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Did early people's body shape and size effect their survival? Stella Crane and Cate Gragnani (3/3)

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Did early people's body shape and size effect their survival? Stella Crane and Cate Gragnani (3/3)

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This is an Australopithecine. The were hunched and had an unbalanced head.

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How were neanderthal and early human body structures and systems different? -Ellis Bijleveld 4 out of 4

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How were neanderthal and early human body structures and systems different? -Ellis Bijleveld 4 out of 4

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https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rethinking-neanderthals-83341003/
Neanderthals suffered many fractured limbs,  due to their flawed hunting strategies.

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How did human's intellectual capacity evolve? Auriana G, Siv B, Sarah S, Janis L     Padlet 4

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How did human's intellectual capacity evolve? Auriana G, Siv B, Sarah S, Janis L     Padlet 4

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I found in Renzulli Learning that there is much information about early humans with different years and places. One thing I found interesting is the first human did not appear on Earth until 3.6 million years ago. The old stone age people were hunters and gatherers. Human-like hominids first appeared around 3 million years ago. When about 3 million years ago the earth started growing lots of animals such as deers, giraffes, hyenas, cattles, sheep, gotas, antelope, gazelles, horses, elephants, rhinoceroses, camels, and plenty of others. Dinosaurs already died out about 65 million years ago. Another 3 million years ago there were higher primates such as apes and early humans and there was a difference between apes and humans.

Source:https://web.archive.org/web/20040919154706/www.lksd.org/kongiganak/kongiganak/continuousedcarnagie/carnagie/worldhistory/wldhistorych2/wldhistorych2prehistory.htm / https://students.renzullilearning.com/SearchResultActivities.aspx?resource_id=46896

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How did human's intellectual capacity evolve? Auriana G,  Siv B, Sarah S, Janis L (Padlet #2)

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How did human's intellectual capacity evolve? Auriana G,  Siv B, Sarah S, Janis L (Padlet #2)

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Long ago, there were 15-20 different species of humans, but one of them, homo sapiens, ended up surviving to this day while the other species, such as Neanderthals, homo habilis, and homo heidelbergensis were killed. The most likely reason for this is that the homo sapiens’ brains kept growing and growing, with the result that the homo sapiens soon developed many new skills such as conversing, understanding each other, planning, and expressing themselves. As the size of their brains kept growing, and their intellectual capacity kept evolving, the homo sapiens found themselves with a whole bunch of new knowledge and skills, which are roughly the same as the ones we have today.

Sources used: Smith, Curtis G. "Human Evolution Analysis." Principles of Biology, edited by Christina A. Crawford, Salem, 2017. Salem Online, online.salempress.com. Accessed 14 Oct. 2020.Smith, C. G. (2017). Human evolution analysis. In C. A. Crawford (Ed.),  Principles of Biology. Salem Press.

Smith, Curtis G. "Human Evolution Analysis." Edited by Christina A. Crawford. Principles of Biology. Salem, 2017. Accessed October 14, 2020. online.salempress.com .

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How did Early Man's lifestyle affect their evolution? By Kyra, Ava, Amanda, and Orla 4/4

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How did Early Man's lifestyle affect their evolution? By Kyra, Ava, Amanda, and Orla 4/4

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In conclusion, bipedalism, cooking, and climate change were big factors of the evolution of man. Bipedalism has caused legs to grow stronger and longer, cooking has removed nutrients from food which has helped with a healthier diet, and climate change has tripled brain size. These ways of life have really affected evolution. Source:

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Enter the Access ID and Passcode provided by your school to access Britannica School.

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How were neanderthal and early human body structures and systems different? -Ellis Bijleveld 3 out of 4

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How were neanderthal and early human body structures and systems different? -Ellis Bijleveld 3 out of 4

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https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/genetics/ancient-dna-and-neanderthals/dna-genotypes-and-phenotypes#:~:text=Neanderthals%20had%20a%20mutation%20in,%2C%20but%20not%20red%20hair)%20.
Neanderthals, although very strong against cold environments, had a hard time adapting to new environments, unlike early humans.

