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- Genes hold an extremely significant role: they are portions of DNA that code for certain proteins in certain cells.
- Genes themselves are located on chromosomes, which are structures made up of condensed DNA, and are found in the nucleus of a cell.

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- The body uses a system of conflicting signals that regulate muscle growth – myostatin (MTSN) is an inhibitory protein that operates in muscle cells.
- When the myostatin gene becomes mutated, muscles don't have a key signal that tells them to halt growth.

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The type of mutation that occurs in the myostatin gene is a deletion mutation. During the process of DNA replication, an adenine nucleotide is deleted, altering the sequence of amino acids and nitrogenous bases. This is an example of a missense, where a mutation changes an amino acid into another. This leaves remarkable effects on the protein being produced.

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- Because of the deletion, there will be a premature termination of translation.
- This mutation results in myostatin not being able to restrict muscle growth.
- The muscles of an organism with un-mutated myostatin wouldn't grow so much naturally.

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Why Hasn't Evolution Selected Double Muscling?

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Why Hasn't Evolution Selected Double Muscling?

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One might expect that evolution should have selected double muscled animals by now, but the reason why this condition isn't more common is that more muscle isn't always a good thing.
- These organisms require an expensive high-protein diet
- They’re very lean, meaning they can’t get to that level of rich marbling of fat in their muscles.
- The unordinary nature of their calves also makes giving birth dangerous.

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Translation takes place outside of the nucleus, after transcription, with the help of a ribosome. Ribosomes are enzymes essential to the success of protein synthesis, among various other tasks. Once the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus, a ribosome attaches itself to said strand, scanning the nucleotide sequence. As it's doing so, other RNA molecules called tRNA arrive. They contain anti-codons to "match" the codons that the mRNA strand has. They also are attached to an amino acid, and when they line up with the correct codon, they will release their amino acid. tRNA molecules continue to arrive and release their amino acids to form a chain, until a stop codon is reached, at which point the ribosome releases the mRNA strand.

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When ribosomes (in translation) scan the mRNA strand, it reads the nitrogenous bases in threes. A group of three consecutive bases is called a codon. Anti-codons are found on tRNA molecules; they are also three nitrogenous bases. All tRNA have anti-codons, and they are used in the ribosome, to help release the amino acid.

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Transcription is the first step of protein synthesis. After a portion of DNA has been unwound and exposed, genetic instructions and information are transferred to a strand of mRNA in the nucleus, using a similar process to that of DNA Replication.