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Biological differences between male and female

Behavioral patterns that go through their minds during puberty physical changes that are brought about puberty age that girls start seeing the light

Peer pressure

Parental roles and how it affects the child and behavior of the child

Sarahs parents were authoritarian ?

Whether she made the right choice by doing medicine ( think about whether the choice should come from parents or from themselves )

Transition , stress how it affects them

How physical activity affects a person

Did she do the right thing by depending on her boyfriend ?

The role of the rite of passage in different cultures in maturing teenagers.

The importance of student health services at Institutions in supporting students when coping with stress

The way in which she views herself

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Parents were very controlling and did not allow Sarah to go out and see her boyfriend.

She didn’t develop as fast as her other peers in the sexual development realm or self-image.

Doesn’t have good coping mechanisms. This leads to weigh gain as she does not play sport anymore.

It wasn’t completely her decision to study medicine as she was pushed into the field by her parents.

She could not handle the burst of freedom of choice that she experienced when she moved away from her controlling parents.

She cannot find a balance as she overstudies and doesn’t have time for extracurricular activities. This is not sustainable, hence her weight gain.

She is unable to treat her chronic anxiety.

Sarah is constantly anxious

She is too dependent on her Grant, her boyfriend. Thus, she lacks the ability to control her own happiness and regulate her own emotions.

She is ignorant to her gastrointestinal and muscular tensional issues. She did not try to find a solution.

She is not being perceptive of the weight gain which could pose life threatening dangers in the future. This is also affecting her poor self-image as she views herself as inferior.

Her choice of moving to CT away from her support structure is questionable as she eventually lost her support.

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- Self-awareness (able to recognize change and understanding of puberty)

- Sarah got exposure to the world and society through her friends even though her parents prevented her from certain experiences and exposure.

- She is aware of her lack of knowledge regarding sex and pregnancy

- She resisted peer pressure (all her friends exploring sex)

- Going to UCT gave her a new found freedom and a sense of responsibility. Exposed to diversity of people.

- Able to recognize that she is struggling and she asked for advice from Joshua.

- She considers support systems (Student Health Service) to help cope with stress.

- She has a good partner (Grant) who she can go to for support and he makes her feel confident.

- Healthy sign that she is gaining weight - shows development

- Able to prioritize her academics ("study all the time")

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13.1. Coping is responding to stress to reduce its effect, this reduction is sometimes temporary.

13.2.

Avoidance - ignoring/forgetting/hiding

Consequence: severe, negative, depression, increases risk of suicide

Problem focused - strategy to tackle/solve, taking action

Consequence: stress is resolved

Emotion focused - strategy to change one's perspective, eg., being frustrated and thinking about it to change that feeling. Stressor does not change, but the stressors effect disappears

Consequence: feeling stronger, empathic

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Stress: state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances

Stressors: any situation event or experience or other stimulus to cause a person to feel stressed

Case: pressure to have a boyfriend (stress), increasingly anxious to adapt to UCT lifestyle, academic demand and heavy workload. Advised to go to student health services.

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10.1. Factors that act as prerequisites for forming platonic or intimate relationships:

Physical attractiveness - evolutionary needs for suitable companion survival of the fittest

Apparent availability - willingness to spend time together

Absence of exclusion criteria - filters for people that are unsuitable eg. age etc.

Frequent exposure - how often you see each other

10.2.

Passion - intense physical, cognitive and emotional impact (falling in love stage)

Intimacy - growth of familiarity and security in a relationship

Commitment - devotion and mutual dependency

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9.1. The perception that a person has about their body - can be positive or negative depending on the thoughts/ feelings that a person experiences.

9.2.

Women compare to women that are celebrities = impossible standard of female beauty, cult of thinnest, social cultures. Can result in bulimia/ anorexia, women become less confident and want to lose weight.

Dieting can cause self-esteem problems, intensified feelings of ineffectiveness, widespread body-image dissatisfaction.

Being fat = discriminated, results in feeling worse

Measure themselves against ideal = identity closely linked to how they look.

Impact on emotional health = people become afraid of their bodies and bodily functions, focus energy on their body = takes all their energy, results with more feelings of hatred towards their own body

Billboard = photoshopped, people compare themselves to something that is unnatural

Case: She thinks that others perceive her as fat, has a bad body-image of herself. Grant increases or improves her body-image

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8.1. A process that characterizes human growth and development

8.2.

Sexual maturity - period during adolescence pubertal maturation + secondary sex characteristics

Skeletal maturation - increase in structural growth accompanied by physical growth

Hormonal change - change in concentration of growth hormones

Three phases:

Prepubertal dip

Maximal growth

Decrease in growth velocity

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6.1.

Groups of friends (exclusively one sex/other)

Loose association of girls or boys group

Smaller mixed-sex group

Final peeling off of heterosexual couples

(Group has not finalised this question, follow up)

6.2.

LGB individuals discover identity by internal processes = personal discovery

Difficult process (society negative views), conditioned by shame.

Childhood teachings identify this development as a problem = negative

Development = delayed, takes a long time

Self-acceptance of not being heterosexual, considered as a 'deviant' by society.

