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Subtopic 1: "Nativism" and how what it tells us about racism and anti-Semitism in the 1920s

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Subtopic 1: "Nativism" and how what it tells us about racism and anti-Semitism in the 1920s

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Essential questions:

What is Nativism?

How is racism shown in the 1920s?

What is anti-Semitism and how was it shown in the 1920s?

How might anti-Semites and racists used Nativism as an excuse in the 1920s?

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Nativists live off the idea that they are the true Americans and that immigrants are coming and ruining their country. They believe that America and its ideals of liberty, equality, and freedom are under attack by immigrants. This is ironic because their ancestors were immigrants, just like the other 98.5% of Americans in America. America is a country founded by immigrants. In the 20s it was popular to believe in Nativism. It allowed for white Americans to live in fear of jews, blacks, japanese, chinese and many other races. At the time this was allowed in society and was normal.

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Immigration in the late 1800's and early 1920's 

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Immigration in the late 1800's and early 1920's 

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In the late 1800's, immigration sky rocked from about 2.2 million in the 1850's to about 14.2 million in the 1930's (United States Immigration in the 1920s). This surge in immigration was due to many factors, however the main cause, WWI brought millions fleeing the destruction of war. Unfortunately, this rush in immigrants, led many Americans to worry and resent the same thing they once were

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Due to the recent increase in immigration in the early 20th century, many long time "Americans" began taking up nativism ideas as they feared immigrants were going to take their lively hoods away. This encouraged many to vote for laws that limited immigration:
1. Immigration Act of  1917, which introduced a literacy test to all immigrants and harshly limited Asians.
2. Emergency Quota of 1921, which allowed only 3% of each nationality that had been living in the United States in 1910
3. Immigration Act of 1924 which reduce the limit to 2% and pushed back the date to 1890.

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The Americas living in the United States disliked most immigrants, however they hated immigrants that were different from them the most. Asians were one of these hated groups due to the Chinese immigration during California Gold Rush in the mid 19th century. This resulted in the passing of the Immigration Act of 1917, which "prohibited entry of most others born in the Asian-Pacific region." (United States Immigration in the 1920s) Another example of this was the limitation on Eastern European Immigration. The early immigrants of America were from England and other Northwestern European countries. However, these old immigrants disliked the increase in Eastern Europeans due to the recent WWI. To restrict this, they passed the Immigration Act of 1924 which pushed back the year that the 2% of each nationality allowed from 1910 to 1890. This is because there was less Eastern Europeans immigrants then and thus less allowed.

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The definition of anti-Semitism is hostility to or prejudice towards Jews.

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Anti-Semitism in Immigration during the 1920's

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Anti-Semitism in Immigration during the 1920's

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Most of Americans came from the mainly Christian Europe and thus carried on in their beliefs. This resulted in them having a dislike of Jewish Immigration. However, Jews were never the main target of racism as most Americans disliked other races more. "Cresting between 1920 and 1950, anti-Semitism rapidly receded after mid century." (Nativism, Anti-Catholicism, and Anti-Semitism)

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Morton, Sunny. "United States Immigration in the 1920s." FamilySearch Blog, Family Search, 5 July 2020, www.familysearch.org/blog/en/us-immigration-in-the-1920s/. Accessed 12 Oct. 2020.

"Nativism, Anti-Catholicism, and Anti-Semitism." Encyclopedia of American Social History, edited by Mary Kupiec Cayton et al., Charles Scribner's Sons, 1993. Gale in Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2313027044/UHIC?u=milw15273&sid=UHIC&xid=072d9f3a. Accessed 12 Oct. 2020.

Verhoeven, Timothy. "Nativism." America in the World, 1776 to the Present: A Supplement to the Dictionary of American History, edited by Edward J. Blum, vol. 2, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2016, pp. 730-32. Gale in Context: U.S. History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3630800365/UHIC?u=milw15273&sid=UHIC&xid=ac621468. Accessed 12 Oct. 2020.

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Subtopic 2: The rise of the KKK in the 1920s

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Subtopic 2: The rise of the KKK in the 1920s

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Essential questions:
What is the KKK?
When was it first established?
How and when did it gain members in the US?

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The KKK, or Ku Klux Klan, was a white supremacist organization created in response to the abolishment of slavery. It was a very violent organization and often used violence against minorities. It was also considered a terrorist organization by the US government.

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The KKK was first established in Pulaski, Tennessee by ex-Confederate officers in 1866.
However, this initial establishment was quickly stopped by the government. In the 1870s, multiple antiterrorist acts were passed by Congress in direct response to the KKK.

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The second wave of the Klan reemerged in 1915 in response to increases in immigration. The organization quickly became popular throughout the entire country, even in northern states. The KKK was at its peak popularity in the 1920s. It operated on antisemitism, racism, and violence. In 1924, the Klan had around 3 million members. The Klan had involvement in almost every state. By the end of the 1920s, popularity of the KKK died down due to outside pressure and a declining public image.

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O'Neil, Patrick M. "Ku Klux Klan." Encyclopedia of American Studies, edited by Simon Bronner, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1st edition, 2018. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/jhueas/ku_klux_klan/0?institutionId=9785. Accessed 08 Oct. 2020.

Blee, Kathleen M. "Ku Klux Klan." The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History, edited by Wilma Pearl Mankiller, Houghton Mifflin, 1st edition, 1998. Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/rcuswh/ku_klux_klan/0?institutionId=9785. Accessed 09 Oct. 2020.

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Essential questions:

What and when was the Harlem renaissance?

Who contributed to the Harlem renaissance?

What is benevolent racism?

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The Harlem renaissance was a social, literary, and artistic uprise among African Americans in Harlem, Manhattan New York. It occurred around the 1920s, more specifically 1918 to 1935. At the time, Harlem was considered one of the more "liberal" cities although racism was still very present (Hutchinson).

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Who contributed to the Harlem renaissance?

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Who contributed to the Harlem renaissance?

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The Harlem renaissance encompassed what it was like to be black and living in America through all sorts of art, one being music. Music such as jazz and blues became popular and artists like Alberta Hunter, Bessie Smith, and Ma Rainey found themselves suddenly famous. Black writers like Sterling Brown and Langston Hughes wrote about black culture and the importance it has in the "new America".

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Benevolent racism is a subtle form of discrimination played off as a positive action, usually involving helping a group that is looked at as "inferior". Often times it is difficult for someone to acknowledge that they are displaying benevolent racism because it frames their actions as beneficial.

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Hutchinson, George. "Harlem Renaissance." Encyclopædia Britannica, 19 Aug.

2020, www.britannica.com/event/

Harlem-Renaissance-American-literature-and-art. Accessed 12 Oct. 2020.

"Harlem Renaissance." International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by William A. Darity, Jr., 2nd ed., vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2008, pp. 424-426. Gale In Context: Global Issues, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3045300994/GIC?u=milw15273&sid=GIC&xid=24f0f56c. Accessed 9 Oct. 2020.