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 How did human's intellectual capacity evolve? Auriana G,  Sivan B, Sarah S, Janis L Padlet #3

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 How did human's intellectual capacity evolve? Auriana G,  Sivan B, Sarah S, Janis L Padlet #3

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Homo Sapiens didn’t just learn more over time, their brains also grew a lot more. For example, we found a table with the characteristics of different early humans over time. In the beginning, the Homo Habilis were described to have just started communicating, making tools, hunting in groups, and developing shelter. By the end, the Homo Sapiens were described to be very adaptable to different climates and able to learn, remember, and think of different ideas. According to page 5, “Those with the largest brains can reason and solve problems. They can also communicate.” They also mentioned that primates have relatively large brains compared to their bodies. Considering that Humans are primates, we were always a bit smarter than some other animals. These traits made them more clever and lead to modern humans being very successful at surviving. (World History Textbook)

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How did human's intellectual capacity evolve? Auriana G,  Siv B, Sarah S, Janis L (Padlet Number 1)

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How did human's intellectual capacity evolve? Auriana G,  Siv B, Sarah S, Janis L (Padlet Number 1)

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I found out that about 4 million years ago the earliest stages of humans started to walk. Later, about 6-2 million years ago, we started to evolve in Africa. About 2 million years from now, we started to move to Asia. And in the next ~1.3 million years, we started moving to Europe. About 100,000 years ago, we started to paint, and to use symbolic expressions (sign language) to communicate. Around 12,000 years from today, we started to learn the beginnings of agriculture and to hunt more food.

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The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

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Human evolution

Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.

One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- the ability to walk on two legs -- evolved over 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics -- such as a large and complex brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language -- developed more recently. Many advanced traits -- including complex symbolic expression, art, and elaborate cultural diversity -- emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years.

Humans are primates. Physical and genetic similarities show that the modern human species, Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa -- chimpanzees (including bonobos, or so-called "pygmy chimpanzees") and gorillas -- share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa.

Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however, about how these species are related or which ones simply died out. Many early human species -- certainly the majority of them - left no living descendants. Scientists also debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans, and about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species.

Early humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia probably between 2 million and 1.8 million years ago. They entered Europe somewhat later, between 1.5 million and 1 million years. Species of modern humans populated many parts of the world much later. For instance, people first came to Australia probably within the past 60,000 years and to the Americas within the past 30,000 years or so. The beginnings of agriculture and the rise of the first civilizations occurred within the past 12,000 years.

Paleoanthropology

Paleoanthropology is the scientific study of human evolution. Paleoanthropology is a subfield of anthropology, the study of human culture, society, and biology. The field involves an understanding of the similarities and differences between humans and other species in their genes, body form, physiology, and behavior. Paleoanthropologists search for the roots of human physical traits and behavior. They seek to discover how evolution has shaped the potentials, tendencies, and limitations of all people. For many people, paleoanthropology is an exciting scientific field because it investigates the origin, over millions of years, of the universal and defining traits of our species. However, some people find the concept of human evolution troubling because it can seem not to fit with religious and other traditional beliefs about how people, other living things, and the world came to be. Nevertheless, many people have come to reconcile their beliefs with the scientific evidence.

Early human fossils and archeological remains offer the most important clues about this ancient past. These remains include bones, tools and any other evidence (such as footprints, evidence of hearths, or butchery marks on animal bones) left by earlier people. Usually, the remains were buried and preserved naturally. They are then found either on the surface (exposed by rain, rivers, and wind erosion) or by digging in the ground. By studying fossilized bones, scientists learn about the physical appearance of earlier humans and how it changed. Bone size, shape, and markings left by muscles tell us how those predecessors moved around, held tools, and how the size of their brains changed over a long time. Archeological evidence refers to the things earlier people made and the places where scientists find them. By studying this type of evidence, archeologists can understand how early humans made and used tools and lived in their environments.

The process of evolution

The process of evolution involves a series of natural changes that cause species (populations of different organisms) to arise, adapt to the environment, and become extinct. All species or organisms have originated through the process of biological evolution. In animals that reproduce sexually, including humans, the term species refers to a group whose adult members regularly interbreed, resulting in fertile offspring -- that is, offspring themselves capable of reproducing. Scientists classify each species with a unique, two-part scientific name. In this system, modern humans are classified as Homo sapiens.

Evolution occurs when there is change in the genetic material -- the chemical molecule, DNA -- which is inherited from the parents, and especially in the proportions of different genes in a population. Genes represent the segments of DNA that provide the chemical code for producing proteins. Information contained in the DNA can change by a process known as mutation. The way particular genes are expressed - that is, how they influence the body or behavior of an organism -- can also change. Genes affect how the body and behavior of an organism develop during its life, and this is why genetically inherited characteristics can influence the likelihood of an organism's survival and reproduction.

