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Section 1: American Photography (1900-1934)

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Section 1: American Photography (1900-1934)

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The Eastman Kodak Company is an American public company that produces various products related to its historic basis in analogue photography. 

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The company is known for creating a consumer market for amateur photography and pioneering the technology that allowed Hollywood movies to be filmed.

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The Brownie was a series of cameras made by Eastman Kodak. Introduced in 1900, it introduced the snapshot to the masses. 

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The Kodak "Brownie" camera made its debut at the turn of the twentieth century and sold for one dollar. One hundred thousand of them were purchased during the first year alone. The Brownie helped to put photography into the hands of amateurs and allowed the middle class to take their own "snapshots" as well.

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Cheap way to send photographs to friends and family

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Fulfilled the function of newspaper photographs to family and friends, covered family events, mass events, society situations, community events, etc...to people not in your community. Paved the way for photo montage.

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George Eastman was an American entrepreneur who founded the Eastman Kodak Company and helped to bring the photographic use of roll film into the mainstream. 

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Eastman introduced the Kodak camera in 1888. Thanks to his inventive genius, anyone could now take pictures with a handheld camera simply by pressing a button.

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National Geographic magazine publishes its first stand-alone photographic series in 1905.
The piece, a photographic tour of Lhasa, Tibet, runs in the January 1905 issue and fills 11
pages. Magazine Editor Gilbert H. Grosvenor is congratulated by National Geographic
Society members but reveals later that he expected the pictorial to get him fired.

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Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, father of photojournalism, was the first full-time editor of the National Geographic magazine. 

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Gilbert H. Grosvenor, American geographer, writer, and long-time editor of the National Geographic Magazine and president of the National Geographic Society.

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A style of photographs that presents straightforward records of events, people and places, often recording important historical or political moments.

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Documentary photography is a style of photography that provides a straightforward and accurate representation of people, places, objects and events, and is often used in reportage. Nan Goldin.

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Edward Sheriff Curtis was an American photographer and ethnologist whose work focused on the American West and on Native American people.

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When the Curtis family moved to Port Orchard, Washington in 1887, Edward’s gift for photography led him to an investigation of the Indians living on the Seattle waterfront. His photograph Homeward won Curtis the highest award in a photographic exhibition contest. Having become well-known for his work with the Indians, Curtis participated in the 1899 Harriman expedition to Alaska as the lead photographer. He then accompanied George Bird Grinell, editor of Forest and Stream, on a trip to northern Montana. There they witnessed the deeply sacred Sundance of the Piegan and Blackfoot tribes. Traveling on horseback, with their pack horses trailing behind, they stopped at the precipice. Below them, the view of the valley floor stretched with over a thousand teepees – an awesome sight to Curtis. This event would transformed his life and inspired him to create The North American Indian. Consisting of over 700 large portfolio images, over 1500 volume size images, and over 7000 pages of text, The North American Indian is a part of American history in both its imagery and its creation.

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Pictorialism is an international style and aesthetic movement that dominated photography during the later 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Pictorialism, an approach to photography that emphasizes beauty of subject matter, tonality, and composition rather than the documentation of reality.

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Fine-art photography is photography created in line with the vision of the photographer as artist, using photography as a medium for creative expression.

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Fine art photography, also known as “photography art,” or “artistic photography” is photographic artwork created in line with the artist's vision. Fine artists use photography as their chosen medium for creative expression. They do not serve a commercial purpose and are the opposite of documentary photography.

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Alfred Stieglitz is undoubtedly one of the most significant contributors to the history of photography. 

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Alfred Stieglitz HonFRPS was an American photographer and modern art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making photography an accepted art form.

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To be brief, motion studies photography is about showing movement.

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6. Motion Studies Photography (1885-Present)

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6. Motion Studies Photography (1885-Present)

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This storytelling element makes the images a little less static and unexpected. Another reason why showing movement stands out is because it sets the mood.

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Frank Bunker Gilbreth was an American engineer, consultant, an author known as an early advocate of scientific management, a pioneer of time and motion studies.

