# data[].attributes.body
It is known colloquially by "brain eating amoeba".Although the name has the work "amoeba",it is not classified as a true amoeba.It is found all around warm water around the wirld. It can survive up to 113°fahrenheit(45° celsius)There are many species of shapeshifting amoeboflagellate excavata,only  Naegleria fowleri(this one) infects humans. It can only infect when infected water is ingested through the nose. Fortunately,drinking infected water cannot get you infected.

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Lives in Soil Nematodes which live in all insects.Even the one and only insect in Antarctica

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Lives in Soil Nematodes which live in all insects.Even the one and only insect in Antarctica

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These bacteria live in every single continent. The bacteria,the nematode and the host insect all coexist together. Only some actually kill their host as the nematode can't last more than a few weeks without it's host.

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These archaea are the most radioresistant organism. They are found exclusively in hydrothermal vents such as the one in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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The .gov means it's official.
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doi: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r70.

Affiliation

¹ Laboratoire de Génomique des Archae, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, UMR8621, Bât400 F-91405 Orsay, France. yvan.zivanovic@igmors.u-psud.fr

Yvan Zivanovic et al. Genome Biol.

doi: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-6-r70.

Affiliation

¹ Laboratoire de Génomique des Archae, Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS, UMR8621, Bât400 F-91405 Orsay, France. yvan.zivanovic@igmors.u-psud.fr

Abstract

Background: Thermococcus gammatolerans was isolated from samples collected from hydrothermal chimneys. It is one of the most radioresistant organisms known amongst the Archaea. We report the determination and annotation of its complete genome sequence, its comparison with other Thermococcales genomes, and a proteomic analysis.

Results: T. gammatolerans has a circular chromosome of 2.045 Mbp without any extra-chromosomal elements, coding for 2,157 proteins. A thorough comparative genomics analysis revealed important but unsuspected genome plasticity differences between sequenced Thermococcus and Pyrococcus species that could not be attributed to the presence of specific mobile elements. Two virus-related regions, tgv1 and tgv2, are the only mobile elements identified in this genome. A proteogenome analysis was performed by a shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach, allowing the identification of 10,931 unique peptides corresponding to 951 proteins. This information concurrently validates the accuracy of the genome annotation. Semi-quantification of proteins by spectral count was done on exponential- and stationary-phase cells. Insights into general catabolism, hydrogenase complexes, detoxification systems, and the DNA repair toolbox of this archaeon are revealed through this genome and proteome analysis.

Conclusions: This work is the first archaeal proteome investigation done at the stage of primary genome annotation. This archaeon is shown to use a large variety of metabolic pathways even under a rich medium growth condition. This proteogenomic study also indicates that the high radiotolerance of T. gammatolerans is probably due to proteins that remain to be characterized rather than a larger arsenal of known DNA repair enzymes.

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Figures

References

Fiala G, Stetter K. Pyrococcus furiosus sp. nov. represents a new genus of marine heterotrophic archaebacteria growing optimally at 100°C. Arch Microbiol. 1986;145:338-349.

Zillig W, Holz I, Janekovic D, Schäfer W, Reiter WD. The archaebacterium Thermococcus celer represents a novel genus within the thermophilic branch of the archaebacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol. 1983;4:88-94. - PubMed

Takai K, Sugai A, Itoh T, Horikoshi K. Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2000;50:489-500. - PubMed

Miroshnichenko ML, Hippe H, Stackebrandt E, Kostrikina NA, Chernyh NA, Jeanthon C, Nazina TN, Belyaev SS, Bonch-Osmolovskaya EA. Isolation and characterization of Thermococcus sibiricus sp. nov. from a western Siberia high-temperature oil reservoir. Extremophiles. 2001;5:85-91. - PubMed

Zillig W, Reysenbach AL. Class V. Thermococci class. nov. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW, Garrity GM, editor. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria. 2. Vol. 1. New York: Springer Verlag; 2001. p. 341.

