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When we are talking about Ultrasounds in this padlet, we mean specifically Medical Ultrasounds, not the whole broad concept of Ultrasounds.

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The first prototype of an Ultrasound was developed by obstetrician Ian Donald and engineer Tom Brown. They perfected their technique and medical Ultrasounds were first used in 1956 in Glascow.

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There are three different types of ultrasound, one of which is chosen according to which body part is examined.

Internal ultrasound

This is used for taking a closer and more careful look at your internal organs such as ovaries and the womb.

External ultrasound

This is used for examining the heart or an unborn baby in the womb. This is done by holding a small device called transducer over the area being examined.

Endoscopic ultrasound

This is when an endoscope (a long, thin tube) is inserted into your body, usually through the mouth. This may be uncomfortable, but is still safe.

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Before you go to any type of ultrasound scan, you will be asked to follow these instructions:

- Do not use the bathroom, and drink lots of water to fill up your bladder

- Do not eat for the couple of hours before the scan, this is to lower the amount of air and gas in your stomach

- Depending on the area being examined, you might also be asked to remove some pieces of clothing and wear a hospital gown.

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Here is an Ultrasound scan of a baby in the womb.

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Ultrasound is a term that is also used in physics, and means high frequency soundwaves. This is what Medical Ultrasounds are based on, so with out the knowledge and study of this, Medical Ultrasounds would not exist. Another important part of Medical Ultrasounds is echo, which is also a central concept in physics of sound. The understanding of echo is also very important in interpreting the results of the scan.

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As ultrasounds scans use sound waves instead of radiation, they are a completely safe and painless way of examining the body. So much so, that even people in vulnerable states like pregnant women can use them.

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Ultrasound scans are often done in the X-ray department of hospitals. They don't take that long, usually only 15 - 45 minutes and are performed either by a doctor or a sonographer.

During the scan, ultrasounds are being shone in your body. They will travel freely in fluids and tissues, but when they hit something more solid/dense, they will echo back. This is how for example gallbladders can be detected. The ultrasounds will travel freely in the bile, but if they hit a gallbladder, they will bounce back and the sonographer/doctor will see it.

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What does taking an Ultrasound look like?

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What does taking an Ultrasound look like?

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Here is a drawing of an Ultrasound scan of the womb

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How have Ultrasounds helped medical care?

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How have Ultrasounds helped medical care?

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Ultrasound scans have been done for over 50 years now, and despite the advancing medicine, ultrasound has remained one of the most effective procedures of examining the body. The method is quite quick, painless, safe and very effective, so indeed it has helped medical care a lot. Many mothers agree that they couldn't go through pregnancy anymore with out Medical Ultrasounds.

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http://www.patient.co.uk/health/ultrasound-scan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrasound

http://www.nibib.nih.gov/science-educat

http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/ultrasound-scan/Pages/Introduction.aspx

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Ultrasound-scan/Pages/What-is-it-used-for.aspx'

https://www.sdms.org/public/soundmedicine.asp

http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/MedicalImaging/ucm115357.htm

http://www.livescience.com/32071-history-of-fetal-ultrasound.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ultrasonography

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Ultrasounds are commonly used for looking at babies in the womb, but other uses include:

- detecting heart problems

- examining other organs like the liver, kidneys and abdomen

- helping to guide a surgeon during an operation, to ensure (s)he is working in the right area.

Ultrasounds are also useful when diagnosing problems with your skin, eyes and joints

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Here is an MRI scan of the brain

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After the invention of MRIs, which happened quite recently, there has been a modern, painless, safe and effective way to study internal organs and tissues. The results of an MRI come usually very quickly: in a few days, so if the patient needs any treatments they can be started quite quickly, which is another positive side of MRIs.

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Ultrasound, sometimes also called sonogram, is a procedure that uses sound waves of high frequency to create an image of the organs and structures inside of your body, such as the heart.

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Physics plays a big role in MRIs. The MRI scans use strong magnetic fields and radio waves, so without the knowledge of these, MRIs wouldn't exist. Also the knowledge of molecules and protons helps / is used in MRIs. The protons' alignment alters when radio waves pass by and this alternation is different in different tissues. This difference is measured and that is how for example cancer tumors can be detected.

