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Figure 1. KoKo the Clown featured in 'Snow White' 1933 animation. (Roland Crandle, 1933)

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KoKO originated when Max Fleischer invented the 'Rotoscope', a device that allowed animation to seem more lifelike by tracing motion picture footage of human movement. The character was based on his brother, Dave Fleischer in a clown suit after multiple tests in 1923. After tracing the films footage after about 2500 drawings and over a years work, The character that would become KoKo was born, though he didn't have a name until 1924.(Wikipedia, History page.)

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Figure 1. (1912) Wladyslaw Starewicz constructing parts for stop motion production.

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Wlaydslaw Starewicz was a film producer in Moscow specializing in stop motion productions using dead animals as puppets. During World War I, Starewicz worked for several film companies, directing 60 live-action features, some of which were fairly successful. After the October Revolution of 1917, the film community largely sided with the White Army and moved from Moscow to Yalta on the Black Sea. After a brief stay, Starewicz and his family fled before the Red Army could capture Crimea , stopping in Italy for a while before joining the Russians in Paris. . Working as a cameraman after World War I, a settling in France where he changed his name to Ladislas Starevich as it was easily pronounced, he than began making short stop motion films again using puppets made from dead animals. 'The Scarecrow' and 'The Frogs Who Wanted A King' were his first projects in France, the latter being an interpretation of Aesops Fable.

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Figure 1. Self Portrait of Anson Dyer, (Anson Dyer 1919)

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Anson Dyer was masterful animator and a pioneering director for the silent era of animation. Bringing to life classic tales like the very popular 'Three little Pigs' and 'Red Riding Hood' further in his career, he entertained thousands of children and adults alike through Britain using his animation skills to also bring Britain their first feature length animated film 'Story of the Flag' 1927.(SilentLondon.co.uk, 2012)

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Figure 1. Frame from Felix Doubles For Darwin, (Pat Sullivan,1924)

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Felix Doubles For Darwin, 1924. Felix sets out for South Africa  to find prove of Darwin's theory of evolution. Showing a monkey some  illustrations of humans, he asks "Are these your relatives?" Insulted, the monkey calls to his family, "Ye gods fellers he says we're related to these!!!" They chase Felix back to the U.S. where Felix is asked, "Well—? Do we come after monkeys?" "No," he replies. "The monkeys come after us!!". Using political banter and touching on controversial subjects at the time, Felix was the first animated star of the screen, although silent he delivered messages efficiently. Tackling controversial subjects such as segregation, and orchestrating a strike among a few others as was the style Pat Sullivan was going for. Unfortunately the character and his show became obsolete once synchronized sound was introduced to the industry.

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Figure 1. Frame from 'Trolley Troubles'  Walt Disney Studios,(Walt Disney, 1927)

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Oswald the lucky Rabbit was first created in 1927 by Walt Disney, resulting in 27 animated shorts within the studio. After a pitch idea for a game involving the character, Bob Iger, The then-Disney President, committed himself to acquiring the rights to the character. Whereas Walt proceeded to create the much more liked, Mickey Mouse. In recent years video games have been developed based on Mickey Mouse, featuring Oswald playing on his 'Betrayal' on the company in humorous notes.

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Figure 1. Frame from Steamboat Willie (Disney, 1928)

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The first film released with synchronized sound starring Mickey Mouse. This landmark in animation quickly made short work of the silent animation industry and began the era of 'talkies', animations that could talk. Disney understood that synchronized sound was the future of animation and Steamboat Willie became the most popular cartoon of its day. The music for Steamboat Willie was arranged by Wilfred Jackson and Burt Lewis and included the songs 'Steamboat Bill' a composition popularized by baritone, Arthur Collins during the 1910's. The short film has received wide critical acclaim, for not only introducing one of the worlds most popular cartoon characters but also for its technical innervation in the industry.

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Figure 1. Frame from Flip the Frog - Fiddlesticks (Ub Iwerks, 1930)

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Two strip technicolour is a subtractive colour production technique that allows film images to be coloured using a dye process. The film would be shot through a special technicolour camera which would slit the light beam through a colour prism, projecting red and green negative images onto two separate film strips. These negative film strips are then chemically processed into positive matrix film, and dyed using the relevant colours complimentary colour. The red and green film would be dyed cyan and magenta respectively, the two films are then combined using a dye transfer process (Vox, 2017). Although two strip technicolour having been used in the movie film process for a number of years it was first introduced in animation in 1930 from the King of Jazz film prologue made for Universal and produced by Lantz and Nolan. That same year Ub Iwerks used the same two strip technicolour process to create Flip the Frogs "Fiddlesticks" animation for MGM, which was the first cartoon short in colour (Useful Notes/The Golden Age of Animation, 2021).

