# data[].attributes.body
not giving the reader key information; revealing it at a later point in the narrative.

# data[].attributes.body
Where two quite separate/different ideas have new meaning, when placed together.

# data[].attributes.body
Where start differences between characters/ideas/setting, point-of-view, etc. are evident.

# data[].attributes.body
The storyline returns to an event or scenario from earlier in the narrative.

# data[].attributes.body
a dominant or recurring idea in an artistic work.

# data[].attributes.body
When comparisons can be drawn between characters, settings, events, ideas, issues.

# data[].attributes.body
Hinting at what may lie ahead in the narrative. Effective in maintaining reader engagement.

# data[].attributes.body
The opening chapter makes reference to key characters of the novel, yet is quite ambiguous- "the Ewells started it all", which poses the question as to what "it" refers, and who the Ewells are. The paragraph also references "making Boo Radley come out", which can be interpreted various ways, and, through not stating who he is, or why the children want to him to "come out", the reader's curiosity is piqued.

# data[].attributes.headline
Example: The social hierarchy- Ewells and Robinsons

# data[].attributes.subject
Example: The social hierarchy- Ewells and Robinsons

# data[].attributes.body
The Ewell family are constructed as poverty-stricken, 'dirty', manipulative and cruel. The Robinsons, by contrast, are hardworking, kind, compassionate people. The representation of each group, and their social standing, is at odds with our expectations, that those who are inherently "good", receive justice, as those who are "bad" receive their dues. The social stratification of the novel is therefore deemed as deeply disturbing, when considering the stark differences in the nature of the two families.

# data[].attributes.headline
Example: The Radley house and the rest of Maycomb

# data[].attributes.subject
Example: The Radley house and the rest of Maycomb

# data[].attributes.body
The Radley house is compared to every other house in town, through Scout's depiction of its anomalies. "The shutters and doors of the Radley house were closed on Sundays, another thing alien to Maycomb's ways..." The oddity of their choice, in being unwelcoming and detached from a community that thrives on socialising, emphasises that the family are outliers, indicating how they don't truly belong.

# data[].attributes.body
The significance of the opening line, "When he was nearly thirteen my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow" is addressed at the end of the novel, as Lee brings the narrative back to this point. In the orientation, however, the narrator, Scout, goes on to detail the after effects, but does not actually state how the breakage occurred. She withholds this information from the reader, and it is only at the end of the novel, when Bob Ewell attacks Jem and Scout, that the details of the incident emerge.

# data[].attributes.body
There is continued reference to the titular symbol, the mockingbird, as evidenced through the representation of central characters. On receiving air rifles as Christmas gifts, Scout and Jem are discouraged from shooting birds (mockingbirds, in particular), as "it's a sin". This is soon reinforced by Miss Maudie, who agrees with Atticus' request, stating how mockingbirds simply "sing their hearts out for [people]", so they shouldn't be killed. At the end of the novel, when Scout is asked if she can comprehend why it's important to keep Boo Radley's "crime" a secret, she recognises the justification, "it'd be sort of like shootin' a mockingbird..." Her growth as a bildungsroman protagonist is evident here, as her perspective transforms, from seeing Boo as someone from whom she needs protection, to someone who needs hers.

# data[].attributes.body
The mistreatment of Tom Robinson by the community of Maycomb parallels the children's misconceptions about Boo Radley. In both instances, rumours and small town gossip impact the men's lives, as they are 'easy targets'; one being a recluse, the other being a "Negro".

# data[].attributes.body
After the trial, it is made apparent that Bob Ewell will endeavour to get revenge on Atticus, despite winning the court case. He perceives himself to have been slighted, and "spat in [Atticus'] face, and told him he'd get him if it took the rest of his life." Not only does this foreshadow his intentions, but it contributes to the sense of foreboding, and, on finishing the novel, the audience realises how eerily close to the truth Ewell is; ultimately losing his life in his attempt to "get" Atticus by murdering his children.

# data[].attributes.body
In the opening chapter we get our first insight into the character of Boo Radley.
Here he is described as " a malevolent phantom" and in the first half of the novel this is what he is seen as. The children make a play out of the various gruesome stories of Boo Radley and are terrified of walking by the Radley house. However we do not meet Boo Radley until the end of the novel so throughout the narrative we are anticipating his arrival and theorising about his character. The little references to him throughout the novel help maintain our interest in him and pique our curiosity.

# data[].attributes.body
At the beginning of chapter 28, Scout retells the events preceding her and Jem's attack. She begins with 'the weather was unusually warm for the last day of October,' the last day of October being Halloween, which is widely celebrated in North America. She goes on to speak about how and why the day was so odd and foreshadows that something bad may be about to happen. She does so by stating that 'there was no moon'. The moon is a source of light, and without it, you cannot see at night. When she describes the night like this, it is because it comes into use later on in the story. Because there is no moon, you cannot see, and something is bound to happen that is bad. The mood she creates is ominous.