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Frank Gilbreth is best known for his work with construction workers on the efficiency of motion. He developed many of the concepts and applications that are now part of modern management techniques.

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Eadweard Muybridge was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection.

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Eadweard Muybridge is best known for his photographic studies of motion of humans and animals, although he was also a pioneer in landscape photography. Muybridge worked for the landscape photographer Carleton E. Watkins in 1867 before setting out on his own in the Yosemite Valley and at other locations on the West Coast, producing approximately two thousand photographs between 1868 and 1873. After 1873, Muybridge turned his attention to other subjects, particularly his study of motion.

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 Lewis W. Hine was among the first to use photography of children as a call for social reform.

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7. Social Reform Photography (1906-Present)

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7. Social Reform Photography (1906-Present)

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Social reformers such as Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine used the medium of photography to bring evidence of their claims to these viewers. Their style of photography may best be called "social reform," for each photographer used the medium to effect social change.

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Lewis Wickes Hine was an American sociologist and muckraker photographer. 

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Hine is best known for the documentary images of child labor practices that he produced under the aegis of the National Child Labor Committee from 1911 to 1916.

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Modernist photography celebrated the camera as an essentially mechanical tool.

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Critic Sadakichi Hartmann's 1904 'Plea for a Straight Photography' heralded this new approach, rejecting the soft focus and painterly quality of pictorialism and encouraging straightforward images of modern life.

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Advertising photography involves taking pictures of products or services. 

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Good advertising photography persuades you to purchase something that you don't really need. It works by putting products, goods or services in front of an audience, and then convincing them to be interested.

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Lucy Sante (formerly Luc Sante) is a Belgium-born American writer, critic, and artist.

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She is a frequent contributor to The New York Review of Books. Her books include Low Life: Lures and Snares of Old New York. She was named Luc Sante at birth and lived as a male until announcing in September 2021 that she was transitioning to female.

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In the nineteenth century, photography advanced in many ways, and portraiture became the newest craze.

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Propaganda photography has a very specific intent. The pictures that you see are meant to change or at least influence your opinion on a certain subject or person. Usually wars or big events and political figures or leaders are the main targets. The pictures are usually very striking and appealing to either emotion or logic in one way or another in order to grab the viewers attention.

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Fred H. Berger was inspired to create Propaganda based on his interest in the gothic, industrial, darkwave, occult and fetish subcultures. 

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Berger's photography was featured prominently in the magazine. Propaganda focused on all aspects of the goth culture, including fashion, sexuality, music, art and literature. Propaganda was, at the time of its final issue in 2002, the longest running and most popular gothic subculture magazine in the United States.

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Tabloid journalism is a popular style of largely sensationalist journalism, which takes its name from the format: a small-sized newspaper.

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Tabloid journalism is the publication of news stories that are over-exaggerated, sensationalized, or falsified for the sake of grabbing readers' attentions and generating higher profit.

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Henri Cartier-Bresson was a French humanist photographer considered a master of candid photography, and an early user of 35 mm film.

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Henri Cartier-Bresson, French photographer whose humane, spontaneous photographs helped establish photojournalism as an art form.

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Celebrity photography is a subset of photojournalism where the subjects are celebrities in the arts, sports and sometimes politics. 

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Photographers who work Celebrities Photographers related events, such as film premieres, parties and award shows. Event photographers also cover other events such as music festivals, weddings and private functions.

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Leo Braudy is University Professor and Professor of English at the University of Southern California.

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He is among America's leading film critics. Braudy, a frequent finalist for national book awards, teaches Restoration literature and history, American culture after World War Two, popular culture and critical theory, including the histories of visual style and film genres.

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Section 2: The Photographic Age (1935-1959)

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Section 2: The Photographic Age (1935-1959)

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1. The Wire Associated Press (1935-Present)

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1. The Wire Associated Press (1935-Present)

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Wire photos, or Wirephotos are one of the common types of vintage archive photographs that emerge occasionally in militaria market and are often mistakenly considered to be low-quality press-photos. Wire photos could be easily identified as such judging from the following criteria: relatively large format – slightly less than standard A4 size, 8x10 inch approximately; glossy surface; poor contrast; defocused blurry image; sepia or brown tone color; thin paper sometimes; credit line or stamp of a photo agency on obverse or reverse.