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Figure 2. Three Technicolor Film Strips (1932)

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Three Strip Technicolor Animation (1932)

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Three Strip Technicolor Animation (1932)

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Full colour was produced when Technicolour added the key third strip of blue film. The rest of the filming and processing process was the same, except the third strip of film that was dyed using yellow (Vox, 2017). In 1932 Walt Disney's Silly Symphony segment premiered Flowers and Trees using three strip technicolour to produce a beautiful variety of colour to critical and commercial success, winning an Academy award for best animated short which was a big step in the animation industry (Western Animation/Flowers and Trees, 2021). Full colour was finally perfected in 1935.

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Figure 3. Frame from Three Little Pigs (Disney, 1933)

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Rubber Hose into Naturalist Animation (1933)

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Rubber Hose into Naturalist Animation (1933)

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Walt Disney started to make the transition from the rubber hose animation style into a more realistic and naturalistic style. An early example of this stylistic change was the Three Little Pigs Silly Symphony short film. Despite the short film achieving great critical reception and commercial success, the new process proved a lot more time consuming for the same level of financial return. This led to Walt Disney's idea of beginning production Disney's first full length animated film (Technicolor Realism: The Decline of Rubber Hose and Emergence of the Golden Age, 2013).

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Figure 4. Jimmy Macdonald Creating Sound Effect (Disney Studio, 1935)

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In 1930 Warner Brothers hired composer Carl Stalling and sound editor Tregoweth Brown to work on the Looney Tunes. Carl Stalling pioneered specific sound effects using musical instruments like the plucking a violin for tip toeing, or a trumpet for an elephant trunk that are still synonymous with animated character movements today. Tregoweth Brown was the first to use non musical instrument sounds for sound effects, such as car skids for stopping characters or plane taking off for a character moving quickly. Disney hired Jimmy MacDonald in 1935 to create custom, and more realistic sound effects using unconventional objects and methods which he achieved to great effect (Finan, 2015).

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Figure 5. Walt Disney Storyboarding Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (Disney Studio, 1934)

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Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1934 - 1937)

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Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1934 - 1937)

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The production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began production in 1934 and premiered in 1937. Walt Disney made the decision to make the first full length animated feature with colour and sound and fought hard for the film to be made. Walt Disney's business partner and wife tried to talk him out of the endeavour.  During production Walt Disney ran out of money and had to mortgage his house and get a loan from the bank in order to complete the film. The financial cost of making the movie was so large that the Hollywood industry began to refer to the production as "Disney's Folly" (Lambie, 2019). The final cost of production reached around 1.5 million dollars. Despite numerous obstacles Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs went on to be one of the highest grossing films of all time, establishing full length animated films as a viable medium changing the animation industry forever (Das, 2009).

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Figure 6. Disney's Multiplane Camera (Walt Disney Studios, 1937)

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Invention of the Multiplane Camera (1937)

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Invention of the Multiplane Camera (1937)

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The multiplane camera was an invention by William Garity in 1937 for Walt Disney Studios. It was a camera specially designed to film through multiple layers of artwork to enrich Disney's animation. Each layer of artwork could be placed at varying distances from the camera to create depth, as the camera could focus on certain layers at a time, replicating real cinematic camera effects. The closer layers could move at faster speeds than the layers further from the camera causing an effect known as parallax. Adding to the illusion of depth (Hellerman, 2020). Disney's multiplane camera was first tested on the animated short The Old Mill to great success before being used on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

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https://sites.google.com/student.sae.edu.au/jacksons-learning-journal/anm110/project-4#h.gbgg3ay6y6i4

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Figure 1. Frame from Fantasia (Disney, 1941)

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Fantasia released and flopped due to the war. Film was one of the first to include an early version of surround sound to mimic a live orchestra. This meant every cinema that screened it had to have specialised equipment installed before screening. The cost of this was what nearly drove Disney into bankruptcy (Miller, 2020).

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Figure 2 Still from "The Czech Year" (Jiří Trnka, 1947)

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Jiří Trnka releases "The Czech Year"

his first stop motion animation using puppets. Called 'The Walt Disney of Eastern Europe' he made headway with technology and possibilities of stop motion, one of the key players in bringing the style to main stream audiences (Dubská, 2012)

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Figure 1. Frame from the Flintstones (Hanna-Barbera Productions, 1960)

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An important change for Animation was the availability of the television. In 1964 an estimated 90 percent of homes in the United States had a television, compared with 0.5 percent following World War 2. This turned television into the number one form of entertainment, surpassing reading, listening to radio and caused a noticeable drop in cinema attendance (Michael, 2012). Enter The Flintstones, an US animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and was broadcast on ABC from September 30th, 1960 to April 1st, 1966, being the first animated series to hold a prime-time slot on television (Woolery, 1983).