# data[].attributes.body
At the beginning of the book, Scout hints at Jem's accident that occurs later on in the book, "...we sometimes discussed the events leading to [Jem's] accident." This builds suspense for the book and foreshadows the future event. It also hints that this accident could possibly be a major part or the climax of the story due to the early foreshadowing, which we learn later on, it actually is.

# data[].attributes.body
A recurring theme in the novel, although it is not directly referenced, is the 'social hierarchy'. In the specific time era and place that To Kill a Mockingbird is set, the hierarchy exists because of people's behaviours and attitudes towards certain groups. For example, the top of the hierarchy are white males and then white females, such as Atticus, Aunt Alexandra, Miss Caroline, Miss Maudie, etc. These people are well respected, often educated, and are liked by most of the community. Atticus for example, is very well respected; he has a prestigious job, is educated, is genuinely kind to others, and the Finch name has a good reputation. The difference between the town's attitude towards someone like Atticus Finch compared to Tom Robinson is quite different, even though their overall qualities are the same; both are hardworking, compassionate, and honest individuals. the only difference really is the colour of their skin, yet the attitudes towards them are so opposed.

# data[].attributes.body
As Jem turns 12 at the start of Part 2, he starts to act and consider himself more as an adult. He starts to distance himself from Scout and 'dumbs her down' by saying he knows and understands more things than she does. He wants to tell Scout what to do now that he is older, and this annoys her as she is stubborn.

# data[].attributes.body
The beginning of chapter 15 is when Scout explains what goes on when Walter Cunningham and some others come to attack Tom Robinson. Scout explains that Dill is staying with them, but she then states that 'a nightmare was upon us'. She begins a new paragraph and does not explain what the nightmare is, or why it is to happen. She contrasts between the good times they will have with Dill, to something that is ominous and scary. She is withholding information about what is going to happen until later on in the Chapter.

# data[].attributes.body
Even though as the trial goes on it is evident that he is an innocent man he still ends up being convicted and killed. While this may come as a shock to the reader it is actually foreshadowed throughout the novel. The first instance of this is when Scout asks Atticus if he will win the case he replies with "no honey" and when she goes to ask why he's doing it Atticus replies with "Simply because we were licked a hundred years before we started is no reason for us not to try to win". So despite our hope as the readers that Atticus would win the case it was shown to us right at the start that he wouldn't.

# data[].attributes.body
The beginning sentence of the novel starts with the withholding of events to the break of Jem's elbow. Jean Louise starts off the novel with a small insight to how the novel may go, the events leading up to her brother Jem's broken arm. "When he was nearly thirteen my brother Jem got his arm badly broken at the elbow". This draws in the readers, letting their curiosity get the best of them to continue reading and find out how Jem had broken his arm, she later on reminisces on her childhood, the times she had as well as the events ultimately leading to Jem's 'accident'. "When enough years had gone by to enable us to look back on them, we sometimes discussed the events leading to his accident."

# data[].attributes.body
Jem wasn't happy with how Tom Robinson was being treated in the court room and refused to believe anything that had happened was good enough. Atticus says to him " if you had been in that jury son, and eleven other boys like you, Tom would be a free man. This shows the contrast between Jem's point of view in Tom Robinsons court case and how Jem see's differently to everyone else.

# data[].attributes.body
The White & the black people are the main contrast in TKAM with the centrepoint of the novel being focused around Tom Robinson's case (White man vs Black man)
In the novel White supremacy is portrayed which allows readers to understand why certain aspects of the novel end up a specific way. The Black people are portrayed as "Negro's, N*****, whilst white people are seen as innocent & right. These aspects lead to issues not only in the court but throughout the whole novel.

# data[].attributes.body
When Walter Cunningham is invited back to the Finch's house for dinner, Scout is disgusted by the way he eats and his manners. Calpurnia calls Scout into the kitchen and explains that his family life is different to hers.
' "Theres some folks that don't eat like us," she whispered fiercely, "but you ain't called on to contradict 'em"
The lack of knowledge/respect from Scout surrounding Walter's home life, reinforces the difference between the social groups in the community. The contrast between Walter and Scout's home life is significant for the understanding of the difference in the social groups

# data[].attributes.body
When Aunt Alexandra starts to visit and lives with the Finch family as Atticus starts the Tom Robinson trial, we start to see the differences between the two. Aunt Alexandra attempts to push Scout to becoming more like a lady, as that's how she wants her. We see the contrast between both characters, and how they 'mix' together