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biological transport / radiation effects

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protein biosynthesis / radiation effects

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national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Genome analysis and genome-wide proteomics of Thermococcus gammatolerans, the most radioresistant organism known amongst the Archaea - PubMed

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This work is the first archaeal proteome investigation done at the stage of primary genome annotation. This archaeon is shown to use a large variety of metabolic pathways even under a rich medium growth condition. This proteogenomic study also indicates that the high radiotolerance of T. gammatolera ...

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Gulf of California

The Vaquita Dolphin lives near the Golf of California. They need warm water to survive but do not have much defense to defend themselves. That´s why they stay In large groups to defend each other. they have been endangered for a while and in 2020 thier are only 10 left.

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Save the vaquitas: Tracking the world's most endangered marine mammal

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Congo Rainforest, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Congo Rainforest, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Congo Rainforest, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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This is an example of where fungi would grow, a rain forest. This is a time lapse of it growing in its habitat.

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Woodland fungi growing time lapses. Fly agaric, Shaggy ink and Earthstar

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because they have gone though hot climate and lots and lots of changes

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The hyena is found to live in northern and northeastern parts of Africa and can also be found to live in the middle east, Asia and all the way to southern Siberia. There are a few different types of hyenas like the spotted, brown, striped and the Aardwolf are all part of the hyena family. Their sizes range from 5.9 feet all the way down to 33 inches.

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Spotted hyenas are known for their "laughs," but research shows the hyena giggles are anything but light-hearted. The animals usually make the noise during social conflicts.

Credit: Eli M. Swanson

There are many misconceptions about hyenas. They aren't just scavengers. Not all of them laugh. They aren't wild dogs. They aren't even related to dogs. Here are some facts to clear up these misconceptions.

Though many people compare hyenas to dogs, they are actually much more like cats. In fact, they are members of the suborder Feliformia, which is a classification for cat-like carnivores, according to Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). There are four species in the hyena family, and they vary in size.

Spotted hyena

The spotted hyena is the largest species, and it grows to 4 to 5.9 feet (1.2 to 1.8 meters) long and 2.5 to 2.6 feet (77 to 81 centimeters) tall from paw to shoulder. They weigh 88 to 190 lbs. (40 to 86 kg). Unlike other species, spotted females are 10 percent heavier than males, according to the San Diego Zoo.

The spotted hyena's coat is sandy, yellowish or gray, according to the Animal Diversity Web (ADW). It has dark brown or black spots over most of the body.

Brown hyena

Brown hyenas are the second largest, ranging from 51 to 63 inches (130 to 160 cm) long and weighing 75 to 160 lbs. (34 to 72.6 kg), according to ADW. Brown hyenas can be distinguished from other hyenas by the long, shaggy hair, which is dark brown or black on the body and tan on the shoulders and neck. Hair on the neck grows to about 12 inches (30.5 cm), in contrast to the short hair on the legs, face and ears. The tail is short and bushy. The forelegs, which are horizontally striped, are much longer and more massively built than the hind legs, giving the brown hyena the appearance of always climbing a hill.

Striped hyena

The striped hyena is 39 to 45 inches (100 to 115 cm) long and 26 to 30 in (66 to 75 cm) tall from paw to shoulder, according to the San Diego Zoo. Their tails add another 12 to 16 in (30 to 40 cm) and they weigh from 57 to 90 lbs. (26 to 41 kg). Striped hyenas have long hair that is gray to straw-colored. Their muzzle is black, and there are black stripes on the head, torso and legs.

An aardwolf comes out at sunset to forage.

Credit: Cathy Withers-Clarke Shutterstock

Aardwolf

Aardwolves are the smallest species of hyena. They weigh from 17.6 to 30.8 lbs. (8 to 14 kg), and their length ranges from 33 to 41 inches (85 to 105 cm) - and about one-fourth of that is the tail, according to ADW. Aardwolves resemble striped hyenas, with similar fur texture and color.

Where hyenas live depends on their type. Brown hyenas have a very limited range and live only in Southern Africa, including the Kalahari and Namib deserts. They are usually found between the Angola-Namibia border and the Orange River in South Africa.

There are two distinct populations of aardwolves. One subspecies lives in southern Zambia, Angola and Mozambique, as well as northeastern Uganda and Somalia. The other subspecies extends into central Tanzania, Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt.

Striped hyenas range from northern Africa to southern Siberia.