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Figure 2. Cover for 101 Dalmatians (Disney, 1961)

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One Hundred and One Dalmatians is an American animated, comedy, adventure film produced by Walt Disney and released on January 26th, 1961. The film was based off the children's novel of the same name by Dodie Smith which was released in 1956. Production costs were kept to a minimum with the help of xerography, which eliminated the inking process by photocopying drawings onto animation cels. This did however produce a relatively sketchy look to the film, which was not appreciated by Walt Disney himself. However this did not seem to bother the audience nor the critics as the film became a major success and a sorely needed one for Disney, coming of off the financial failure that was Sleeping Beauty (Disney Wiki, 2021). Xerography would continued to be used by Disney in their future animations from this point.

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Figure 3. Frame from Astro Boy (Osamu, 1963)

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Mighty Atom or better known as Astro Boy by its western audience is a Japanese animated television series, created by Osamu Tezuka. It became the first popular animated series in Japanese television and employed an aesthetic that eventually became known as world renowned "anime" (Lambert, 2006). Osamu Tezukas work tightened the relationship between the manga and anime industries, which created a closer collaboration than seen in the west. Today this is seen in the difference between the US and Japanese animated adaptations of comics. With the west have a greater emphasis on simplicity to create the more fluid motion of animation. Whereas the Japanese style placed a greater emphasis on the integrity of their drawings at the expense of more fluid animation (Michael, 2012).

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Figure 4. Frame from Kimba the White Lion (Mushi Production, 1965)

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Kimba the White Lion is a Japanese animated television series released in 1965 and produced by Mushi Production. The series was based on the manga of the same name created by Osamu Tezuka and was the first, fully coloured Japanese anime to be broadcast on television (Erickson, 2005). The plot centers around the lion, Kimba who has lost his parents to human hunters, he manages to escape the hunters and finds his way back home to the jungle. Through his journey home, Kimba becomes the leader of the animals just like his father and aims to bring peace between the animals and humans (Jungle Emperor Leo, 2020).

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Figure 5. Frame from The Jungle Book (Disney, 1967)

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The Jungle Book was a United States animated musical comedy film that released in 1967 and was created by Walt Disney Productions. It is based on the book of the same name by Rudyard Kipling  which was released in 1894 and was the last film personally overseen by Walt Disney before his death in 1966. After the disappointing reaction to The Sword in the Stone, Disney decided to have a more active role in production. This was described by Roy E. Disney, his nephew, "he certainly influenced everything about it. With Jungle Book, he obviously got hooked on the jungle and the characters that lived there" (The Legacy of the Jungle Book, 2003). The film released to a positive reception by the audience and critics alike, becoming the second highest grossing film for Disney domestically and was highly successful with it's re-releases (All Time Box Office Champs, 1971).

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Figure 6. Frame from Bambi meets Godzilla (Marv, 1969)

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Bambi Meets Godzilla is a short student film created by Marv Newland in 1969.  The film is less than two minutes long and features an encounter between the two most unlikely foes in cinema or animation history, Bambi and Godzilla. The film was even listed as number thirty-eight in the book The 50 Greatest Cartoons (Jerry Beck, 1994) where by 1,000  animation professionals selected their top 50 cartoons. Marv was certainly ahead of his time with the nature of this comedy short, the roles for the film were shown to be comprised entirely by himself as they passed Bambi gracefully munching away at the scenery (Jardin, 2013). This animation has inspired many other animators to recreate his work and make their own adaptations.

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Horton hears a who was a 1970's adaptation of the doctor Seuss novel the run time was 26 minutes which was short in comparison of usual runtimes of animated films in the 1970's
Horton Hears A Who was a traditional hand drawn animation and with it being traditional hand drawn animation it followed the typical western production pipeline which is as follows
Script
Designs
Colour Styling
Audio Recording, Dialogue and Nat Pause
Storyboard
Animatic Reel
Background Layout and Posing
Background Painting
Animation
Line-test
Scan
Inking and Painting
Compositing
Export - Render
Post-production

Trivia:
In addition to being director/animator, Chuck Jones was also at the microphone supplying the voices of various characters.

