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Robert Hooke worked in Oxford as an assistant to Robert Boyle. Robert Hooke made a compound microscope with a new design. His design had a screw focus instead of the other option, moving the spike now to focus in the lens. He also used light from an oil lamp to make the specimen brighter and more visible. He also discovered microscopic fungi, and cells. Additionally, he studied ancient cells.

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Francesco Redi was an Italian physician who created experiments to disprove the idea of spontaneous generation. He created an experiment in which he filled 6 jars with decaying meat. 3 of the jars were sealed with a lid and the other 3 jars were not sealed. The unsealed jars began to attract flies and those flies laid maggot eggs that then hatched. The sealed jars did not attract and flies and thus did not have maggots. In addition, he repeated the experiment but sealed the jars with fine net to refute others saying the lack of maggots was due to the lack of fresh air. The fine net seal yielded the same results as the normally sealed jars. With this experiment, Redi refuted the idea that maggots are spontaneously generated from the decaying meat. His experimentation refuted the idea of spontaneous generation and guided future scientists to the idea that all cells originate from preexisting cells.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria, protists, sperm cells, blood cells, and more. Leeuwenhoek learned to grind lenses and made extremely simple microscopes to observe with.

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck mainly focused on evolution. He thought that organisms altered their behavior according to their surroundings, simple life forms came into existence from dead matter, and that these life forms evolved in an “upwards” direction, through simple to complex forms to attraction human “perfection. He believed that any living thing is physically made up of parts that are made of cellular tissue. Therefore, these life forms consisted of organized cellular tissue. By stating this, he paved the way for Schlieden and Schwann’s contributions to cell theory. He also believed an organism changing its behavior to adapt to the environment caused the cells to adapt as well. Although much of what he said would eventually be disproved, Lamarck had a great impact on the beliefs about evolution and helped take steps toward the formation of cell theory.

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Matthias Schleiden was a lawyer who had many doctorates in medicine and philosophy but eventually became a botanist. He had proposed that all plants were made of cells. He specifically observed that lower plants all consists of one cell and the higher ones consisted of many. Schleiden announced his work in Contributions to Phytogenesis in 1838. Theodor Schwann was a zoologist that was inspired by Matthias Schleiden to look closer to animal tissues. Schwann was having dinner with Schleiden as they shared their conclusions on cells and quickly found the similarities of implications of them. Schwann concluded that all animals were also composed of cells and expressed his work in Microscopic Researches on the Conformity in Structure and Growth Between Animals and Plants in 1839. Schleiden and Schwann's ideas would help contribute to the cell theory by laying the foundations for it. Their conclusions were able to verify the existence of cells. These two initial theories would then allow many other theories to build upon them.

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Rudolf Virchow discovered that only cells of an organisms become sick, not the whole organism. He believed that diseases include changes in normal cells and all pathology is cellular pathology. He also said that diseases can be grouped by the anatomic changes caused, not only the symptoms. This helped doctors make more accurate diagnoses and give disease specific treatments. Additionally, he discovered cells in bone and tissue, and discovered leukemia.

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In 1862, Louis Pasteur performed an experiment where he showed that microorganisms only grew in broth when it was exposed to air. To perform this experiment, Pasteur put broth in two flasks and bent the neck of each flask into an S shape. He then proceeded to boil the broth to kill any existing microorganisms. Next, he broke off one of the flask’s neck, exposing it to air. This flask became cloudy with microbial life and the untouched one was still the same color. This disproved spontaneous generation, and it showed that cells can only form from pre-existing cells.

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James Hillier and Albert Prebus worked together to create an advanced electron microscope. Their microscope was able to capture higher quality images, or about 40X higher than modern optical microscopes. Using this new microscope, the duo brought upon breakthrough in being able to view the intricacies of samples. In relevance to cell theory, their now microscope could view cells better and see how the cells worked and how they could be manipulated. The microscope was commonly used to capture sub-cellular structures in cells too small to be observed by other methods. Hillier and Prebus’ electron microscope paved the way for future generations of electron microscopes and microscopists.