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The photo was taken just hours before Rogers died in a plane crash in Alaska in 1935 and may prove to be the last one taken of Rogers alive.

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CORVALLIS, Ore. (AP) - An Oregon State University professor says a photo he has of Oklahoma humorist Will Rogers is becoming more valuable with every bit of research he does.

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The Hindenburg disaster was an airship accident that occurred on May 6, 1937, in Manchester Township, New Jersey, United States.

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The airship Hindenburg, the largest dirigible ever built and the pride of Nazi Germany, bursts into flames upon touching its mooring mast in Lakehurst, New Jersey, killing 36 passengers and crew-members, on May 6, 1937.

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Murray Becker, an Associated Press photographer whose pictures of the burning airship Hindenburg and a weeping Lou Gehrig are among the most celebrated in journalism, died of cancer Tuesday at his home in North Miami Beach, Fla. He was 77 years old and had been retired since 1972.

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The Speed Graphic was a press camera produced by Graflex in Rochester, New York.

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The eponymous name "speed" came from the maximum speed of 1/1000 sec. that could be achieved with the focal plane shutter. ... Because of the focal plane shutter, the Speed Graphic can also use lenses that do not have shutters (known as barrel lenses). The Speed Graphic was a slow camera.

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Arthur Fellig, known by his pseudonym Weegee, was a photographer and photojournalist, known for his stark black and white street photography in New York City.

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Weegee, born Usher Fellig on June 12, 1899 in the town of Lemburg (now in Ukraine), first worked as a photographer at age fourteen, three years after his family immigrated to the United States, where his first name was changed to the more American-sounding Arthur.

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Life was an American magazine published weekly from 1883 to 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 until 2000.

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During its golden age from 1936 to 1972, Life was a wide-ranging weekly general-interest magazine known for the quality of its photography.

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Henry Robinson Luce was an American magazine magnate who was called "the most influential private citizen in the America of his day".

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He launched and closely supervised a stable of magazines that transformed journalism and the reading habits of millions of Americans.

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A photographic essay or photo-essay for short is a form of visual storytelling, a way to present a narrative through a series of images.

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A photo essay is intended to tell a story or evoke emotion from the viewers through a series of photographs. They allow you to be creative and fully explore an idea.

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The Farm Security Administration (FSA) was a New Deal agency created in 1937 to combat rural poverty during the Great Depression in the United States.

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The photographs in the FSA/Office of War Information Photograph Collection form an extensive pictorial record of American life between 1935 and 1944.

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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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Depression-era photo subjects showed as much strength as suffering. Although the government used FSA photographs to prove its New Deal programs helped impoverished Americans, FSA photographers also sought to portray their subjects as strong, courageous people determined to survive tough times.

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Dorothea Lange was an American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the Farm Security Administration. Lange's photographs influenced the development of documentary photography and humanized the consequences of the Great Depression.

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A reform movement is a type of social movement that aims to bring a social or also a political system closer to the community's ideal.

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Social reformers such as Jacob Riis and Lewis Hine used the medium of photography to bring evidence of their claims to these viewers. Their style of photography may best be called "social reform," for each photographer used the medium to effect social change.

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Gordon Parks was one of the most groundbreaking figures in 20th century photography.

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Gordon Roger Alexander Buchanan Parks was an American photographer, musician, writer and film director, who became prominent in U.S. documentary photojournalism in the 1940s through 1970s—particularly in issues of civil rights, poverty and African-Americans—and in glamour photography.

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Ansel Easton Adams was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his black-and-white images of the American West.

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Ansel Adams rose to prominence as a photographer of the American West, particularly Yosemite National Park, using his work to promote conservation of wilderness areas. His iconic black-and-white images helped to establish photography among the fine arts.

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President Woodrow Wilson established the National Park Service in 1916 to consolidate management of America's federal parklands under one agency.