Sourced Cited:
Traditional Animation Workflow. (n.d.). ToonBoom. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://learn.toonboom.com/modules/animation-workflow/topic/traditional-animation-workflow

Kenneth Chisholm . (1970, March 19). Horton Hears a Who! (TV Short 1970). IMDb. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0198545/?ref_=vp_vi_tt

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VHS 1972 Vintage Movie titled Snoopy Come Home with Charlie Brown

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Snoopy Come Home is a movie from 1972 the runtime for this feature film is 1hr 28 minutes which is the usual 1970's runtime this movie follows the usual hand drawn traditional animation production pipeline in pop culture charlie brown and snoopy are pretty much on the same icon status as looney tunes with multiple other animated shows referencing , or making a parody of certain segments from the charlie brown and snoopy films and tv shoes and comic strips notable shows to have referenced or parodied snoopy and charlie brown include family guy, and the simpsons

Trivia:
The first "Peanuts" production without a musical score by Vince Guaraldi, who composed for all previous specials and the first and previous movie, A Boy Named Charlie Brown (1969). This was deliberate, as it was an experiment by Charles M. Schulz, who specifically wanted a more commercial, Disney-like feel for this film.

sourced cited:
Tognacci Sebastiano . (1972, August 9). Snoopy Come Home (1972). IMDb. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069289/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0

Snoopy. (n.d.). Wikisimpsons. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://simpsonswiki.com/wiki/Snoopy

Snoopy references in Family Guy. (n.d.). Family Guy Wiki. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://familyguy.fandom.com/wiki/Snoopy

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the year without a santa clause was a direct to tv movie made in 1974
the animation process used in this film is stop motion clay animation which uses clay instead of the traditional form of hand drawn animation. the run time of this feature film was 51 minutes which was roughly the standard runtime for 1970's animation films because this film is stop motion clay animation the production pipeline has a few different steps that traditional hand drawn animation doesn't such as the material testing stage, the maquetting stage and the, puppet fabrication stage.

Sources Cited:
Stop motion production pipeline. (n.d.). Elisetownsendanimation.Weebly.Com. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://elisetownsendanimation.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/1/2/14123279/animation_pipeline.pdf

Li, K. (1974, December 10). The Year Without a Santa Claus (TV Movie 1974). IMDb. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072424/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0

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The Year Without a Santa Claus (DVD) - Walmart_com

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The hobbit from 1977 ran for an hour and a half which was the average running times for the 1970's unlike its sequel which came out 1 year later that ran for 2 hours and 15 minutes. Unlike The Lord Of The Rings this film the hobbit wasn't rotoscoped instead using more traditional animation techniques little did J.R.R Tolkien and the animators know how much cultural impact that the hobbit and lord of the rings would have on the pop culture scene as both the hobbit and lord of the rings is still heavily prominent in the pop culture scene to this day

Trivia:
The Hobbit was animated by Topcraft, a precursor to Studio Ghibli

Sources cited:
The Hobbit 1977) - Film Review. (n.d.). WeekendNotes. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.weekendnotes.com/the-hobbit-film-review/

Gilkeson, A. (2018, September 14). 1977’s The Hobbit Showed Us the Future of Pop Culture. Tor.Com. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.tor.com/2018/09/17/1977s-the-hobbit-showed-us-the-future-of-pop-culture/

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The Lord of The Rings animation is actually a rarity for the time it was produced and released. In the 1970's, movies usually only ran for an hour but The Lord of the Rings animation ran for a record breaking (in the 70's) 2 hours and 15 minutes

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The Lord of The Rings animation is actually a rarity for the time it was produced and released. In the 1970's, movies usually only ran for an hour but The Lord of the Rings animation ran for a record breaking (in the 70's) 2 hours and 15 minutes
Technical production: The Lord Of The Rings is the first feature film to utilize the animation technique of rotoscoping First they filmed live actors in black and white and then they used a projector and an easel mount so that animators could use the live action film as a traceable reference, rotoscoping provides a more natural looking animation by using real life movement

Trivia:
Tim Burton worked as an animator on this movie. He was not credited, but worked as an "in-between" artist. It was his first job on a movie.

Filmed with live actors in black-and-white and rotoscoped, each animation cel drawn over a film frame of an actor. This was the first entirely rotoscoped animated feature film.

At two hours and twelve minutes, this is the longest feature-length animated film made up to that time. Only Disney's Fantasia (1940) (in its uncut, original roadshow release) was nearly as long.

Sourced Cited:
The Lord of the Rings (1978). (n.d.). IMDb. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077869/trivia/?ref_=tt_trv_trv

Shields, M. (2021, March 17). A Beginner’s Guide to Rotoscoping. Film School Rejects. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://filmschoolrejects.com/how-rotoscoping-works/

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the bugs bunny road runner movie was a bunch of short cartoon features with bugs bunny reflecting on past exploits with other notable looney tunes characters the run time of this movie is 1hr and 38 minutes which was roughly the normal runtime of most 1970's animations. this movie follows the usual hand drawn tradition animation. Looney tunes had really stood the test of time and managed to embed themselves in pop culture before it was prominent looney tunes has become such a pop culture icon that many scenes have even been referenced, or parodied

Trivia:
The scene in which Bugs discusses his "several fathers" was written by Chuck Jones as a way to debunk fellow animation director Robert Clampett's claims throughout the 1970s that he alone created Bugs. Clampett's name is notably missing from Bugs's list. Also missing is Ben Hardaway, who created the earliest prototype of Bugs and was in fact the originator of the name "Bugs Bunny" (Bugs being Hardaway's own nickname), though in this case Jones later confirmed that the omission had simply been an oversight, and that he would have had no qualms about including Hardaway in the gallery.