Explore and develop personal satisfaction, most identified with label ( best describes feelings)

Learn to embrace identity within supporting communities and heteronormative community. Exploration of community helps to let go of negative stereotypes attached to their identity.

6.3. Human development model:
Focusses on the view of sexual identity = personal experience that is unique to each individual.

Individual experience influenced by three main factors:

1. Subjectivities and actions - individuals feel and explore their own sexual identity

2. Interactive intimacies - influences from individual's relationships with family members

3. Sociohistorical connections - influences from socio-norms and society in which the individual resides in.

Main purpose: Reject outdated view that identity is normatively achieved at a certain point in one's lifetime and stays that way. Development model suggest that personal sexual identity development is more plastic, constantly explore identity and can change their label to a different one to better describe themselves.

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12.1

Physiological changes due to stress

• Increased metabolic rate

• Increased heart rate

• Dilation of pupils

• Higher blood pressure

• Increased breathing rate

• Tensing of muscles (Sarah experienced muscle tension due to her stress)

• Secretion of endorphins and ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

• Release of extra sugar from liver (Sarah experienced gastrointestinal disturbances, possible cause for weight gain)

12.2

Psychological Reactions to Stress

• Anxiety — worry and tension. (Sarah would feel increasingly anxious)

• Anger and aggression.

• Apathy and depression. (Sarah wondered if she made the right choice)

• Cognitive impairment.

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7.1. Tasks relating to adolescent development:

Work and leisure - establishing work occupation

Family - selecting a partner, living with a partner, becoming a parent, rearing children, establishing a home

Self - Achieving independence and responsibility, stablishing one's identity, defining one's values

7.2. Formal ceremonies that mark a persons transition from one state of life to another. They provide recognition to the periods of changing status in tribal societies.

# data[].attributes.body
5.1. - Who a person is, qualities that make them different.
- "fact of being"

5.2. Identity achievement - goals and values of parents, culture, understand who they are
4 arenas: religious, political, vocational, sexual
Case: Parents goals play role in identity development = insecure identity

5.3. Identity statuses:
Role confusion - situation in which an adolescent do not know or care about identity
Foreclosure - adolescent adopts his/her parents society roles and values with no questioning or analysis
Moratoruim - adolescents choice to postpone identity achievement decisions
Identity achievement - individual gets to know who they are

Case: Sarah is currently in the foreclosure status - very influenced by parents, not her own decisions

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1.1. The body mass divided by the square of the body height
normal ranges for men and women : 19kgm^2
1.2.Sexual dimorphism : difference in morphology between male and females members of the same species
skeletal ,

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1. and 2.
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6.
3.
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10.
9.
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What we don't know:

1. The medical issues she has: her gastrointestinal issues
2. Muscular tension
3. Growth rate in adolescence
4. Changes in puberty
5. Sexual responsibility and safety and relationships
6. Body shape and size during adolescence
7. Rite of passage
8. Pregnancy
9. We don't know how Grant is making her happier (relationships)
10.We don't know the exact age ranges at which boys and girls start puberty

What we do know:

1. Girls do reach puberty earlier than boys
2. Her weight gain is related to the lack of exercise, different diet and stress and puberty-puberty can cause weight gain (hormonal changes)
3. From 10 to 13, girls grow faster than boys, then from 14 onwards, boys grow faster than girls
4. Many students, when going from high school to university, have to adapt to many changes in the new lifestyle
5. Overbearing parenting hinders children's ability to develop independence, self-discipline, responsibility and decision-making skills. Once they are able to make decisions, they won't know how to make smart and good decisions.
6. Exercise helps to relieve stress
7. Having someone to turn to and trust can relieve stress

# data[].attributes.body
Colour key:
Red: health-related
Green: social-related
Yellow: self-reflection and internal feelings and thoughts
Blue: parental and environmental
Pink: mistake, should be red

# data[].attributes.body
Gastrointestinal disturbances-"gastro" relates to the stomach and "intestinal" relates to the intestines, so she has issues with her digestive system.

Muscular tension-the muscles are in a semi-contracted state for a prolonged period of time.

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Reflects what we've experienced or are going to experience here

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Different water and food, adjustment period-evidenced by her having gastrointestinal issues
No longer exercises-used to participate in sport, not anymore-causes muscle tension

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1. Overarching theme of a rite of passage-her ideas of sex might change between when she was in school to when she is now at varsity
2. She compared her growth to her brother's, and observed that she wasn't a big or muscular as him
3. She decided to study medicine because her parents wanted her to, not because she wanted to. This is evidenced by her questioning whether she made the right choice.
4. Peer pressure-her friends pressured her into being sexually irresponsible
5. Parents too controlling-this contributed to the overwhelming change, because she no has a major jump from little to lots of freedom, and she doesn't know what to do with this
6. Stress-has to adapt to lots of change in a short period of time
7. Identity crisis-does not know where to fit in
8. Change in water and food causes gastrointestinal disturbances
9. She is not able to exercise anymore and develops muscular tension and gains weight as a result
10. Self-esteem issues: she relies on relationships with other people for her happiness too much.