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After being arrested for mass public demonstrations in Alabama, Martin Luther King Jr. writes "The Letter from Birmingham Jail." which inspired many people to join the Civil Right Movement.

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The Children's Crusade was many high school and college students that went on a march to 16th Baptism Church. While they were marching many they were attack by policemen with dogs and firehoses. Many of them got captured and sent into detention centers. https://www.biography.com/news/black-history-birmingham-childrens-crusade-1963

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After many people saw what happened at the Children's Crusade they got very mad, which lead to President John F. Kennedy sending his assistant general to Birmingham to negotiate with the Civil Right and city leaders.

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In a protest to stop segregation, 4 African American college student were sitting in at a whites only Woolworth's lunch counter in Jackson, MI. They were attack by a mob of white people who were helped by police. https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/jackson-woolworth-sit-in/

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May 28, 1963: Woolworth Sit-in in Jackson, Mississippi - Zinn Education Project

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Students and faculty from Tougaloo College held a sit-in at the Woolworth's lunch counter in Jackson, Mississippi.

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Civil Rights leader and WW2 veteran Medgar Evers was assassinated in his driveway by Byron De La Beckwith who is part of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group. Beckwith went to court for his first case which ended up in a deadlock which lead to many protests. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/medgar-evers-assassinated

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250K people attended The Great March for Jobs and Freedom on Washington. During this march, the people were protected by 6k policemen and 6k soldiers. No problems broke out and Martin Luther King Jr. got to say his famous "I Have a Dream Speech" making the march a huge success. https://www.nps.gov/articles/march-on-washington.htm

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View of crowds on the National Mall from the Lincoln Memorial to the Washington Monument, August 28, 1963
Photo by Warren K. Leffler, LOC, LC-U9- 10360-5

A Powerful, Peaceful Protest

With that many people converging on the city, there were concerns about violence. The Washington, D.C. police force mobilized 5,900 officers for the march and the government mustered 6,000 soldiers and National Guardsmen as additional protection. President Kennedy thought that if there were any problems, the negative perceptions could undo the civil rights bill making its way through Congress. In the end, the crowds were calm and there were no incidents reported by police.

While the March was a peaceful occasion, the words spoken that day at the Lincoln Memorial were not just uplifting and inspirational such as Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream"speech, they were also penetrating and pointed. There was a list of "Ten Demands" from the sponsors, insisting on a fair living wage, fair employment policies, and desegregation of school districts. John Lewis in his speech said that "we do not want our freedom gradually but we want to be free now" and that Congress needed to pass "meaningful legislation" or people would march through the South. Although the SNCC chairman had toned down his remarks at the request of white liberals and moderate black allies, he still managed to criticize both political parties for moving too slowly on civil rights. Others such as Whitney Young and Joachim Prinz spoke of the need for justice, for equal opportunity, for full access to the American Dream promised with the Declaration of Independence and reaffirmed with the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. They spoke of jobs, and of a life free from the indifference of lawmakers to people's plights.

In the end, after all of the musical performances, speeches, and politics, it was the people that truly made the March on Washington a success. They brought box lunches, having spent all they could spare to get to Washington; some dressed as if attending a church service while others wore overalls and boots; veterans of the Civil Rights Movement and individuals new to the issues locked arms, clapped and sang and walked. Many began without their leaders, who were making their way to them from meetings on Capitol Hill. They could no longer be patient and they could no longer be held back, and so they started to march - Black, White, Latino, American Indian, Jewish, Christian, men, women, famous, anonymous, but ultimately all Americans, all marching for their civil rights.

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (U.S. National Park Service)

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t was the largest gathering for civil rights of its time. An estimated 250,000 people attended the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, arriving in Washington, D.C. by planes, trains, cars, and buses from all over the country.

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4 little girls in the basement were killed by a bomb that was planted under the steps of the 16th Baptist Church by the Ku Klux Klan. This incident helped the 1964 Civil Rights Act to be passed