egg-shaped converter where molten iron was poured in through the top, and oxidized by a “dramatic fiery” blow of air through the bottom. This was significant because it was the first time that steel was able to be mass-produced. The first converters were able to pour out 15 tones of steel in 1 hour.

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The Gatling Gun, created by Richard Gatling in 1862, was a multi barreled, rotating gun that was operated by a hand crank and could fire up to 200 rounds per minute. It is widely regarded as the first machine gun, and a precursor to the truly automatic weapons followed. Richard Gatling, a strong Union supporter, was largely motivated by his desire to diminish the widespread disease and gruesome wounds that killed Union soldiers. The gatling gun was also used in Anglo-Zulu War and Spanish–American War, even being mounted among ships. (Mackenna)