Evolution does not change any single individual. Instead, it changes the inherited means of growth and development that typify a population (a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular habitat). Parents pass adaptive genetic changes to their offspring, and ultimately these changes become common throughout a population. As a result, the offspring inherit those genetic characteristics that enhance their chances of survival and ability to give birth, which may work well until the environment changes. Over time, genetic change can alter a species' overall way of life, such as what it eats, how it grows, and where it can live. Human evolution took place as new genetic variations in early ancestor populations favored new abilities to adapt to environmental change and so altered the human way of life.

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Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.

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How were neanderthal and early human body structures and systems different? -Ellis Bijleveld 2 out of 4

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How were neanderthal and early human body structures and systems different? -Ellis Bijleveld 2 out of 4

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https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/rethinking-neanderthals-83341003/
Neanderthals had slowly grow to become very immune to certain diseases, but were also very vulnerable to others, such as pneumonia.

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How did Early Man's lifestyle affect their evolution? By Kyra, Ava, Amanda, and Orla    3/4

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How did Early Man's lifestyle affect their evolution? By Kyra, Ava, Amanda, and Orla    3/4

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About 1.5 million years ago, the control of fire was a very significant tool used for food, it created a fundamental change in the human diet. When early humans would cook, it would release nutrients in food and make it would be easier to digest, it also could get rid of some plant poisons and bacteria. Source:

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The earliest hearths are at least 790,000 years old, and some researchers think cooking may reach back more than 1.5 million years. Control of fire provided a new tool with several uses-including cooking, which led to a fundamental change in the early human diet. Cooking released nutrients in foods and made them easier to digest. It also rid some plants of poisons. Over time, early humans began to gather at hearths and shelters to eat and socialize. As brains became larger and more complex, growing up took longer-requiring more parental care and the protective environment of a home. Expanding social networks led, eventually, to the complex social lives of modern humans.

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The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

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The earliest hearths are at least 790,000 years old, and some researchers think cooking may reach back more than 1.5 million years. Control of fire provided a new tool with several uses-including cooking, which led to a fundamental change in the early human diet. Cooking released nutrients in foods and made them easier to digest.

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How did human anatomy change over time; Breakout room 1 Sebastian Seri, Eliza Wheaton, Martin Besmer, Django Lohman; Slide 3 out of 3

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How did human anatomy change over time; Breakout room 1 Sebastian Seri, Eliza Wheaton, Martin Besmer, Django Lohman; Slide 3 out of 3

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Homo Erectus vs. Homo Habilis

1. Both have jaw that jut out

2. Homo erectus was about 1 ½ feet  taller

3. Homo erectus stood upright, while homo habilis posture was more crouched down

4. Homo habilis lived about 2.4 - 1.4 million years ago, while Homo erectus lived about 1.5 million years ago.

Sources:  5 stages of man pptx. and the impact Social Studies textbook

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Hudson, Daniel, Terry. How did human ligaments change over time? Questions 3/4

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Hudson, Daniel, Terry. How did human ligaments change over time? Questions 3/4

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There are many adaptive features of the human body but one of the most important is the evolution from apes to humans. As before we were crawling and climbing trees. Now it is much harder for us to climb and crawl around quickly. Why? This is because of bone structure over time. Our source was

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3/3 Why were Homo Sapien's  brains more evolved than other species of it's time?
The Homo Sapien's had an extensive use of language, so they can express themselves and pass down information to different generations.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)

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How did human anatomy change over time; Breakout room 1 Sebastian Seri, Eliza Wheaton, Martin Besmer, Django Lohman; Slide 2 out of 3

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How did human anatomy change over time; Breakout room 1 Sebastian Seri, Eliza Wheaton, Martin Besmer, Django Lohman; Slide 2 out of 3

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Early Man vs Man

The skull of early man grew upward to accommodate a larger brain, as seen in a diagram of early man and man skulls. From the same diagram, I devised that the teeth of the early man grew smaller. The eye sockets grew less oblan, and smaller. As seen in all diagrams, early man had very exaggerated features, resulting in very broad and flat features. As seen in a diagram comparing Neanderthals to humans, Neanderthals have bigger feathers than humans, though are shorter.

Sources: https://school.eb.com/levels/ middle/article/human-origins/274982

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2 Jason K & Karsten C Why did Homo Sapiens came to have better brains and different bone structures from others.