Sources Cited:
Gibson, J. (1979b, September 28). The Bugs Bunny/Road-Runner Movie (1979). IMDb. Retrieved December 26, 2021, from https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078915/?ref_=tttr_tr_tt

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The Bugs Bunny Road Runner Movie (1979)_

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Figure 1, The Bugs Bunny Movie cover (IMDB 1981)

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Looney, Looney, Looney Bugs Bunny Movie - 1981

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Looney, Looney, Looney Bugs Bunny Movie - 1981

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The Looney, Looney, Looney Bugs Bunny Movie was an American film that held a compilation of "cartoon shorts and animated bridging sequences produced by Friz Freleng, hosted by Bugs Bunny" (The Looney, Looney, Looney Bugs Bunny Movie Wikipedia, 2021) and was the third Looney Tunes Feature film, following Bugs Bunny: Superstar and The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie. The style and aesthetics used in the film are very simplistic in terms of overall complexity, and has some similar attributes to the Disney style, such as exaggerated features (like the eyes and longer limbs) but is also uniquely it's own. Friz Freleng, who produced the film, has worked on many other great films, such as The Pink Panther (1964), and The Cat in the Hat (1971), but his work mostly revolved around Looney Tunes and Pink Panther shorts. The movie was entirely 2D animated, using hand drawn frames

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Figure 2, The Fox and the Hound Movie Cover (IMDB, 1981)

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The Fox and The Hound is an animated film produced by Walt Disney Studios in 1981, and one of the more prominent films to have come out in Disney's Bronze Age. Directed by Ted Berman, Richard Rich, and Art Stevens, the style is very classical Disney, with the exaggerated eyes and emotive features, which can also be referred to as "a ‘storybook realism’ art style: a naturalistic and realistic style inspired by the aesthetic of classic European storybook illustration" (Kiran, 2021). Many people worked on this film, such as Art Stevens, Wolfgang Reitherman, and Ron Miller as the producers, but it also had John Lasseter work on it as one of the animators. John Lasseter has also worked on many successful projects, such as Toy Story (1999), A Bug's Life (1998), Cars (2006), and The Incredibles.

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Figure 3, Flight of Dragons Movie Cover (Wikipedia 1992)

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The flight of Dragons is a film made in 1982 that "loosely (combines) the speculative natural history book of the same name (1979) by Peter Dickinson with the novel The Dragon and the George (1979) by Gorgon R. Dickson" (The Flight of Dragons Wikipedia, 2021). It's a fantasy based film that asks the question of if magic and science can co-exist, while also having the classic good verse evil trope. Unlike the Disney and Warner Bro. styles, it attempts to have a more "realistic" style, with smaller eyes and less exaggerated features, except for the dragons. The Flight of Dragons had Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass as the Producers, who also worked on films such as The Hobbit (1977), and The Return of the King (1980), which were key influences on the fantasy genre and payed a part in early fantasy animation. The Animation Coordinator was Toru Hara, who had worked along side famous animator Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata, and had worked on other films such as My Neighbor Totoro, Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind, Grave of the Fireflies, and The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun.

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Figure 4, Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind Movie Cover (Wikipedia 1984)

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Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind - 1984

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Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind - 1984

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Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind is a "1984 Japanese anime film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki, based on his 1982 manga" (Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind Wikipedia) that depicts a post-apocalyptic world where most of civilisation is destroyed from a war a thousand years ago, and poisonous forest swarming with giant insects called the Toxic Jungle. Based off the manga by the same name, the style of the movie has a very early eastern animation style, kind of similar to the Disney style in terms of the eyes being bigger and exaggerated, but more realistic in terms of the limb proportions. The films producer, Isao Takahata, has also worked on other major projects, such as Castle in the Sky (1986) and Grave of the Fireflies (1988). Another notable figure that worked on this project is Hayao Miyazaki, who has worked on and created other works such as My Neighbor Totoro (1988), Spirited Away (2001), and Howl's Moving Castle (2004).

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Figure 5, Dragon Ball Series cover (Trakt, 1986)

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Dragon Ball is a Japanese anime series that was "originally inspired by the classical 16th-Century Chinese novel Journey to the West, combined with elements of Hong Kong Martial Arts films." (Dragon Ball Wikipedia, 2007) Based off the manga by the same name, Dragon Ball soon became a smash hit and has since become a multimedia franchise that fans still engage with. The style is similar to how Nausicaa is, mostly with the eyes, however for Dragon Ball they've made the limbs a bit more exaggerated, for example Goku's arms are thicker, similar to how a bigger childs arms would be, while Bulma's are really thin. While the creator of Dragon Ball, Akira Toriyama, has worked on other projects such as Dr. Slump and Go! Go! Ackman, the Dragon Ball franchise will forever be his most well-known work.