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The development of the National Parks (1872 - Present)

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The development of the National Parks (1872 - Present)

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Early stereographs and photography helped justify the original national parks, but they also shaped how they were viewed by the public. By the 1930s, thanks the invention of the modern car and the construction of paved roads within the parks, people began to make road trips to the parks en masse.

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The Zone System is a photographic technique for determining optimal film exposure and development, formulated by Ansel Adams and Fred Archer.

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The Zone System is a scale of eleven tone values. The darkest being pure black, the lightest being pure white. Black is Zone 0, white is Zone X. Each gray value between these two extremes is exactly one photographic stop different than the gray tone on either side of it.

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World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.

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If the still pictures sent back to the United States helped to win the battle for public opinion at home, photographs taken for military purposes helped to win the war at the fronts; it is estimated, for example, that between 80 and 90 percent of all the Allied information about the enemy came from aerial photography.

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(After World War II) The United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, China, and France are the 5 main allies in WWII.

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In World War II, the three great Allied powers—Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union—formed a Grand Alliance that was the key to victory. France and China helped them along the way.

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Fashion photography is a genre of photography which is devoted to displaying clothing and other fashion items.

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Though the earliest known fashion photographs date back to the 1850s, in the court of Napoleon III, the use of photography as an advertising tool did not become popular until the early 20th century, when fashion itself became accessible to a wider audience.

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Richard Avedon was an American fashion and portrait photographer.

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Richard Avedon, (born May 15, 1923, New York, New York, U.S.—died October 1, 2004, San Antonio, Texas), one of the leading mid-20th-century photographers, noted for his portraits and fashion photographs. Avedon began to explore photography on his own at age 10 and was immediately drawn to portraiture.

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"Conceived as an exhibition for MoMA in New York in 1955, with a catalogue published both by Maco Magazine Corporation and Simon and Schuster,

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The Family of Man was an ambitious[1][2] exhibition of 503 photographs from 68 countries curated by Edward Steichen, the director of the New York City Museum of Modern Art's (MoMA) Department of Photography.

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Street photography, a genre of photography that records everyday life in a public place.

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Street photography, also sometimes called candid photography, is photography conducted for art or enquiry that features unmediated chance encounters and random incidents within public places.

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Robert Frank was a Swiss photographer and documentary filmmaker, who became an American binational.

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One of the most acclaimed photographers of the 20th century, Robert Frank is best known for his seminal book The Americans (1958), which features photographs the artist took in the mid-1950s as he traveled across the United States on a Guggenheim … Represented by industry leading galleries.

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The U.S. black press is 176 years old this year. It began in 1827 when John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish started Freedom's Journal in New York.

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By the Civil War, 40 black newspapers were being published. And, during the 1920’s and 30’s, when major papers virtually ignored black America, the glory days of the black press began.

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The children, influenced by Till's death and everyday racism, joined the Birmingham, Alabama campaign and saved the dying movement there in.

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The Emmett Till Generation (1954 - Present)

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The Emmett Till Generation (1954 - Present)

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In 1954, two white men murdered an African American boy named Emmett Till; his death sparked a generation of children to take part in the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s. One particular event in Birmingham, Alabama sparked nationwide sympathy for the movement.

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Photography's Power in the Civil Rights Movement Had a Tragic Side.

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1. Civil Rights Photography (1968 - Present)

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1. Civil Rights Photography (1968 - Present)

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Photographs from the civil-rights movement helped expose the cruelty of segregation and discrimination to the wider world, but as made clear by the story behind one of the photos in the exhibition, the power of those images could hurt, too.

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Danny Lyon is an American photographer and filmmaker.

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As a self-taught photographer, he traveled with the Chicago Outlaws motorcycle club in 1965-1966 and published his pictures of the club members as The Bikeriders (1968). ... Lyon has consistently produced effective, sincere documents of real people's lives that have inspired many photographers since the 1960s.

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The Birmingham riot of 1963 was a civil disorder and riot in Birmingham, Alabama, that was provoked by bombings on the night of May 11, 1963.

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In the spring of 1963, activists in Birmingham, Alabama launched one of the most influential campaigns of the Civil Rights Movement: Project C, better known as The Birmingham Campaign.