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2 Jason K & Karsten C Why did Homo Sapiens came to have better brains and different bone structures from others.

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Homo-Sapient also survived by adapting to have a bigger brain that helped them prosses more information and store more info. The first brain is the brain of a Homo-Erectus and the second brain is a brain of a Homo-Sapient. You can see how the brain of the Homo-Sapient evolved a bigger brain then others.
https://humanorigins.si.edu

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How did human anatomy change over time; Breakout room 1 Sebastian Seri, Eliza Wheaton, Martin Besmer, Django Lohman; Slide 1 out of 3

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How did human anatomy change over time; Breakout room 1 Sebastian Seri, Eliza Wheaton, Martin Besmer, Django Lohman; Slide 1 out of 3

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Timeline of human anatomy:

6 million years ago:  Short bodies and long guts; long arms for reaching food, short legs, and wider ribs to hold bigger organs and longer digestive tract.

1.9 million years ago: Long bodies and short guts; Long legs to move faster and shorter guts due to eating things that digest faster.

400,000 years ago: Compact bodies and short guts; Shorter wider bodies to conserve heat, ate foods that didn’t take long to digest so they have a shorter gut.

Modern Humans: Long more slender limbs thinner rib cage; Longer limbs to move faster and reach things better, medium sized rib cage due to Omnivore diet.

Sources: https://humanorigins.si.edu/human-characteristics/bodies

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How did Early Man's lifestyle affect their evolution? By Kyra, Ava, Amanda, and Orla 2/4

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How did Early Man's lifestyle affect their evolution? By Kyra, Ava, Amanda, and Orla 2/4

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Early Humans brain sized tripled because of climate change. Their bodies narrowed because of warm climates so they would stay cool. Source:

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The study of human origins is one of the most compelling areas of scientific discovery today. It is a vibrant field that encompasses the search for fossils, discovery of the major milestones in the origin of our

species and advances in DNA research.

The exhibition presents the grand sweep of human origins based on discoveries and evidence at the core of the scientific research.

The title of the exhibition, "What Does It Mean to Be Human?," is one of the most profound questions humans have asked for millennia-a question that is informed by philosophy, religion and the arts and sciences. The exhibition's goal is to provide a solid foundation for the public to explore the scientific contributions to answering this question.

The exhibition considers human beings in the greatest time depth and in a more encompassing manner than any other Smithsonian installation. It offers access to many of the discoveries and evidence of human origins, documenting the emergence of the qualities that have defined all human beings and societies in response to a changing world.

Nearly all of the fossils, archeological remains and genetic findings that a natural history museum can offer on such questions as: how did we get here, how are humans similar to, yet distinct from, other living beings, and what does it mean to be human, have been found over the past 100 years, since the Natural History Museum opened in 1910. The Hall of Human Origins showcases the science that will help visitors answer these and other questions. And in the course of their journey through time, the exhibition also presents visitors with the evidence behind the following facts about our human origins:
Our Species: Homo sapiens

The characteristics that define our species today evolved over 6 million years as our early human ancestors adapted to a changing world.

About 200,000 years ago, a new species of human evolved in East Africa. It was our species, Homo sapiens. By studying the DNA of humans living throughout the world today, scientists know that these hunter-gatherers were the ancestors of every human being alive today.

We live in an unusual time in the overall journey of human origins-we are the only remaining species of a diverse family tree of earlier human species. H. sapiens, or modern humans,
co-habited the Earth with other early human species, at times living in the same geographic area. In fact, just 70,000 years ago, there were at least four human species on earth ( H. erectus, H. floresiensis, H. neanderthalensis, H. sapiens).

While our species, H. sapiens, has survived for about 200,000 years, some species of earlier humans thrived for several times longer before their extinction.

Fossils of more than 6,000 individuals have been discovered so far, representing more than a dozen species of early humans. Only our species, Homo sapiens, remains.

Modern humans are great apes, one of the major groups on the primate family tree. We are very closely related to chimpanzees in that we have shared ancestry, but are not descended from any living species of monkey or ape.

The last common ancestor of humans and living apes lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. We have not yet discovered its remains. The earliest human species, which evolved in Africa, are our closest link to other primates.

Our Dispersal Around the World

For the first several million years of human evolution, early humans lived only in Africa. By about 1.8 million years ago, they began to spread into other parts of the world.