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http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/MRI-scan/Pages/Introduction.aspx

http://www.newscenter.philips.com/asset.aspx?alt=&p=http://www.newscenter.philips.com/pwc_nc/main/standard/resources/healthcare/2012/joint-elekta-philips/Philips-Ingenia-MRI-Scanner.jpg

http://www.biomedresearches.com/root/pages/researches/epilepsy/mri.html

http://www.computescotland.com/mri-scan-alternative-to-a-post-mortem-13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Vahan_Damadian#First_human_MRI_body_scan

http://www.hus.fi/sairaanhoito/kuvantaminen-ja-fysiologia/tietoa-tutkimuksista/Magneettikuvaus/Sivut/default.aspx

http://bfresp.sfn.org/~/media/Brainfacts/Article%20Multimedia/About%20Neuroscience/Technologies/MRI_blackandwhite.ashx

http://www.medicinenet.com/mri_scan/page3.htm

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Raymond Vahan Damadian was the inventor of the Magnetic resonance scanning technique in 1969, when he was experimenting with nuclear magnetic resonance.

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MRI scan is a completely painless and safe procedure. Apart from possible discomfort resulted from e.g. claustrophobia, no health risks are included. MRI scans do not involve exposing yourself to X-ray radiation, so it can be used for pregnant women and babies too.

However, not everyone can have an MRI scan, for example people with certain types of implants, such as a pacemaker (device used to control and regulate irregular heartbeat.) This is because the MRI scanner contains powerful magnets that attract metal. Because of this you should also remove anything metallic that you might be wearing before examination.

Many tests have been made to find out if the magnetic fields and radio waves produced during MRI scans have any health risks, but no evidence of such has been found, which makes MRIs one of the safest medical procedures currently available.

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22.4

Loviisa - Planning our padlet and searching for information.

Venla - Planning our padlet, searching for information and typing it in.

We were working on the iPads. In the beginning of the lesson none of them worked, so we planned our padlet and searched for information on our phones. After about 30min we got one iPad working, so one of us (Venla) could work on the padlet and the other one (Loviisa) kept searching for information on her phone.

At home

Loviisa - Continuing padlet and searching for information.

Venla - Continuing padlet and searching for information.

29.4.

Loviisa - Continuing padlet and searching for information.

Venla - Continuing padlet and searching for information.

Padlet working perfectly. We got a lot of work done during this lesson, only a few parts of MRIs missing at this point.

At home

Loviisa - Finishing MRIs.

Venla - Finishing MRIs.

6.5

Loviisa - Working on Ultrasounds and finalizing padlet. Searching for information.

Venla - Working on Ultrasounds and finalizing padlet. Searching for information.

Padlet working perfectly. This lesson we got loads of work done and the whole padlet is very close to being finished.

At home

Loviisa - Finalizing padlet.

Venla - Finalizing padlet

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The procedure lasts somewhere around 15-90 minutes, depending on the size of the area which is being examined, and the amount of images being taken. During this you lie on your back on a flat bed, as still as you can, in order to get the most accurate results. You might be pushed to the scanner either head or feet first, depending on the body part that is being examined.

During the scan, radio waves are shone to your body. This makes the alignment of the protons in your body alter. The alternation is different in different tissues and is measured. That is how for example cancer tumors can be detected.

The MRI scanners are controlled by a trained radiographer. The operating is done on a computer that is in a separate room to keep it away from the magnetic field generated by the scanner.

During the scan, you can communicate with the radiographer through an intercom, and they will see you through out the procedure on a television monitor. You will also be given earplugs or headphones, to put on during the procedure to protect you from the loud tapping noises you might hear, which come from the electric current being turned on and off in the machine.

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They are large tube-like machines with powerful magnets, in which you usually lay down during the process.

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Nearly all body parts can be examined by MRI scanners. For example:

- the brain and spinal cord

- bones and joints

- breasts

- the heart and blood vessels

- internal organs e.g. liver and womb

The MRI scan helps the doctors in their work:

- to examine the conditions of that body part

- to plan treatments

- to find out if the previous treatments have worked

MRIs can also be used to create a 3D image of the body

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It is a technique to create a detailed image of the organs and tissues inside your body using strong magnetic fields and radio waves.