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Congress considers the Vietnam Era to be “The period beginning on Feb. 28, 1961 and ending on May 7, 1975.

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In the case of a veteran who served in the Republic of Vietnam during that period,” and “beginning on Aug. 5, 1964 and ending on May 7, 1975 … in all other cases.”

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The series features a wide range of war images, both famous and forgotten.

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The Big 4 Photographs of Vietnam War (1961 - 1975)

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The Big 4 Photographs of Vietnam War (1961 - 1975)

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These photos taken were from Don McCullin, Nick UT, Catherine Lorey, and David Burnett.

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On June 8, 1972 Nick Ut took just such a picture, a photograph that stopped the war.

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The Pulitzer Prize of the Vietnam War (1972 - 1975)

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The Pulitzer Prize of the Vietnam War (1972 - 1975)

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Associated Press photographer Nick Ut's photograph of Kim Phúc running naked amid other fleeing villagers, South Vietnamese soldiers, and press photographers became one of the most haunting images of the Vietnam War. ... It later earned a Pulitzer Prize and was chosen as the World Press Photo of the Year for 1973.

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Featuring a portrait of U.S. Army specialist William C. Gearing, Jr., one of 242 American servicemen killed in a single week of fighting during the Vietnam War.

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3. Life Magazine One Weeks Dead (1969 - 2004)

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3. Life Magazine One Weeks Dead (1969 - 2004)

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In June 1969, LIFE magazine published a feature that remains as moving and, in some quarters, as controversial as it was when it intensified a nation’s soul-searching 45 years ago. On the cover was the image of a young man and 11 stark words: “The Faces of the American Dead in Vietnam: One Week’s Toll.” Inside, across 10 funereal pages, LIFE published picture after picture and name after name of 242 young men killed in seven days halfway around the world “in connection with the conflict in Vietnam.”

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The Pentagon Papers was the name given to a top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967.

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Results of Public Publication of the war (Pentagon Papers) (1945 - 1967)

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Results of Public Publication of the war (Pentagon Papers) (1945 - 1967)

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Impact. The Pentagon Papers revealed that the United States had expanded its war with the bombing of Cambodia and Laos, coastal raids on North Vietnam, and Marine Corps attacks, none of which had been reported by the American media.

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The Whole Earth Catalog was an American counterculture magazine and product catalog published by Stewart Brand several times a year between 1968 and 1972.

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In the fall of 1968, the Portola Institute, an education nonprofit in Menlo Park, California, published the first edition of the “Whole Earth Catalog”: a compendium of product listings, how-to diagrams, and educational ephemera intended for communards and other participants in the back-to-the-land movement.

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On December 21, 1968, Apollo 8 astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and Bill Anders became the first humans to witness the Earth rising above the moon's surface

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Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit, and also the first human spaceflight to reach another astronomical object, namely the Moon, which the crew orbited without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth.

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The photograph, taken on December 7, 1972, at 05:39 a.m. EST (10:39 UTC).

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The Blue Marble is an image of Earth taken on December 7, 1972, by the Apollo 17 crew Harrison Schmitt and Ron Evans from a distance of about 29,000 kilometers (18,000 miles) from the planet's surface.

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The crime photography that involves documenting the scene of the crime, rather than the criminal.

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6. Evidence of Crime Scenes (1960s - 1970s)

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6. Evidence of Crime Scenes (1960s - 1970s)

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Though this type of forensic photography was also created for the purpose of documenting, identifying and convicting, it allows more room for creative interpretation and variance of style. It includes taking pictures of the victim (scars, wounds, birthmarks, etc.) for the purpose of identification or conviction; and pictures of the scene (placement of objects, position of body, photos of evidence and fingerprints). The development of this type of forensic photography is responsible for radical changes in the field, including public involvement (crime photos appearing in the newspaper) and new interpretations and purposes of the field.

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A photo op, short for photograph opportunity, is an arranged opportunity to take a photograph of a politician, a celebrity, or a notable event.

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The term was coined by the administration of US President Richard Nixon. William Safire credited its coinage to Bruce Whelihan, an aide to Nixon Press Secretary Ron Ziegler.