Beginning around 60,000 years ago, as many human populations moved farther away from the equator, they evolved variations in skin tone, hair texture and facial features. These variations arose fairly recently, over just the past few tens of thousands of years.

Our Bodies

As early humans spread to different environments, they evolved body shapes that helped them survive in warm and cool climates. In warm climates, they evolved narrow bodies that helped them stay cool. Long legs enabled them to travel longer distances. Changing diets also led to changes in body shape.

Although outward appearances vary widely, all modern humans have strikingly similar skulls-defining features that differ from those in early human skulls. These features include the shape and size of the braincase, face and teeth. For example:

Neanderthal
p>Large brow ridge

Low forehead

Middle part of face juts out
Modern human
Small brow ridge

High forehead

Middle part of face is beneath forehead

The bodies of early humans were adapted to very active lifestyles. Their bones were thicker and stronger than ours. Starting about 50,000 years ago, as a result of less physically demanding lifestyles, human bones became sleeker and weaker.

Back pain and other skeletal problems are relatively common in modern humans, an unfortunate side effect of walking upright. Distributing all our weight on just two limbs can have painful consequences-such as lower-back pain, slipped disks, arthritis in hips, arthritis in knees and collapsed foot arches.

The oldest known human ancestors ate mainly plants, which take longer to digest than meat. Long digestive tracts helped process this food. By about 1.8 million years ago, human ancestors ate a diet richer in meat, and by about 790,000 years ago, cooking food was possible. As a result, modern humans possess a shorter digestive tract that can process foods more easily.

Control over fire provided a new tool with several uses including cooking, which led to a fundamental change in the early human diet. Cooking released nutrients, rid some plants of poisons and made plant and animal foods easier to digest. The earliest hearths are at least 790,000 years old. Some researchers believe cooking may have begun more than 1.5 million years.

Eating meat and other foods that could be digested quickly not only led to a smaller digestive tract but also made more energy available for tall bodies and large brains.

Over the course of human evolution, brain size tripled. The modern human brain is the largest and most complex of any primate. Besides its large size, the human brain has a larger number of connections among the nerve cells, which enable faster mental processing.

Human brain size evolved most rapidly during a time of dramatic climate change. As early humans faced new environmental challenges and evolved bigger bodies, they evolved larger and more complex brains. Large, complex brains can process and store a lot of information, which was a big advantage to early humans in their social interactions and encounters with unfamiliar habitats.

An expansion in brain size over time was not inevitable. Although the species H. floresiensis, nicknamed "hobbit," lived until recently-about 17,000 years ago-it had one of the smallest brain sizes of any early human species. Its body and brain were very small, probably due to the scarce resources available on the one island where it lived, Flores, Indonesia.

Our Social Life and Networks

Our large brains come at a cost-the difficulties of birth. This means that every person is born at a relatively immature phase, with rapid brain growth continuing for a prolonged period following birth. Care by adults is critical for years, a development that has shaped the social organization of all human societies.

Humans are unusual in that when we find food, we usually carry it somewhere else rather than eat it right away. This distinctive trait developed more than 2 million years ago.

Social life also involves building shelters and hearths-key ingredients in the social gathering of early human ancestors as far back as 400,000 to 800,000 years ago.

130,000 years ago, groups that lived 300 kilometers (186 miles) apart were exchanging resources, and since that time, social networks have continued to expand and become more complex.

Evolving from Youth to Adulthood

As teeth develop, new enamel layers form daily. Scientists used CT scanning to count the enamel layers on teeth of a H. sapiens child who lived in northern Africa 160,000 years ago. The layers revealed that the child's teeth were growing and erupting at the same rate as those of 7- to 8-year-old children today, telling us that this fossil human child was growing at the same rate as living humans.

Humans are the only mammals that have a childhood phase and stay dependent on adult feeding and care for a prolonged time after weaning. Humans are also the only mammals with an adolescent period- a time of accelerated growth with a delay in social adulthood even after sexual characteristics develop. These stages enable us to learn, play, socialize and absorb important experiences before adulthood.

Our Tools

Like other great apes, humans have highly dexterous, grasping hands that enable us to hold and manipulate tools. No other primate depends as completely on tools and technology as humans today. We are unique in using tools to create other tools.