# data[].attributes.body
At the beginning of the novel we are first introduced to two different members from the Cunningham family, Walter Cunningham and Mr Cunningham. Unbeknown to us that this outskirt family who had very little would become at the centre of a pivotal moment in the novel. When we are first introduced to the Cunningham's they seem to not have much money or class in the social hierarchy however as Scout stated "the Cunningham's never took anything they can't pay back" This is why Walter couldn't take the coin from Miss Caroline. The family also seems to have great gratitude towards the finches as they invited Walter in for food and Mr Finch helped Mr Cunningham out with a previous court case. However when the trial of Tom Robinson comes to the centre of the book Mr Cunningham and his friends attempt to kill Tom Robinson. Though it is Scout that from her conversation with Walter that stops Mr Cunningham from hurting someone instead she reminds him of the people he has at home that he loves and that ultimately stopped him.

# data[].attributes.body
Aunt Alexandra is presented as prim and proper, who behaves with a high level of propriety. She demonstrates her "boarding-school manners" to embody her posh personality. Aunt Alexandra would, at any given chance, "exercise her royal prerogative," exemplifying her proud presentation of herself. Scout, on the other hand, has little care for her image, and does not conform to Maycomb's standards as to how a young girl should behave. Aunt Alexandra is constantly trying to alter what Scout wears and her behaviours. Aunt Alexandra would often criticise Scout for her attire, because she appears to be ashamed of her niece. Scout is told to "try to live up to your name," which reflects Aunt Alexandra's blatant disregard for the well-being of her family, but rather, her materialistic values for reputation in fear of her pride being damaged.

# data[].attributes.body
A reoccurring theme and "growth" definer is the sense of "innocence"

# data[].attributes.headline
Example: Social hierarchy “White trash" and the townsfolk

# data[].attributes.subject
Example: Social hierarchy “White trash" and the townsfolk

# data[].attributes.body
Throughout the novel, Lee refers to the social hierarchy and the segregation of many groups in Maycomb which explores racism. The notion of white supremacy in Maycomb is considered more superior to other races. Although it is learned that the Ewell are "the poorest of the poor and at the very bottom of white society.” This makes the audience believe that the Ewell would not be revengeful and be just like the townsfolk but this is contradicted. This makes a contrast to their title and their behaviour of how they were the lowest social class, levelling with the Negros.

# data[].attributes.body
There are many parallels between Tom Robinson's trial and the Scottsboro trial. The Scottsboro boys were a group of nine African American boys accused of raping two white women at a train station. When the news spread, a white mob surrounded the prison they were being held, causing the sherif to call in the National Guard to prevent a lynching. This is seen in the novel when Atticus waits outside the jail Tom Robinson is being held in order to defend him against the lynching mob, which we later see back down after Scouts conversation with Mr Cunningham. In the initial trial of the Scottsboro boys, all were found to be guilty by the all-male, all-white jury. Even after an appeal and one of the accusers removing her testimony, Patterson, the original defendant was still found guilty and sentenced to death. This was also the case of Tom Robinson. Although his death wasn't directly from that sentencing, it was a by-product of the case as he was shot trying to escape. It is safe to assume that Harper Lee looked extensively at the trial in her inspiration for To Kill A Mockingbird as there are many parallels between the novel and the original trial as well as it being so revolutionary to the racial prejudice in the American justice system.

# data[].attributes.body
Maycomb town can be described as old-fashioned and having small-town values, which contrasts with all the suspense and negativity in the novel. the author juxtaposes small-town values with suspense to look at the good and evil in the town. this is shown in the fire of Miss Maudie's house. although it is a negative event, it leads to all the characters and townspeople working together to save all of Miss Maudie's items.

# data[].attributes.body
The Finch's are considered to be wealthy in their time, living in the top social hierarchy group. This means Scout has the ability to use items she find essential but others may find a luxury. The Cunningham's on the other hand are depicted as poor in the novel, with barely any assets and money. Despite this challenge, they continue to maintain their pride in refusing charity and paying off their debts. These two families' way of life is clearly contrasted when Walter joins the Finch's for lunch one day. Walter is not familiar with the opportunity of having so much food and "piled food on his plate, ... pour[ing] syrup on his vegetables and meat with a generous hand." Scout questions Walter's actions as she is used to having this food and amount of it on a daily basis. This reinforces Scout's lack of understanding and sympathy for Walter's situation.

# data[].attributes.body
When Scout states at the start of the novel "I maintain that the Ewells started it all," readers are on alert for any mention of the Ewell family, as they must be important. Burris Ewell is the first time the family is introduced into the novel and is described as dirty, rude and uneducated. Scout states "He peered at Miss Caroline from a fist-sized clean space on his face." This foreshadows violence, particularly within the Ewell family that Burris and his siblings may have experienced and violence that the family may inflict on others. This re-enforces the suspense with readers regarding the Ewells.