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Figure 6, Who Framed Roger Rabbit Movie Cover (Scrooge McDuck Wiki 1989)

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Who Framed Roger Rabbit was a film that pushed the boundaries of what was possible between animated and live action film. Produced in 1989, it was "loosely adapted by Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman from Gary K. Wolf's 1981 novel Who Censored Roger Rabbit?" (Who Framed Roger Rabbit Wikipedia, 2021). The style of the animation in the film is classical Warner Bro. with iconic characters such as Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Betty Boop, and Yosemite Sam featuring the exaggerated eyes and anthropomorphic limbs. One of the animators who worked on Who Framed Roger Rabbit was James Baxter, a key figure in the history of animation, having worked on films such as The Lion King, Beauty and the Beast, Spirit: Stallion in the Wind, and The Road to El Dorado.

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Directed by James Cameron - Use of CGI in Mainstream Films

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Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)

Directed by James Cameron and stars Arnold Schwarzenegger.

T2 was the most expensive film ever at the time and remains the highest-grossing movie of Arnold Schwarzenegger’s career (Imdb.com. 2021). It's also one of a handful of films that changed the world of visual effects forever. One of the greatest technological advancements of this film was their use of CGI, specifically with the T-1000, the Liquid Metal Terminator (Oseman, 2021).
The CGI Team pioneered with their incredible techniques to have the T-1000 appear malleable and dense while having the scene reflect off its chrome-like liquid in real-time. Having the T-1000 shapeshift and walk through bars like they're nothing created a truly terrifying machine to fight against.

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Produced by Disney and directed by Gary Trousdale

1991 still were the early days for relying on digital techniques to help animate films. But Beauty and The Beast's Ballroom dance sequence demonstrated how to efficiently combine both technologies together.

The Ballroom itself was a CG-created scene, which allowed the animators to rig a digital camera to path out the 360 sweeping shot. This cleared the way to allow the animators to focus entirely on the characters alone, leading the charge was the then, 24-year-old, James Baxtor as lead animator and supervisor (Disney, 2006).

James was in charge of designing both Belle and the Beast for this sequence as these two had to be connected during the entire shot. He studied dancers and waltzing lessons for this sequence. The zooming and panning of the camera meant that the characters would also need to be animated to scale in respect to the distance of the camera too, providing an additional layer to the challenge. James Baxtor would go on to lead supervise many more Disney animated films (Ahi, M. and Karaoghlanian, A., 2012).

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Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)

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Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)

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Written by Tim Burton and directed by Henry Selick.

The Nightmare Before Christmas is a stop-motion film made in 1993 and unlike most Hollywood films, the production had to start without a script at all. It the beginning, the team focussed on making their character designs, miniature sets, puppet rigs, and costumes.
The film took a lot of inspiration from The Night Before Christmas and How the Grinch Stole Christmas, with this film being a mash-up of both in a way. The idea was pitched to Disney in the early 1980s as a T.V. show, but due to its Stop-Motion style, Disney didn't feel that it suited their slate. Because of this, Burton left Disney to pursue feature-length projects and began making many other successful films before Nightmare, eventually getting his chance to make his dream project in 1993.

The film was praised by many for its very unique style of puppetry and stop-motion, despite some characters like Sally or Oggie Boogie being extremely difficult to animate due to their proportions and (in Oggie's case) the rig's weight. It's an aesthetic style of animation that doesn't get seen often, and if it were made with today's technology, it most likely would be all CGI.

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Toy Story is Pixar's first feature film which was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. This was the first full-featured length theatrical film to be made entirely with computer-generated imagery.

The film originally started its life as a short film, Tin Toy, and as the writers worked through their ideas, Tinny soon evolved into a space toy first-named Luner Larry. This character would eventually evolve into the more familiar Buzz Lightyear in honor of the American Naval aviator, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. The first rendition of Toy  Story was received poorly by Disney Executives, saying that Woody's character, in particular, was seen as "a real jerk" and very unlikable.
The story was rewritten to make Woody far more likable and noble, but still maintained his ego just a bit, and Buzz was altered to be the more "deluded space ranger", allowing more comedic opportunities.

Toy Story was incredibly successful, receiving praise from almost everyone and even being ranked "Greatest Animated Movie of All Time" in 2003 by the Online Film Critics Society.