Tools enabled early humans to obtain new foods, alter their surroundings and survive in many environments. The earliest stone tools are at least 2.6 million years old. They include simple stone flakes, cores and hammerstones. Early humans used this basic toolkit to cut, pound, crush and access new foods-including meat from large animals.

Early humans butchered large animals as long as 2.6 million years ago, but they may have scavenged the kills from lions and other predators.

For nearly a million years, the human toolkit remained largely unchanged. By 1.6 million years ago, early humans were shaping more refined tools, such as hand axes. Beginning about 300,000 years ago, early humans began to invent more diverse tools to obtain a wider range of foods. After modern humans evolved, innovations in technology arose at an ever-increasing pace.

The oldest specialized fishing implements were developed by about 70,000 years ago. Humans in Central Africa used barbed points made of bone to spear huge catfish weighing as much as 68 kilograms (150 pounds), enough to feed 80 people for two days. Later, humans used harpoons to hunt large, fast marine mammals.

Our Language and Symbols

Humans are the only mammal that cannot breathe and swallow at the same time, and we are the only species that can choke on its own food. The reason? The lowering of the voice box in our throats (during infancy) enables us to create the enormous range of sounds used in producing language; but this lowering of the voice box comes at a big cost in adulthood.

The oldest "crayons" (around 250,000 years old) are from Twin Rivers, Zambia. They consist of a stick and a block of pigments with facets-where red and yellow pigments were rubbed repeatedly, like crayons. This represents the first known use of color.

35,000 years ago humans were creating two- and three-dimensional images of the world around them.

17,000 years ago humans had developed all the major representational techniques, including painting, drawing, engraving, sculpture, ceramics and stenciling. Working on stone, ivory, antler and occasionally clay, they created imaginative and highly complex works of art.

Around 8,000 years ago humans were using symbols to represent words and concepts. True forms of writing developed over the next few thousand years.

Our Impact on the World Animal Domestication

From 1961 to 2004, the population of cattle, pigs, sheep and goats increased from 2.7 to 4.1 billion. The number of domesticated fowl grew from 3 to 16 billion.

Of the estimated 15,000 species of mammals and birds, only about 30 to 40 have been used for food.

Agriculture

About a quarter of Earth's surface is used to grow crops.

Fewer than 20 plant species produce most of the world's food.

Most of the world's population is dependent on four crops: wheat, corn, rice and potatoes.

Growing Numbers of People

Between 1959 and 1999-just 40 years-the human population doubled from 3 billion to 6 billion people.

Today the world's population continues to grow by more than 90 million people per year.

By 2042, the world population may reach 9 billion, an increase of 50 percent in 43 years.

A cholera pandemic that began in 1961 is ongoing and growing in Asia, Africa and the Americas. The number of cases reported in 2006 was 79 percent higher than in 2005.

Every year between 3 and 5 million people get the flu, and 250,000 to 500,000 people die from it.

About 40 percent of the world's population is at risk of malaria; a child dies from the disease every 30 seconds.

One-third of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis, with one person contracting the disease every second.

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SI-98-2010

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Introduction The study of human origins is one of the most compelling areas of scientific discovery today. It is a vibrant field that encompasses the search for fossils, discovery of the major milestones in the origin of our species and advances in DNA research.

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2/3
Why were Homo Sapien's brains more evolved than other species of it's time?
Homo Sapiens had better use of tools, shelter, and clothing, which proves that even though their bodies were less adapted to the cold, their minds were evolved enough to protect themselves. (Ms. Miller's website)

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Did early people's body shape and size effect their survival? Stella Crane and Cate Gragnani (2/3)

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Did early people's body shape and size effect their survival? Stella Crane and Cate Gragnani (2/3)

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First, Australopithecines were Bipedal, but hunched over due to their unbalanced head. They were 3 to 3 1/2 ft tall and did not survive. Next, the Homo Habilis were bipedal but they walked up straight. They were 4 ft tall and did not survive. After that, the Homo Erectus were bipedal, but they were thinner and also walked up straight. They were 5 to 5 1/2 ft tall and did not survive. Finally, the Homo sapiens were 100% bipedal as well, but they were the tallest at 5 1/2 ft. They did survive. So, the tallest and most bipedal evolution of people survived.
(5 stages of early man presentation)

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Hudson, Daniel, Terry. How did the size and dynamics of the brain change over time? Question 2/4

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Hudson, Daniel, Terry. How did the size and dynamics of the brain change over time? Question 2/4

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The size and dynamics of the brain changed over time with the stages of the homo erectus and homo sapien, this happened when they experienced extreme increase in brain growth which resulted in a much more complex mind. Over time, the brain tripled in size. The reason we know this is because  we have found fossils from ancient man and found that statistically, the brain grew larger and larger. I found this information on
humanorigins.edu

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How were neanderthal and early human body structures and systems different? -Ellis Bijleveld 1 out of 4

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How were neanderthal and early human body structures and systems different? -Ellis Bijleveld 1 out of 4

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Neanderthal bodies were very strong and tough, but had a few flaws that led to the entire population going extinct.