Credit: Dmitri Gomon Shutterstock

Spotted hyenas have a little bit larger range and live south of the Sahara Desert. They occur throughout sub-Saharan Africa, and are the most numerous large predators in the Serengeti.

The striped hyena has the largest range of all. It lives in north and northeast Africa, the Middle East and Asia, all the way to southern Siberia.

Hyenas can adapt to almost any habitat and are found in grasslands, woodlands, savannas, forest edges, sub-deserts and mountains as high up as 13,000 feet (3962.4 m), according to the National Wildlife Foundation.

Hyenas are very social and live in groups called clans. Clans can have up to 80 members, according to the National Wildlife Foundation.

Not only are spotted hyena females larger, they are also more aggressive and are dominate in their clans. All females rank higher than males in the clan. However, the brown and striped hyenas and aardwolves have male-dominated clans.

Aardwolves are insectivores, and they only eat termites. Though the termites secrete a toxin, aardwolves do not seem to be affected by it, according to ADW. They consume the termites by licking them off surfaces with a flat, sticky tongue. They can consume 30,000 termites every night.

The other hyena species are carnivores, which means they only eat meat. They are known to take advantage of other animals' kills for easy meals, but they aren't just scavengers. They also hunt and fill their diet with wildebeest, antelope, hippos, birds, jackals, lizards, fish, snakes, foxes, porcupines, eggs and insects.

The size of the meal often is determined by how large the hyena's clan is. Clans work together to take down prey, so the bigger the animal, the more members the clan needs to have for a successful kill.

They often hide extra food in watering holes, since nothing is wasted. Hyenas will eat every part of an animal, including bones and hooves. [ Image Gallery: Hyenas at the Kill]

Brown hyenas have long, shaggy hair compared to other species.

Credit: EcoPrint Shutterstock

Matting typically happens outside of the clan. Non-related males and females will mate after a courtship that can last several days. After a gestation of around three months, female hyenas give birth to two to four young, according to ADW. Baby hyenas are called cubs.

Mothers in a clan will share the responsibility of nursing each other's young and other members of the can may bring food to the den for the cubs.

Cub's eyes are sealed shut for the first five to nine days. At 2 weeks old, they are ready to leave the den, but eat nothing but mother's milk for the first six months and nurse for over a year. At around 2 years, the cubs are considered mature and ready to leave their mother. Hyenas usually live around 10 to 21 years.

Here is the classification of hyenas, according to ITIS:

Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyena)

Hyaena brunnea (brown hyena)

Hyaena hyaena (striped hyena)

Proteles cristata (aardwolf)

There are currently around 10,000 mature adult hyenas in the world, according to the National Wildlife Foundation. The hyena's only predator is humans. These animals are losing roaming areas due to farming and they are commonly shot by ranchers for attacking livestock.

Even so, the brown hyena is the only one in danger of extinction, currently. The brown hyena is classified as near threatened, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This is because the mean global population size is estimated below 10,000 mature individuals, and it is estimated that the population may continue to decline 10 percent over the next three generations, which equals 24 years.

Spotted hyenas can run up to 37 mph (60 km/h).

Spotted hyenas are known as "laughing hyenas" because they have a distinctive call that sounds like human laughter. It isn't a laugh at all, though. They make this sound when they are excited, but nervous, or when they are submitting to another hyena. Spotted hyenas also make 10 other vocalizations to communicate with their clan.

Stripped hyenas, unlike the spotted hyena, usually doesn't make any noise and communicates with body movements.

Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania leave their dead to be consumed by hyenas instead of burying them, according to National Geographic.

Additional resources

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
There are many misconceptions about hyenas. They aren't just scavengers. Not all of them laugh. They aren't wild dogs. They aren't even related to dogs. Here are some facts to clear up these misconceptions. Though many people compare hyenas to dogs, they are actually much more like cats.

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Tundra plants are low-growing because of the lack of nutrients. Being close to the ground helps the plants from freezing.Plants are dark in color. This helps them absorb heat. Some plants have hair which helps keep them warm. Some plants grow in groups to protect one another from the cold.