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Photography is an important communication tool for candidates and their campaigns.

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Political Photography Propaganda (1960s - Present)

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Political Photography Propaganda (1960s - Present)

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Thus the photographs met the first criterion of propaganda, being information spread systematically for a political purpose. But the documentary adherence to factual photography was also an important part of the FSA work.

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Persian Gulf War, also called Gulf War, (1990–91), international conflict that was triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990.

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The Gulf War was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait arising from oil pricing and production disputes.

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David Carl Turnley is an American photographer, winner of the Pulitzer Prize, two World Press Photos of the Year, and the Robert Capa Award for Courage.

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David Turnley is considered by many to be one of the best documentary photographers working today. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, two World Press Photos of the Year, and the Robert Capa Award for Courage, he has photographed the human condition in some 75 countries around the world.

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David Turnley's Winning Photo (1988 - 1991)

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David Turnley's Winning Photo (1988 - 1991)

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Turnley won the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for photography for images of the political uprisings in China and Eastern Europe, the World Press Photo Picture of the Year in 1988 for a photo taken in Leninakan after the devastating Spitak earthquake and again in 1991 for a picture of a U.S. Sergeant mourning the death of a fellow soldier during the Gulf War, as well as the Overseas Press Club Robert Capa Gold Medal. He has been a runner-up for the Pulitzer Prize in photography four times.

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The Digital Revolution began between the late 1950's and 1970's. 

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The digital age, also called the information age, is defined as the time period starting in the 1970s with the introduction of the personal computer with subsequent technology introduced providing the ability to transfer information freely and quickly.

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People put these posters everywhere on America to let the other that their sons/daughters are missing.

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Have you seen these missing children (1960s - Present)

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Have you seen these missing children (1960s - Present)

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The number of active missing person cases averages around 20,000 in California. The Featured Missing Children and Featured Missing Adults highlight cases where photographs have been submitted by law enforcement for use in accordance with laws and policies for sharing the image of the missing person. To have a photograph added, family members of a missing person should submit their photographs to the law enforcement agency taking the missing person report.

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Here is one of the most beautiful art landscapes in photography.

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Photography is the art, application, and practice of creating durable images by recording light, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

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Pop artists celebrated everyday images and elevated popular culture to the level of fine art.

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Pictorials morphed into fine art, pop art (1950s - 1970s)

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Pictorials morphed into fine art, pop art (1950s - 1970s)

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Pop Art's refreshing reintroduction of identifiable imagery, drawn from media and popular culture, was a major shift for the direction of modernism. With roots in Neo-Dada and other movements that questioned the very definition of “art” itself, Pop was birthed in the United Kingdom in the 1950s amidst a postwar socio-political climate where artists turned toward celebrating commonplace objects and elevating the everyday to the level of fine art.

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"Buying is more American than thinking, and I'm as American as they come." -Andy Warhol

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Fine Art, Pop Art Artists (1920s - Present)

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Fine Art, Pop Art Artists (1920s - Present)

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American artists Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, James Rosenquist and others would soon follow suit to become the most famous champions of the movement in their own rejection of traditional historic artistic subject matter in lieu of contemporary society’s ever-present infiltration of mass manufactured products and images that dominated the visual realm. Perhaps owing to the incorporation of commercial images, Pop Art has become one of the most recognizable styles of modern art.

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Looking at photos later helps us remember more about the context and the events we chose to record.

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11. How we remember History through photographs (1830s - Present)

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11. How we remember History through photographs (1830s - Present)

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If they zoomed in on specified areas of the objects, they recalled more details not fewer, even recalling details that were not in the photos. Indeed, photographs can help memory in other ways.

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Photographs play an important role in everyone’s life – they connect us to our past, they remind us of people, places, feelings, and stories. 

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12. How photographs link us together as a human society and as people (1830s - Present)

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12. How photographs link us together as a human society and as people (1830s - Present)

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Photographs allow us to share and to communicate

You only have to look at the multitude of photo-sharing sites to see this impulse at work, where millions of people share their personal, passionate, and sometimes quirky take on the world around them. In other words, our images can share our lives with strangers.