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1 Jason K & Karsten C Why did Homo Sapiens came to have better brains and different bone structures from others.

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1 Jason K & Karsten C Why did Homo Sapiens came to have better brains and different bone structures from others.

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The Homo-Sapient survived by adapting a better bone structure compared to other species by developing their heads to face fully upright.
The first spine is the spine of a chimpanzee. The second spine is the spine of an early human and the third spine is the spine of a modern human.
https://humanorigins.si.edu

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1/3
Why were Homo Sapien's  brains more evolved than other species of it's time?
Homo Sapiens had bigger brains than the other prehistoric humans, nearly 3 times as large. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Homo Sapien is Latin for "Knowledgeable" or "Wise" man, proving that their brains were more advanced. (InfoBase)

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How did Early Man's lifestyle affect their evolution? By Kyra, Ava, Amanda, and Orla 1/4

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How did Early Man's lifestyle affect their evolution? By Kyra, Ava, Amanda, and Orla 1/4

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Early man became more like Homo Sapiens as they developed bipedalism. Bipedalism is how modern humans walk on two legs. Source:

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The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

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Human evolution

Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.

One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- the ability to walk on two legs -- evolved over 4 million years ago. Other important human characteristics -- such as a large and complex brain, the ability to make and use tools, and the capacity for language -- developed more recently. Many advanced traits -- including complex symbolic expression, art, and elaborate cultural diversity -- emerged mainly during the past 100,000 years.

Humans are primates. Physical and genetic similarities show that the modern human species, Homo sapiens, has a very close relationship to another group of primate species, the apes. Humans and the great apes (large apes) of Africa -- chimpanzees (including bonobos, or so-called "pygmy chimpanzees") and gorillas -- share a common ancestor that lived between 8 and 6 million years ago. Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa.

Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans. Scientists do not all agree, however, about how these species are related or which ones simply died out. Many early human species -- certainly the majority of them - left no living descendants. Scientists also debate over how to identify and classify particular species of early humans, and about what factors influenced the evolution and extinction of each species.

Early humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia probably between 2 million and 1.8 million years ago. They entered Europe somewhat later, between 1.5 million and 1 million years. Species of modern humans populated many parts of the world much later. For instance, people first came to Australia probably within the past 60,000 years and to the Americas within the past 30,000 years or so. The beginnings of agriculture and the rise of the first civilizations occurred within the past 12,000 years.

Paleoanthropology

Paleoanthropology is the scientific study of human evolution. Paleoanthropology is a subfield of anthropology, the study of human culture, society, and biology. The field involves an understanding of the similarities and differences between humans and other species in their genes, body form, physiology, and behavior. Paleoanthropologists search for the roots of human physical traits and behavior. They seek to discover how evolution has shaped the potentials, tendencies, and limitations of all people. For many people, paleoanthropology is an exciting scientific field because it investigates the origin, over millions of years, of the universal and defining traits of our species. However, some people find the concept of human evolution troubling because it can seem not to fit with religious and other traditional beliefs about how people, other living things, and the world came to be. Nevertheless, many people have come to reconcile their beliefs with the scientific evidence.

Early human fossils and archeological remains offer the most important clues about this ancient past. These remains include bones, tools and any other evidence (such as footprints, evidence of hearths, or butchery marks on animal bones) left by earlier people. Usually, the remains were buried and preserved naturally. They are then found either on the surface (exposed by rain, rivers, and wind erosion) or by digging in the ground. By studying fossilized bones, scientists learn about the physical appearance of earlier humans and how it changed. Bone size, shape, and markings left by muscles tell us how those predecessors moved around, held tools, and how the size of their brains changed over a long time. Archeological evidence refers to the things earlier people made and the places where scientists find them. By studying this type of evidence, archeologists can understand how early humans made and used tools and lived in their environments.