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Canadian Museum of Nature / Musée canadien de la nature

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Julian Starr is a botanist at the Canadian Museum of Nature. He shares his passion for plants with participants on the 2009 Students on Ice Arctic expedition, and teaches them about adaptations of Arctic plants. You also learn about his research at the museum, specifically in the diversity of sedges.

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Many trees have needle-like leaves. This shape loses less water and sheds snow more easily than fat leaves

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Sloths move through trees slowly so they are hard to spot. Also, their long and hairy bodies have algae growing in them which helps them blend into their surroundings.

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Hummingbirds have long, skinny beaks that help them drink nectar deep inside of flowers.

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An armadillo has tough plates on its back which is used to defend itself when rolled up into a ball.

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Tatu virando bola,  Armadillo  rolls into a ball - In the wild Brazil

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The proboscis monkey uses it's big nose to attract mates.The bigger the better the mating call sounds. The bigger the nose,the bigger the monkey's harem is.

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The Monkeys of Sri Lanka | Born Wild: The Next Generation

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The reason why camels have humps.

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Camels are predominantly known for the humps that appear on their backs, and believe it or not, those humps are filled with body fat. Some camels sport just one hump on their back, while others have two; but regardless of the number of humps a camel has, most scientists agree that those humps serve the same purpose to the animal.

To better understand the purpose of a camel's hump, one need only take a closer look at the animal's ancestral history. It wasn't long ago that researchers discovered camel ancestor bones in the Arctic tundra, and based on this information, scientists have speculated that the fat-filled hump once served as a source of nourishment when food availability was scarce.

Even in modern day, camels often endure long and foodless journeys, and the fat in a camel's hump can purportedly enable the animal to survive weeks or even months without grabbing a single bite to eat.

Today, camels exist in scalding hot deserts, and the hump is thought to help them survive there too. The hump works double-duty, with the fat continuously nourishing the animal and acting as an insulative layer that keeps the internal body temperature lower while trekking in a desert's direct sunlight.

Indeed, these animals seem to be able to survive in even the most extreme environments, and they have their famous hump to thank for that.

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Why Do Camels Have Humps? | Plants And Animals

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Camels are predominantly known for the humps that appear on their backs, and believe it or not, those humps are filled with body fat. Some camels sport just one hump on their back, while others have two; but regardless of the number of humps a camel has, most scientists agree that those humps serve the same purpose to the animal.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDSFlRunlrU

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Quttinirpaaq National Park, Pond Inlet, NU, Canada

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Quttinirpaaq National Park, Pond Inlet, NU, Canada

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Quttinirpaaq National Park, Pond Inlet, NU, Canada

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The arctic fox and hare use winter coats so in the summer they can blend in with the trees, and in the winter they can blend in with the snow

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Giraffes use their long necks to reach high treetop leaves.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kH_xTnV75l8

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Amazon Rainforest, Codajás - State of Amazonas, Brazil

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Amazon Rainforest, Codajás - State of Amazonas, Brazil

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Amazon Rainforest, Codajás - State of Amazonas, Brazil

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Axolotls are endangered salamanders in Mexico.Many people keep them as pets.Les than 100 are left in the wild.The good thing is that the population is rising. Now most pets are from farms.

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Babirusa(Bah-B Ru-Sah)(Deer-Pig or Deer-Hog in Indonesian and Malay) can be found in a few islands in Indonesia. Few know of it's existence.

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Tarsiers can only be found in the few islands of the Philippines which are Bohol,Samar,Leyte and Mindanao.They can also be found in Celebes (Sulawesi), Borneo, Bangka, Belitung, the Natuna Islands, and Sumatra but these species look diffrent that authorities classify them as another genera. Each of the eye is bigger than the brain. Tarsiers need the eyes because they are nocturnal hunters to help them maximize the available light to catch their food.

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Absurd Creatures | The Tarsier Leaps Like a Superhero, Looks Like Yoda

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Meet the tarsier, the wide-eyed staring contest champ of the animal world. Its eyes have evolved to be so enormous, it can't even move them in its head. Which means you can say whatever you want to a tarsier and it can't roll its eyes at you.

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There was an animal adaptation of camels and other creatures that live in the desert.