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Digitalhistory.uh.edu. n.d. UH - Digital History. [online] Available at: <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/>

McPherson, J., 2010. Out Of War, A New Nation. [online] National Archives. Available at: <https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/spring/newnation.html>.

Museo de Arte Americano de la Institución Smithsonian, 2012. Episode 1 - Podcast: The    Civil War And American Art. [video] Available at: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sueEQVEV0g&feature=emb_title>

Smithsonian American Art Museum. u.d. The Civil War And American Art. [online] Available at: <https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/civil-war>

Urofsky, M., 2019. Compromise Of 1850 | Summary, Map, Facts, & Significance. [online] Encyclopedia Britannica. Available at: <https://www.britannica.com/event/Compromise-of-1850>

Ushistory.org. n.d. US History. [online] Available at: <https://www.ushistory.org/>

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These "free" African-Americans did not have the same rights as white people.

Most of them lived in the South, amid slavery

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Depending on the case, after outliving their usefulness and productivity in plantations (due to their age or health condition), the slaveholder decides to free the slave.

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In the Deep South, some slaves earned their freedom by manumission.

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16th President of the United States who abolished slavery and fought for the Union during the Civil War. He was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865).

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16th President of the United States who abolished slavery and fought for the Union during the Civil War. He was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865).

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Plymouth Church

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CONSEQUENCES OF SLAVERY AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

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CONSEQUENCES OF SLAVERY AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

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Battle of the Wilderness by Kurz and Allison

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Battle of the Wilderness by Kurz and Allison

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Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia, Painting by Thure de Thulstrup

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Battle of Spotsylvania Court House, Virginia, Painting by Thure de Thulstrup

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The 13th amendment

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Before the war 2 socioeconomic models: Agricultural society based on slavery(South) and an entrepreneurial capitalist society based on free labor.
The victory of the North helped forge the framework of modern America, based on the institutions and ideology of free-labor entrepreneurial capitalism.

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These amendments accomplished the most radical and rapid social and political change in American history:

13th amendment: Abolition of slavery

14th amendment: Granting of equal citizenship to all people born in the US

15th amendment: The right to vote for all African American men.

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Statue of R.E Lee in Virginia

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The most important historical event of the country.

620,000 soldiers died in the war

Most of the wars were fought in the South--> many southern states were destroyed.

Transformation of the old decentralized republic

increased the powers of federal courts

created a national currency and a national banking system

New amendments on the Constitution that increased the power of the national government over the states.

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Each region had totally different idiosyncrasy in  economic and social aspects of life.

Those differences would result in a civil war later.

1. Unionists (North with blue uniform): they wanted the abolition of slavery and the unity of the US.

2. Confederates (South with grey uniform). against the abolition of slavery since it was the base of their economic system.

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It became a regional issue:
Mason-Dixon Line

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Great Britain had outlawed slavery but former American colonies still continued.

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Harriet Tubman

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The Underground Railroad was a network of people, African American as well as white, offering shelter and aid to fugitive slaves from the South.

It operated only at night from the late 18th century to the Civil War.

Slaves were moved from "station" to "station" by abolitionists –homes and churches–.

Different clandestine efforts converged on this issue.

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The first partially successful photograph of a camera image was made in approximately 1816 by Nicéphore Niépce.

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The American Civil War was the first war to be reported.
Real and dreadful images were taken by war photographers, such as Timothy H. O'Sullivan, Winslow Homer, Eastman Johnson and Alexander Gardner.

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The bloody results of the civil war had a tremendous influence on the artists of the country.

The photos of the war disasters reached homes immediately.

The old romantic ideals of painting were removed and a feeling of anxiety emerged.

Marina and landscape themed paintings were left apart. The new works were related to destruction: fighting, poverty and hunger.

Dark tones are used to describe and deepen the feeling of anxiety.

Other more abstract and humanistic themes such as emancipation and reconciliation.

All this generated a national crisis: the ideals of the founders of the nation were reinvented.

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Photography by Alexander Gardner at the battle of Antietam

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Photography by Alexander Gardner at the battle of Antietam

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These kind of images had a visceral and immediate impact on the American's deepening awareness of emancipation and the need for reconciliation.

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The Scourged Back of "Gordon" (McPherson & Oliver, 1863)

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The Scourged Back of "Gordon" (McPherson & Oliver, 1863)

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The Girl I Left Behind Me (Eastman Johnson, 1872)

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The Girl I Left Behind Me (Eastman Johnson, 1872)

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An allegory.

Represents the hope and need for a change in the country.

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Execution Lincoln Assassins (Alexander Gardner)

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Execution Lincoln Assassins (Alexander Gardner)

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Execution of the four people condemned as conspirators (Mary E. Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold and George A. Atzerodt).

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It is shown a group of confederates surrendered to a Unionist official.

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 A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (Timothy H. O'Sullivan)

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 A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (Timothy H. O'Sullivan)

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Battlefield photography which documents the carnage and destruction.

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Flag of the state of Georgia until 2001

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A negationist ideology:

The Confederate states' cause during the Civil War was a just and heroic one supported by state rights.