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One of the first real-time 3D Platformers

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After wrapping up their rather unsuccessful game, Way of the Warrior, Jason Ruben and Andy Gavin (Co-founders of Naughtdog) set out to create a new IP for the newly made Playstation (One). At the time, many popular games were a lot of platform/action games; Super Mario, Donkey Kong, Sonic the Hedgehog just to name a few. However, this was during an era where few games were attempting to make the jump to 3D, and no one had ever made a 3D platformer before this time.
The idea already had its own problems before development even started, such as the camera would always be behind the character, but the character expressions were on their face. (This led to the idea of the "Bolder Chase" Levels, where Crash would run towards the screen, and more side-scrolling levels.)

During development, Naughty Dog had a philosophy of maximizing the use of the hardware, which lead to decisions like not using textures on Crash himself, and even hacking into the Playstation hardware the "steal" as much memory as possible.
One incredible technique was the levels were specifically designed to show very little at any given time, doing this allowed the devs to load sections of a level and maximize the amount of memory the console had, making for some of the most graphically intensive levels the Playstation had ever seen.

After many months of dedication, shortcuts, and impressive technical strategies, Crash Bandicoot quickly became one of the most successful 3D platformers for its time.

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Space Jam first seemed like an insane idea, but it somehow worked. The idea came around when the filmmakers were finally convinced to use Bugs Bunny in a Super Bowl commercial, which gain a lot of success, greenlighting the script which would become Space Jam. Still, the film struggled to find its feet in production as many ideas were cut and the filmmakers struggled to even find actors willing to work with the idea. The team did their best to make the production as easy as possible for their actors, and Michael J. Fox worked extremely well with them.

The process of making film scenes with both animated characters and live actors was a complex, but possible process. Michael would play basketball against other actors in green suits (To be later keyed out) and animaters were also on set to assist with the performance and put forth their ideas of how they would approach the shots.

Despite the very rough and difficult production, Space Jam Proved to be a smash hit at the box office. It became a merchandising juggernaut for everyone involved and even helped relaunch Looney Tunes relevance. Space Jam is an incredibly unique film that very few filmmakers have attempted to replicate.

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Figure 1 Cover from Spirited Away, Hayao Miyazaki 2001

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The animated movie Spirited Away, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, is an animated film masterpiece. The movie was hand-drawn, not computer-generated, this is what set this movie apart from other films of a similar genre. The storyline is about a young girl called  Chihiro and her parents who stumble upon what seemed like an abandoned amusement park. After eating food from the amusement park, her parents transform into giant pigs. Chihiro meets the mysterious Haku, who explains that the park is a resort for supernatural beings who need a break from their time spent in the earthly realm, so Chihiro must work there to earn her parents freedom from their curse.

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Figure 2 Cover from Ice Age, Chris Wedge 2002

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The movie Ice Age directed by Chris Wedge, was possibly my favourite movie until I was 5. The film is excellent for kids. Who doesn't love a movie with talking mammoths and a not very bright sloth called Sid?  The environments and characters were modelled using Maya's animation software. Rendering was completed using CGI studio, an in house ray-tracing program developed by Blue Sky since 1987, this was previously used for Wedges 1998 short film 'Bunny'. This movie is full of humour and adventure and is a must-watch for those who haven't seen it yet.

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Figure 3 Scene from Shrek 1, Vicky Jenson 2003

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The movie Shrek is a timeless masterpiece of 2000's animation. Directed by Vicky Jenson, the film has been a favourite of many peoples. The movie, which incorporates humour, adventure, action and a donkey, is one which you can rewatch many times and still enjoy immensely. For those who haven't watched it, the storyline is about an ogre whose swamp has been overrun by fairy tale creators. So to get them to leave, he has to save a princess (princess Fiona) for a Lord who wants to be a king and, to do so, must marry a princess.

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Another movie from Hayao Miyazaki, the plot for this movie is loosely based on a novel with the same name, written in 1986—written by author Diana Wynne Jones. Hayao Miyazaki was born on the 5th of January 1941 he is dubbed as one of the greatest animators, all of his films have very interesting and fun plot lines,  The film is about a young lady called Sophie who meets a Howl magician. Upon returning home, she stumbles across the Witch of the Waste, who turns her into a 90-year-old lady. On a mission to break her curse, she ventures out and finds herself at Howls Moving Castle, where she hired herself as a cleaning lady and set of on an adventure to break her curse.

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Figure 5 Scene from Wall-E, Pixar studios, 2008

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Wall-E's excellent movie is about a carbage compacting robot left behind on earth to clean up after humans. Produced by Pixar this is their 9th cg animated film. The movie is Sad, funny and all-around beautiful. Directed by Andrew Stanton, the movie is one of many peoples favourites. The movie is told through visuals as the main characters do not say many words. Even so, the audience can determine everything that is happening. Underneath the cute facade, the movie has an underlying meaning about keeping the environment healthy and fresh. Wall-E is also a must for anyone who hasn't seen it or even those who have seen it.