The process of evolution

The process of evolution involves a series of natural changes that cause species (populations of different organisms) to arise, adapt to the environment, and become extinct. All species or organisms have originated through the process of biological evolution. In animals that reproduce sexually, including humans, the term species refers to a group whose adult members regularly interbreed, resulting in fertile offspring -- that is, offspring themselves capable of reproducing. Scientists classify each species with a unique, two-part scientific name. In this system, modern humans are classified as Homo sapiens.

Evolution occurs when there is change in the genetic material -- the chemical molecule, DNA -- which is inherited from the parents, and especially in the proportions of different genes in a population. Genes represent the segments of DNA that provide the chemical code for producing proteins. Information contained in the DNA can change by a process known as mutation. The way particular genes are expressed - that is, how they influence the body or behavior of an organism -- can also change. Genes affect how the body and behavior of an organism develop during its life, and this is why genetically inherited characteristics can influence the likelihood of an organism's survival and reproduction.

Evolution does not change any single individual. Instead, it changes the inherited means of growth and development that typify a population (a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular habitat). Parents pass adaptive genetic changes to their offspring, and ultimately these changes become common throughout a population. As a result, the offspring inherit those genetic characteristics that enhance their chances of survival and ability to give birth, which may work well until the environment changes. Over time, genetic change can alter a species' overall way of life, such as what it eats, how it grows, and where it can live. Human evolution took place as new genetic variations in early ancestor populations favored new abilities to adapt to environmental change and so altered the human way of life.

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Human evolution is the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioral traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.

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Did early people's body shape and size effect their survival? Stella Crane and Cate Gragnani (1/3)

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Did early people's body shape and size effect their survival? Stella Crane and Cate Gragnani (1/3)

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The earlier evolutions of people were less bipedal and shorter than the Homo sapiens, which Is why they didn't survive and the Home sapiens did.
(5 stages of early man presentation)

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What resources did the early man use? Group : (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 5 of 5)

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What resources did the early man use? Group : (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 5 of 5)

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Homo Sapiens were able to use animals for food and clothing, giving them a longer chance of surviving and giving them more resources.
(Text Book Page 2)

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Hudson, Daniel, Terry. What are the weaknesses and advantages of Bipedalism? Question 1/4   

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Hudson, Daniel, Terry. What are the weaknesses and advantages of Bipedalism? Question 1/4   

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There are many advantages and weaknesses of Bipedalism. When humans started to walk on two legs an important weakness   was that now their chest and stomach was exposed. An advantage is they probably could see better when not hunched down because it made them taller and bigger. Another advantage is it could make them look more threatening to animals so animals wouldn't attack them as much. But when using four limbs it might have been easier to move and catch prey.  "One of the earliest defining human traits, bipedalism -- the ability to walk on two legs." This information was found onHttps://millerihp6.wixsite.com/ihp6/history-resources

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What resources did rhe early man use? Group: (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 4 of 5)

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What resources did rhe early man use? Group: (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 4 of 5)

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In 8000 BCE farming began in South Asia and people began to stay in one place and grow crops, this shows they are able to use more of their resources.
(History Textbook Page 2)

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What resources did the early man use? Group : (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 3 of 5)

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What resources did the early man use? Group : (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 3 of 5)

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They acted together in large groups to search for food, to hunt, and to defend each other. They could adapt more easily to changing conditions, and found many resources, as a result they lasted longer.

(History TextBook Page 10)

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What resources did the early man use? Group : (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 2 of 5)

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What resources did the early man use? Group : (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 2 of 5)

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They used minerals to forge civilization and use their artistic abilities, someone first used a stone as a stool, and someone used pottery to make tar. They chipped stone to make sharp tools for hunting, Homo Sapiens also used coil, timber, water, and land to build their economy.
(Salem Press, Digital Library.)

LInk: https://online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?bookId=1046&articleName=GloR2e_0307&searchText=What%20resources%20did%20the%20early%20man%20use&searchOperators=any&category=Science
Other Link: https://online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?bookId=130&articleName=1930_144240801442&searchText=What%20resources%20did%20the%20homo%20sapiens%20use&searchOperators=any&category=History

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What resources did the early man use? Group : (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 1 of 5)

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What resources did the early man use? Group : (QT Ava, Olive, Tori, Greta. 1 of 5)

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We found that the early man were really creative thinkers; they could adapt really well to hard climates, and found many resources to use.