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a) State each carbon and their elements bonded starting from one side.

b) If the compound is symmetrical, write the condensed formula for half part and bracket it with a 2 beside it.

c) If part of the compound is a ring, add up and write all the elements in the ring.

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Bond-line structures (video) | Khan Academy

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a) Single and double bonds are drawn at an angle, while triple bonds are drawn on a straight line.

b) Only Hydrogen atoms that are not bonded to Carbon, such as Oxygen and Nitrogen, are to be shown in skeletal structure.

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Condensed structures (video) | Khan Academy

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How to go from Lewis dot structures to partially condensed structures to condensed structures

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The steps to scientifically name organic compounds. The Prefix, Infix and Suffix.  '#' as position. Like, #-Prefix-Infix-Suffix

1. Rank all functional groups.

2. Locate unsaturation.

3. Locate parent chain.

4. Number parent chain.

5. Start naming the parent chain.

6. Start naming the various substituents and note their positions.

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a) More polar groups with oxygen and nitrogen and little change in MW can increase solubility in water as more hydrogen bonds can be formed with water.

b) Increase in MW decreases solubility and is especially so if the increase in MW is due to non-polar groups.

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a) Acid is a substance that donates a proton (H+).

b) Conjugate base is the product that results when an acid loses a proton (H+).

c) Base is a substance that accepts a proton (H+).

d) Conjugate acid is the product that results when the base gains a proton (H+).

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5.1. Comparing Melting point (MP) and Boiling Point (BP)

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5.1. Comparing Melting point (MP) and Boiling Point (BP)

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For higher MP/BP, the molecules have higher molecular weight (MW) and stronger IMF as more energy is required to separate neighboring molecules. Additionally, linear molecules have more exposed surface area with other molecules compared to spherical shaped (branched) molecules. Hence, linear molecules have stronger IMF and higher MP/BP.

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4. Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMF)

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4. Types of Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMF)

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Polar bonds:
a) Dipole-Dipole FOA
b) Hydrogen Bond

a) Attraction between the partial positive and partial negative atoms in neighboring molecules.

b) When one polar molecule contains one hydrogen bonded to a highly electronegative atom

Non-polar bonds:
London's Dispersion Forces (LDF)

Attraction between molecules due to temporary dipoles in atoms.

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Polarity is the difference in electronegativity in a covalent bond. In non-polar bonds, the electrons are shared equally between atoms and the  electronegativity difference is < 0.5. In polar bonds, the electrons are drawn closer to the higher electronegative atom and they have an electronegativity difference between 0.5 and 1.7.

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2. Hybridized Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen. Sp, Sp2 and Sp3

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2. Hybridized Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen. Sp, Sp2 and Sp3

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Sp3: Single bonds only

Forms a tetrahedral arrangement.

Sp2: Consists of double bonds

Has a trigonal planar arrangement.

Sp: Consists of triple bond

Has a linear arrangement.

No free rotation in the bonds.

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Sp hybridization: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:molecular-and-ionic-compound-structure-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:bond-hybridization/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final
Sp2 hybridization: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:molecular-and-ionic-compound-structure-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:bond-hybridization/v/sp2-hybridization-jay-final
Sp3 hybridization:
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:molecular-and-ionic-compound-structure-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:bond-hybridization/v/sp-hybridization-jay-final
Pictures: Imran, G., 2021. Ngee Ann polytechnic Chapter 1: Introduction to Organic and Biological chemistry. Available at: https://mel.np.edu.sg/bbcswebdav/pid-3931317-dt-content-rid-32611259_2/xid-32611259_2

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Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry

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Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry

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The topic that covers all the basic fundamentals for OBC. Fundamentals like the skeletal structure (1.1), condensed formula (1.2), hybridization of carbons (2), polarity, (3) types of intermolecular forces of attraction and its affects (4), MP/BP (5.1), solubility (5.2), acid and bases (6) and the naming of hydrocarbon compounds (7).