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Up is a 2009 animated film by Disney Pixar, Pete Doter and Co-direct the movie- directed by Bob Peterson. The movie is sad, funny and has a massive adventure. Original titled 'Heliums', the movie debuted at the 62nd Cannes film festival; afterwards, it was released into the USA on May 13 2009. It became the 6th highest-grossing film of 2009, producing 735 million dollars worldwide. The film centres on elderly widower Carl and scout boy Russell, who journey to South America to fulfil Carl's promise to his late wife, Ellie. Along the way, they meet a talking dog called Dug and a giant bird named Kevin.

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Figure 1. Corridor Logo (Corridor, 2010)

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Starting in 2010 Corridor is a youtube channel that started by making parody pop culture-inspired videos.  They would eventually go on to produce two web series for Youtube as well as television commercials for various companies including Google and mobile game company, Machine Zone (Corridor Digital, 2021).  Today they manage a second channel called Corridor Crew that showcases behind the scenes of their projects and has a weekly series called VFX Artists React.  This series hosts prominent industry professionals to break down VFX, animation, and even stunts, and explain the tricks of the trade in easy to understand terms.  Notable guests include Matt Aitken from Weta Digital, Alexander Snow from Dreamworks, and Gui DaSilva-Greene Black Panther’s Stuntman (Corridor Crew, 2011).

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Starting as a traditional sculptor Rafael Grassetti is an LA-based digital sculptor currently working as the Art Director for Sony’s Santa Monica God Of War franchise.  Grassetti has worked with many big game companies over the last decade working as anything from a Concept Artist to Art Director.  Notable franchises he has worked on include the Assasins Creed, Mass Effect, and God of War.  More recently Grassetti has also seen some major success in the NFT space and was one of the top-selling artists in Christie's "Proof of Sovereignty" Auction (Grassetti, 2021).

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Figure 3. The Lego Movie DVD cover (The Lego Group, 2014)

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Academy Color Encoding System (ACES) (2014)

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Academy Color Encoding System (ACES) (2014)

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Supporting high dynamic range (HDR) and wide colour gamut (WCG), ACES is a colour image encoding system developed under the guidance of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences by hundreds of industry professionals.  ACES was a turning point for animation, allowing for HDR renders which drastically increased artists' abilities to achieve photorealism (Academy Color Encoding System, 2021).  The first major animated movie to use this system was "The Lego Movie" (2014) (Corridor Crew, 2019).  A movie that I personally thought was made using stop motion and Lego right up until the end of the movie.

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Figure 4. Spiderman: Into The Spider-Verse movie poster (Sony Pictures, 2018)

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Spiderman: Into The Spiderverse was released with a wildly unique and interesting aesthetic. Intending to make the movie look like a moving comic book the animators had to overcome many obstacles in the 3d space. As comics don't have a third dimension, and so no depth of field, the animators chose to not use shifting focus.  Instead, they used a combination of "Ben-Day dots", and replicated "misregistration" often seen in comics, to shift the viewer's attention to the main focus of the scene (Wired, 2019).

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Figure 5. Cover of 1917 (Amblin Partners, 2019)

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Differing from the very stylised style of “Spider-Verse” World War 1 movie “1917” (2019) gained fame for appearing to be filmed in one single long 2-hour take.  What most people don’t realise is that there were some hidden camera cuts that used CGI to mask the cut.  Standard practice is to have something, or someone, cross the frame close to the camera and hide the cut that way.  “1917” opted for some cuts to be hidden right under our noses, using entirely, unbelievably realistic, CGI characters to morph between 2 shots.  The movie went on to rightfully win the Oscar for best visual effects in 2020 (Corridor Crew, 2020).

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Figure 6.  Cover of The Mandalorian (Disney, 2019)

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When released The Mandalorian was an instant hit. Using groundbreaking technology The Mandalorian was filmed on what is known as a "virtual production stage".  Instead of using green screens, as is the way most films are made, The Mandalorian used a stage surrounded by a 6m x 270° LED screen with a 22m diameter. Backgrounds could be displayed on the screen with the actor in front of the stage allowing complex VFX shots to be captured in-camera. Additionally, the environment displayed on the screens could be edited as needed in real-time and gave the actors perfect reflection and highlights on their costumes (Seymour, 2020).

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Figure 1. Frame from Steamboat Willie(Disney, 1928)

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The first film released with synchronized sound starring Mickey Mouse. This landmark in animation history quickly made silent animated films obsolete.

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The Lord of The Rings animation is actually a rarity for the time it was produced and released. In the 1970's, movies usually only ran for an hour but The Lord of the Rings animation ran for a record breaking (in the 70's) 2 hours and 15 minutes