Romanticized view of the Old South (Chivalry, The southern Belle...)

Confederates were trying to defend the Southern way of life and culture.

Provided a sense of relief to White Southerns and helped reconcile white people from North and South.

White supremacist ideas and racism.

Still believed in the modern South (public display of Confederate flags, Sons of Confederate Veterans, memorials...)

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(1619 – 1865)

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The United States Senate A.D 1850 by P.F Rothermel

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The United States Senate A.D 1850 by P.F Rothermel

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Harriet Tubman escapes slavery and becomes a celebrated leader.

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Nat Turner leads the biggest slave revolt in U.S. history.

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The spoils of war caused another reason for secession.
The Constitution did not specify a solution for slavery, so to avoid a crisis between North and South a compromise was established.

3 new territories

California became a free state and entered the Union

Utah and New Mexico became slave states by popular sovereignty.

Stronger Fugitive slave law (Polarized North and South)--> Uncle Tom's cabin

This Compromise helped to avoid immediate conflict and postponed the war but the tension remained.

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The invention of cotton gin calls for more slave labour.

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Influential anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin is published.

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Confederate general Robert E. Lee surrenders.

Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by Booth.

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Sherman invades Atlanta

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Battle of Antietam

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Confederate forces fire on Fort Sumter

Civil War begins

First Battle of Bull Run

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Abraham Lincoln elected president

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South Carolina secedes from Union.

The confederation is formed.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford

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The Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Compromise of 1850

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Mexican-American War

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The Missouri Compromise is passed.

Abolitionist Movement

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The Declaration of Independence is signed.

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The Constitutional Convention meets. Slavery illegal in the Northwest Territory.

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The first African slaves arrive in Virginia

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Epic battles of the Civil War (1998)

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Out of the house of bondage (2008) by Thavolia Glymph

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Many thousands gone (1998) by Ira Berlin

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Empire of cotton (2014) by Sven Beckert

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Roots (1976) by Alex Haley

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Looking at the Civil War(1861-1865) between lines

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Looking at the Civil War(1861-1865) between lines

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- In the North as well as in the South, both candidates (Lincoln and Davis) had struggles to be in power.

- Both the North and the South suffered economically, but the situation was worse in the South, being left in utter poverty.

- In the war, women started to work at things that were meant to be for men, thus earning the respect of generals, politicians and husbands.

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Episode 1 - Podcast: The Civil War and American Art

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2 different but attached worlds arose:

1. Slaveholders (masters or owners).

2. Slaves.

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- Lincoln gave it on June 16, 1858
- It was part of his 1860 Presidential campaign
- Lincoln addresses the danger of slavery-based disunion
- This speech is one of the best knowns of his career
- It begins with "A house divided against itself, cannot stand"

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Around 600,000 Africans were brought to America through the triangular trade Europe, Africa, America in the 17th and 18th century.

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After the Mexican war was over  the US gained a lot of new territory. This territory brought rivalry between North and South.

Abolitionists did not want cotton fields in the new land since it would benefit the spread of slavery

Southern slaveholder states feared that if slavery was prohibited in the new territoy they would loose power in Congress.

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A minority of Americans who wanted immediate eradication of slavery.  Most of them were deeply religious women and men, who were convinced that slavery was sinful and immoral.  African-Americans were at the forefront of the cause.

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Anti-slavery literature was banned in the south and discussing slavery-related bills was forbidden in congress.

Abolitionist were physically attacked

--> The abolitionist movement caused increasing friction between states in the North and the slave-owning South. Critics of abolition argued that it contradicted the U.S. Constitution,  which left the option of slavery up to individual states. Each side became more radical through the years which finally lead to secession

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Uncle Tom's cabin (1852) by Harriet Breecher

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Slavery in America; since the very beginning of European settlements (British Jamestown colony) until the Civil War.

Both North and South equally participated in slave economy BUT the balance changed:

- North: Industrial development
- South: depended on the cotton plantations

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12 years a slave (2013)

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North and South (2004)

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By the end of the 1820s a new abolitionist movement was born.

Much more radical than the previous anti-slavery societies.

Wanted an immediate end to slavery.

Against compensation to slave owners.

Wanted institutional power: sent petitions to Congress, campaigned for office...

Wrote inflammatory literature (anti-slavery) and spread it on the south.

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African Americans were against the idea.

Most had never been to Africa

They believed their labour helped building the country and thus, deserved to be free citizens of it.

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As the cotton industry grows and slavery proliferates across the south, an opposition to slavery begins. The first detractors of slavery held religious ideas.

The first solution for slavery in 1820 was COLONIZATION.

The idea was to bring the slaves back to Africa. Slaves were forced to migrate to the US so it was a way to reverse this.

Funds were raised and Liberia was created for the former slaves.

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Gone with the wind (1939)

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Abraham Lincoln signs Emancipation Proclamation.

Battle of Gettysburg

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In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin.
Consequently, huge increase in production.
New Orleans became the world's leading exporter of slave-grown crops.